Electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence of stable tris(2,2 '-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) monolayer assembled on benzene sulfonic acid modified glassy carbon electrode

An electrochemically stable monolayer of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) was obtained for the first time. It was based on the electrostatic attachment of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) to the benzene sulfonic acid monolayer film, which was covalently bound onto glassy carbon electrode by the electrochemical reduction of diazobenzene sulfonic acid. The surface-confined Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) underwent reversible surface process, and reacted with the coreactant, tripropylamine, to produce electrochemiluminescence. In view of the stability of the electrode, the results strongly suggested that light was emitted from the surface-confined Ru(bpy)(3)(2+), not from the detached Ru(bpy)(3)(2+). The Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) modified electrode was used to the determination of tripropylamine. It showed good linearity in the concentration range from 5 muM to 1 muM with a detection limit of 1 muM (S/N = 4). The good stability of the Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) modified electrode also showed that the benzene sulfonic acid monolayer film prepared can be served as an excellent support to construct multilayers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Production of active oxygen species from Taxus cuspidata induced by far-UV radiation

In order to understand the role of active oxygen species in mediating plant injuries induced by far-UV radiation, seedlings of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. were irradiated by far-UV rays in laboratory for 4 weeks. The production of organic free-radicals in detached needles, and the production of O-2(radical anion) and O-1(2) in isolated chloroplasts were detected weekly by electron spin resonance (ESR) to evaluate their relative importance. The results show that the cumulative effect of far-UV irradiation, is best indicated by the production of organic free radicals in the needles, O-2(radical anion) production in chloroplasts is the next. The enhancement of O-1(2) production in chloroplasts by the cumulative far-UV irradiation seems to be not so important as O-2(radical anion) in mediating injuries induced by, far-UV radiation because of its high background value.

拉萨地块中新生代火山作用-从大洋到大陆俯冲转换的构造演化纪录

Late Mesozoic－Cenozoic volcanic rocks are well exposed in Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet. This research attempts to apply 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, major, trace element and Sr-Nd-O isotopic geochemistry data to constrain the spatio-temporal variations, the composition of source, geodynamic setting. The results indicate that Lhasa Terrane mainly went through three tectonic-magmatic cycle: (1) Phase of Oceanic subduction (140-80Ma). Along with the subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate of Neo-Tethys slab, the oceanic sediment and/or the subducting slab released fluids/melts to metasomatize the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and induced the mantle wedge partially melt and produced the calc-alkaline continental arc volcanic rocks; (2) Phase of continental-continental collision. Following the subducting of the Neo-Tethys slab, the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate dragged by the dense Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere. The oceanic lithosphere detached from continental lithosphere during roll-back and break-off and the asthenosphere upwelled. The resulting conducted thermal perturbation leads to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere and produced the syn-collisional magmatism: the Linzizong Formation and dykes; (3) Following by the detachment of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere, the Indian Lithosphere subducted northward by the drive from the expanding of Indian Ocean. The dense Indian continental lithospheric mantle (±the thickened lower crust) break off, disturb the asthenosphere, and lead to the melting of the overriding mantle lithosphere, which has been metasomatized by the melts/fluids from the subducting oceanic/continental lithosphere and the asthenosphere, and produced the rift-related ultrapotassic rocks.

