Second Welland Canal - Book 1, Survey Map 2 - Lock 1 and Port Dalhousie

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the areas in and around Port Dalhousie and Grantham Township. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Lock 1, East and West Piers, Collector's Office, Lock Tender's House and the new towing path. The surveyors' measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks and businesses are also identified and include streets and roads (ex. Road to St. Catharines, Side Line, Old Road to Port Dalhousie, Road to Niagara), the Welland Railway and its structures (ex. freight sheds, wood shed, raised platform, elevator, cranes, water tank, turn table, and passenger station), G. A. Clark's Wood Yard, Clark's Wood Office, Alex Muir's Dry Dock, Donald, Andrews and Ross' Dry Dock, RandJ Laurie Flouring Mill, R. Laurie and Company Grist Mill and A. Morrison Saw Mill. A New Road to St. Catharines is featured in red ink. Properties and property owners of note are: Concession 1 Lots 19, 20 and 21, John Christie, and John Clark.

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from E.C. Wheeler Jr. of N.W. Harris and Co. Bankers of New York

Letter to W.D. Woodruff from E.C. Wheeler Jr. of N.W. Harris and Co. Bankers of New York (1 page, printed) regarding taking on some more of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway bonds, Jan. 15, 1909.

Bilateral trade between New Zealand & the pacific alliance: perspectives and possibilities for further trade engagement

Due to the rapid and effective success of countries in the Pacific Rim for the last two decades, current world trade attention has been focussed on what appears to be the common vision of the ‘Pacific Century’. Reducing attention from the Atlantic and focusing it on the Pacific represents a new challenge for countries touching this ocean. The main Latin American economies bordering the pacific have taken upon this challenge with the creation of the Pacific Alliance in 2011. In this way, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru intend to penetrate and increase trade with the region by forming a coalition. The Pacific Alliance has attracted international attention, interest and support from nations around the world, counting 32 countries as observers; 7 are actually located in the region and six of them rank amongst the Top 15 world economies. As is expected, the possibility of closer trade engagement with big players such as China, India, Japan, South Korea or Australia absorb the main attention of media, governments and academics alike, leaving behind other feasible and possible opportunities unattended. That is precisely the case of New Zealand and its favourable commerce opportunities with the Pacific Alliance. The following document will study the major trends and variations in trade between New Zealand, the Pacific Alliance and its members between 2010 and 2014. Proving that mutual trade is most likely to keep on growing.

‘Cursed’ communities? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), company towns and the mining industry in Namibia

This article examines Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and mining community development, sustainability and viability. These issues are considered focussing on current and former company-owned mining towns in Namibia. Historically company towns have been a feature of mining activity in Namibia. However, the fate of such towns upon mine closure has been and remains controversial. Declining former mining communities and even ghost mining towns can be found across the country. This article draws upon research undertaken in Namibia and considers these issues with reference to three case study communities. This article examines the complexities which surround decision-making about these communities, and the challenges faced in efforts to encourage their sustainability after mining. In this article, mine company engagements through CSR with the development, sustainability and viability of such communities are also critically discussed. The role, responsibilities, and actions of the state in relation to these communities are furthermore reflected upon. Finally, ways forward for these communities are considered.

The Latin American Pacific Basin initiative and the Asia-Pacific region

Includes bibliography

Opportunities for trade and investment between Latin America and Asia-Pacific: the link with APEC

Includes bibliography

Are there genetic breaks between Atlantic and Pacific Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) populations? A preliminary study based on microsatellites gene variation

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, YFT, Bonnaterre 1788) is one of the most important market tuna species in the world. The high mortality of juveniles is in part caused by