滑坡型泥石流转化机理研究—以四川省达县青宁乡滑坡为例

Slide-debris flow is debris flow which is transformed from landslide consecutively in a short time, it comprises of two phases: First, Landslide starts to slide; Second, landslide changes to debris flow. Slide-debris flow which brings great property and life loss happens frequently at home and abroad. In order to forecast the happening possibility and scope of slide-debris flow, transfromation mechanism of Slide-debris flow must be studied. Research on transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow is intersectant science of landslide kinetics and debris flow starting theory, It is a fringe problem as well as front problem of geological hazard. This paper takes Qingning slide-debris flow in Da County, Sichuan Province for example and has studied the mechanism of its instability and transfromation into debris flow through indoor test (including usual soil test and ring shear test) and digital modeling method.The research gets the following conclusions. Qingning Landslide took place mainly because of confined water head arising from rainfall infiltration. Before Landslide occurring, it rained continuously for 22 days, accumulated precipitation arrived at 521.6mm.Investigation shows that strata of Qingning Landslide contains quaternary loose accumulation, slip soil and highly weathered bedrock, which is a good condition for formation of confined water in the slope. Further more, groundwater seepage in the slope body and corresponding slope safety factor before landslide occurring have been computed through finite element method. The result shows that because of infiltration of rainfall, confined water head in the slope arose sharply, accordingly, the safety factor of the slope declined quickly. The result also shows that force put on the slide body by the rock mass detached from Dazhaiyan mountain was the direct factor for landslide occurring. Qingning slide-debris transformation mode has been summarized, the process the landslide changed into debris flow is divided into three phases in the prospective of macroscopic geological condition: landslide occurring, transformation and debris flow. Landslide occurring phase is from slope’ local creeping slide to Landslide occurring; transformation phase contains slide body sliding on the slide bed after slide occurring and sliding on the slope after shearing opening; debris flow phase is that slide body breaks up completely and flows downward into the ditches. The transformation mechanism of Qingning slide-debris flow has been studied through indoor ring shear test of slip soil. The result shows that transformation mechanism contains two points: first, during slide body sliding on the slide bed and slope after shearing opening, shearing shrinkage, grain crushing and grain layering brought about declining of its volume and produced excess pore water pressure, and because producing velocity of excess pore water pressure is much greater than its dissipating velocity, shear strength of slide body decreased sharply because of accumulated pore water pressure. Second, grains crushing and grains layering during slide body sliding brought about thick liquefied layer at the bottom of the slidebody, liquefied layer contained high water content and its shear strength was very low, its thickness increased as the sliding displacement increasing. Liquefied layer makes slide body sliding fast and easily break down to debris flow. Excess pore water pressure and liquefied layer made shear strength of slidebody became very low, furthermore, water in the pit of slope joining in the slidebody was also a facter that made slidebody accelerate the transformation. Influence of slide body thickness and fine grains content to transformation of slide-debris flow has been studied through ring shear test. The result reaches two conclusions. First, thickness of slide body affects transformation of slide-debris flow by two ways, porewater pressure and effect of “soft base” increases as thickness of slide body increasing.so the thicker slide body is ,the easier transformation is. Second, actual dissipating velocity of porewater pressure should be considered when studying the influence of fine grains content to tranformation of slide-debris flow. There should be a critical content of fine grains which makes the difference of producing and dissipating velocity of water pore pressre greatest, this value is the best for slide-debris transformation. The whole process of slide-debris flow transformation is reproduced through discrete element method. Transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow is studied through monitoring various parameters including pore water pressure, grain crushing and grain layering in the slide body during the transformation. The result confirms and supplements the transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow got from ring shear test well.

东大别山晚中生代主剪切带及伸展构造研究

Dabie shan lies between Northchina crust and Yangzi crust, which is the result of the collisional orogenen in Triassic period. The biggest area of UHP metamorphic zone have been found in Dabie Shan, which have been verified formed during the course of collision and extrusion after orogenic activity. The Dabie shan is divisioned into four parts, which are North Huaiyang metamorphic zone, North Dabie complex zone, South Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic zone and Susong metamorphic zone. Extension structure of late Mesozoic is the key to explain the intrusion and outcrop of UHP metamorphic rocks in Dabie Shan. During the course of structure evolution of the Dabie shan in late Mesozoic period, Luotian dome was formed with the old gneiss lifting from the core of the Dabie shan. There are four enormous ductile zone circled Luotian dorm. Xiaotian-mozitan shear zone is the limit of North Huaiyang metamorphic zone and North Dabie complex zone; Shuihou-wuhe shear zone is the limit of North Dabie complex zone and South Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic zone; Taihu-mamiao shears zone is the limit of South Dabie ultra-high pressure metamorphic zone and Susong metamorphic zone and Susong-Qingshuihe shear zone is the south limit of Susong metamorphic zone; the old stress at Dabie shan in late Mesozoic was about 90MPa through the experiment of transmission electricity microscope. The main four ductile shear zone of Dabie shan all have the characteristic of detachment, Xiaotian-mozitan shear zone detached to NNE, the detachment direction of Shuihou-wuhe shear zone and Taihu-mamiao shears zone is SSE, and Susong-Qingshuihe shear zone is SW. The finite strain measurement show that Xiaotian-mozitan shear zone have experienced detachment which was more than 50km, and the detachment of Susong-Qingshuihe shear zone was more than 12km in late Mesozoic; the Flin parameter of Shuihou-wuhe shear zone is much smaller than 1(0.01-0.1), which show that this shear zone was squeezed when it was formed and the initiative function of Luotian granite intrusion during the course of detachment. The Flin parameter of Taihu-mamiao shears zone is above 1(1.1) and Susong-Qingshuihe shear zone is much more than 1(7.6), which show that they are formed in the state of extension at the beginning. These all Flin parameter imply a transition from pure shear to simple shear of the south three shear zone circling Luotian dome from north to south. The rock group analysis show that the rocks inside shear zone encountered middle or high temperature metamorphic activity. The single mineral ~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar age of the main shear zone at Dabie shan show that the three shear zone north to Luotian dome were formed about 190Ma.Taihu-mamiao shear zone was the earliest, Susong shear zone was later than former, and Shuihou-wuhe sheanaone was the latest. They were all the chanel of returning of UHP metamorphic rocks, so they all representative the returning age of UHP metamorphic rocks. The final outcrop of these UHP metamorphic rocks was due to the detachment aroused by the enormous magma intrusion. The biotite age of deformed rocks in Susong-Qingshuihe shear zone is in average 126Ma, and the age of Xiaotian-mozitan is about 125Ma, which is in the same time or a little later than magma intrusion of Luotian dome, and imply that granite intrusion of late Mesozoic in Dabie orogenen is the reason of the detachment.

语前聋小儿人工耳蜗植入术后的言语康复

An Approach to the Rehabilitation of Prelingually Deaf Children After Cochlear Implantation Zheng Xiujin(Medical Psychology) Directed by Professor Yin WenGang Abstract Objective: To sum up the acquirement rule of speech and language capability which is for the prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation by listening and language rehabilitation training and to investigate the factors that affect rehabilitation speed. Method: Sixty-four children received a cochlear implant at the age of 2 to 5 years from 2001 to 2005. They begin to be trained under group pattern after switch on 1 month. The whole training program lasted more than 7 months; after that, according to the teacher’s plan the training program was to be continued at home. Result: The period is 108±7.7 days that they can pronounce correctly 50 percent of all of simple-finals and compound-finals, the period is 115.0±7.8 days that they begin auditory repeating, the period is 135.3±10.9 days that they can speech the first specific word independently and the period is 200.3±13.9 days that they can speak 70 words and come into tri-gamut-word and two-word sentence period. The patient that is the group at the age of 2-3 years can take part in normal kindergarten after switch on about 10 months. There are no significant differences in various grades of speech-language development with different age groups and so do with different sex groups. There are significant differences in various grade of speech-language development with various IQ group (P<0.01) and so do with using and not using hearing aids before implantation. Conclusion: From the research we find that the speech and language development sequence is the same level between the prelingually deaf children of 2 to 5 years who received cochlear implant after speech training and normal children and which are stages of uncomplicated sound production, continuous syllabic (babbling), speech sprout, single-word utterances and two-word utterances in proper order. The time is short significantly and the reason is that cognition capability is enhanced along with the increase of age. The intelligence is main factor that affect rehabilitation speed and the speed in the group of high IQ is faster than common IQ. It is not because of the dominance cognition of the senior group that makes the increasing of the rehabilitation, it even makes slowly. The reason of which is that the senior group are exposed the language environment too late to achieve speech and language development. So we should perform an operation and training early. The effectiveness of rehabilitation after cochlear implantation is improved by using hearing aids before implantation. The reason is auditory stimulate can be benefit of to deaf children. The rehabilitation speeds in the children at the age of 2 to 5 years have nothing to do with sex. Key words: cochlear implant; speech therapy; paediatric rehabilitation

投射性空间关系表达过程的研究

It is easy to find that, in each language, the terms and phrases for the representation of spatial locating and orientation, and the ways for sharing spatial knowledge are very rich. The basic way of sharing spatial information is mapping our experience and actions with the environment by using terms and utterances that represent spatial relations. How to build the mapping relation among them and what factors affect the process of mapping are the questions need to be answered in this study. The whole course of expressing projective spatial relation includes the verbal expression and perception to the projective spatial relation. In experiment 1, the perceptual characteristics of perceiving the projective spatial relation was studied by analyzing the production latencies from the presentation of the stimulators in different directions (at 5 levels: 00, 22.50, 450, 67.50, and 900) to the onset of the corresponding buttons triggering on the keyboard, the study verifies the results of prior researches and revealed the foundation of expressing the projective spatial relation. In the experiment 2, and 3, the way and the role of the verbal expression were investigated. Subjects were asked to speak out the spatial relation between intended object and reference object by using verbal locative expressions. In experiment 2, Chinese was used as the verbal expression way, and in Experiment 3, English instead. Experiment 4 was similar as experiment 3, but time of voice key triggering was controlled and balanced among trials to verify the results of Experiment 3 further. Experiment 5 investigated the effect of pre-cue on the courses of expressing projective spatial relation. There were two kinds of clues, one was the spatial locative utterances, and the other was the perceptual coordinates framework, such as drawing a cross ”+” in a circle to imply four quadrants. The main conclusions of this research were as follows: 1. When speaking out a spatial relation, different sets of spatial terms, such as “left and right”, or “north and south”, affected the speed of verbal expression. Verbal coding process was affected by how well the perceptual salient direction matched with spatial terms, which made the speed of verbal expression different. 2. When using composite spatial terms to express diagonal directions, people tend to use direct mapping from spatial conceptual representation to composite spatial terms, rather than combining the two axes, which implied there existed direct one-on-one mapping between spatial conceptual representation and spatial terms. But during specific developing period, the way of combining two axes was employed as well for spatial expression, which meant perceptual salient directions played critical role in the process of perceiving and expressing projective spatial relations. 3. The process of verbal expression of the projective spatial relation was improved by the familiarity of spatial utterances, but this improvement was not the results of enhancement of the effect of prototypical diagonal direction.

汉语口语句子产生中语义和语音信息的水平流动

As Levelt and Meyer (2000) noted, because studies of lexical access during multiword utterances production such as phrases and sentences, they raise two novel questions which studies of single word production do not. Firstly, does the access of different words in a sentence occur in a parallel or a serial fashion? Secondly, does the access of the different words in a sentence occur in an interactive or a discrete fashion? The latter question concerns the horizontal information flow (Smith & Wheeldon, 2004), which is a very important aspect of continuous speech production. A variant of the picture–word interference paradigm combining with eye-tracking technique and a dual task paradigm was used in 7 experiments to investigate the horizontal information flow of semantic and phonological information between nouns in spoken Mandarin Chinese sentences. The results suggested that: 1. Before speech onset, semantic information of different words accross the whole sentence has been activated, while phonological activation has been limited within the first phrase of the sentence. 2. Before speech onset, speaker will look ahead and check the semantic information of latter words as the first noun is beening processed, such looking ahead for phonological information can just occur within the first phrase of the sentence. 3. After speech onset, speaker will concentrate on the content words beyond the first one and will check the semantic information of other words with the same sentence. 4. The result suggested that the lexical accesses of multiple words during spoken sentence production are processed in a partly serial and partly parallel manner and stands for the Unit-by-Unit and Incremental view proposed by Levelt (2000). 5. The horizontal information flow during spoken sentence production is not an automatic process and is constrained by cognitive resource.

汉语婴儿对早期词汇的理解与表达

Whether Mandarin is a verb-friendly language for young word learners or not is a hotly debated issue. Researches on children's word learning were either naturalistic study or experimental study, and they were from cross-cultural perspective. This study tries to examine the noun/verb proportion in Mandarin infants, from a longitudinal perspective; it also examines how Mandarin infants understand their first nouns and verbs using both naturalistic study and experimental study. The results of this research are: 1） According to the results of CDI test, Mandarin infants of 18 month old could say more verbs than nouns significantly; while 24 month-olds could say more nouns than verbs significantly. 2） According to the results of CDI test, Mandarin infants’ verb/noun proportion was higher in 18 month old than in 24 month old. This means that the relative advantage of verb learning may be easier to show up in infants younger than 2 years old. 3） The total vocabulary of 18 month-olds was positively correlated with the Mean Length of Utterances(MLU) of 24 month-olds. The MLU of 24 month olds was positively correlated with the verbs of 18 month-olds. 4） Only 24 month-old could succeed in our IPLP study and showed “true” understanding to their familiar words. 14- and 18- month-olds watch the target side and non-target side randomly. 5） According to the results of IPLP study, the infants could understand nouns better than verbs. Both female and male infants understood nouns better than verbs, but females seemed to have stronger tendency to watch the object-same side in both noun and verb condition. 6） According to the results of parents’ reports, all the infants in 3 age groups could understand verbs as well as nouns, and they are quite familiar with those words. However, IPLP study results showed that these infants understood nouns better than verbs. 7） In IPLP study, less than 50% of the Mandarin infants watch the target side of verbs longer than the non-target side (action-same response). However, the AS responses appear more frequently in verb condition than in noun condition among 24-month-olds.

Naive Physics, Event Perception, Lexical Semantics, and Language Acquisition

This thesis proposes a computational model of how children may come to learn the meanings of words in their native language. The proposed model is divided into two separate components. One component produces semantic descriptions of visually observed events while the other correlates those descriptions with co-occurring descriptions of those events in natural language. The first part of this thesis describes three implementations of the correlation process whereby representations of the meanings of whole utterances can be decomposed into fragments assigned as representations of the meanings of individual words. The second part of this thesis describes an implemented computer program that recognizes the occurrence of simple spatial motion events in simulated video input.

The transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional foam structures

Cox, Simon; Weaire, D.; F?tima Vaz, M., (2002) 'The transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional foam structures', The European Physical Journal E - Soft Matter 7(4) pp.311-315 RAE2008

Poziom autonarracyjności wypowiedzi i użyteczność wybranych sposobów ich generowania

Autonarracja (jako relacjonowanie własnego doświadczenia) jest dla psychologa istotnym źródłem informacji diagnostycznych, ponieważ w autonarracji odzwierciedla się indywidualny sposób nadawania znaczenia rzeczywistości (wewnętrznej i zewnętrznej), który konstytuuje poczucie tożsamości. Wydaje się ważne określenie użyteczności metod (instrukcji) wywoływania autonarracji pod względem ich potencjału w zakresie stymulowania wypowiedzi o wysokim poziomie narracyjności. Istnieją czynniki (intrapersonalne i sytuacyjne), które mogą modyfikować efekty instrukcji autonarracyjnych. Jednym z intrapersonalnych czynników jest tzw. inklinacja narracyjna – dyspozycyjna tendencja do opowiadania o sobie w konwencji opowieści. W referowanych badaniach podjęto się próby określania poziomu narracyjności w tekstach, zebranych za pomocą trzech różnych instrukcji autonarracyjnych w wywiadach (1. pytania otwartego, 2. rozmowy o przyniesionej fotografii, 3. metafory życia jako książki) od osób o różnym poziomie inklinacji autonarracyjnej. Teksty poddano ilościowej analizie treści w celu określenia wskaźników oraz poziomu narracyjności. Badania między innymi sugerują, że psycholog stosujący instrukcje autonarracyjne, nie powinien abstrahować od wpływu inklinacji narracyjnej na użyteczność instrukcji generowania autonarracji.

Spatiotemporal Gesture Segmentation

Spotting patterns of interest in an input signal is a very useful task in many different fields including medicine, bioinformatics, economics, speech recognition and computer vision. Example instances of this problem include spotting an object of interest in an image (e.g., a tumor), a pattern of interest in a time-varying signal (e.g., audio analysis), or an object of interest moving in a specific way (e.g., a human's body gesture). Traditional spotting methods, which are based on Dynamic Time Warping or hidden Markov models, use some variant of dynamic programming to register the pattern and the input while accounting for temporal variation between them. At the same time, those methods often suffer from several shortcomings: they may give meaningless solutions when input observations are unreliable or ambiguous, they require a high complexity search across the whole input signal, and they may give incorrect solutions if some patterns appear as smaller parts within other patterns. In this thesis, we develop a framework that addresses these three problems, and evaluate the framework's performance in spotting and recognizing hand gestures in video. The first contribution is a spatiotemporal matching algorithm that extends the dynamic programming formulation to accommodate multiple candidate hand detections in every video frame. The algorithm finds the best alignment between the gesture model and the input, and simultaneously locates the best candidate hand detection in every frame. This allows for a gesture to be recognized even when the hand location is highly ambiguous. The second contribution is a pruning method that uses model-specific classifiers to reject dynamic programming hypotheses with a poor match between the input and model. Pruning improves the efficiency of the spatiotemporal matching algorithm, and in some cases may improve the recognition accuracy. The pruning classifiers are learned from training data, and cross-validation is used to reduce the chance of overpruning. The third contribution is a subgesture reasoning process that models the fact that some gesture models can falsely match parts of other, longer gestures. By integrating subgesture reasoning the spotting algorithm can avoid the premature detection of a subgesture when the longer gesture is actually being performed. Subgesture relations between pairs of gestures are automatically learned from training data. The performance of the approach is evaluated on two challenging video datasets: hand-signed digits gestured by users wearing short sleeved shirts, in front of a cluttered background, and American Sign Language (ASL) utterances gestured by ASL native signers. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is more accurate and efficient than competing approaches. The proposed approach can be generally applied to alignment or search problems with multiple input observations, that use dynamic programming to find a solution.

Highly sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection platforms formed by large area self-assembled Au nanorod arrays

This thesis explores a new method to fabricate SERS detection platforms formed by large area self-assembled Au nanorod arrays. For the fabrication of these new SERS platforms a new droplet deposition method for the self-assembly of Au nanorods was developed. The method, based in the controlled evaporation of organic suspensions of Au nanorods, was used for the fabrication of horizontal and vertical arrays of Au nanorods over large areas (100μm2). The fabricated nanorods arrays showed a high degree of order measured by SEM and optical microscopy over mm2 areas, but unfortunately they detached from the support when immersed in any analyte solutions. In order to improve adhesion of arrays to the support and clean off residual organic matter, we introduced an additional stamping process. The stamping process allows the immobilization of the arrays on different flexible and rigid substrates, whose feasibility as SERS platforms were tested satisfactory with the model molecule 4ABT. Following the feasibility study, the substrates were used for the detection of the food contaminant Crystal Violet and the drug analogue Benzocaine as examples of recognition of health menaces in real field applications.

Failure mechanisms of ACF joints under isothermal ageing

The possible failure mechanisms of anisotropic conductive film (ACF) joints under isothermal ageing conditions have been identified through experiments. It has been found that ACF joints formed at higher bonding temperatures can prevent increases in the contact resistance for any ageing temperature. The higher the ageing temperature the higher the electrical failure rate is. The formation of conduction gaps between the conductive particles and the pads and damages to the metal coatings of the particle have been identified as the reasons behind the electrical failures during ageing. In order to understand the mechanism for the formation of the conduction gap and damages in metal coatings during the isothermal ageing, computer modelling has been carried out and the results are discussed extensively. The computer analysis shows that stresses concentrate at the edges of the particle–pad interface, where the adhesive matrix meets the particle. This could lead to subsequent damages and reductions in the adhesion strength in that region and it is possible for the conductive particle to be detached from the pad and the adhesive matrix. It is believed that because of this a conduction gap appears. Furthermore, under thermal loading the thermal expansion of the adhesive matrix squeezes the conductive particle and damages the metal coatings. Experimental evidences support this computational finding. It is, therefore, postulated that if an ACF-based electronic component operates in a high temperature aging condition, its electrical and mechanical functionalities will be at risk.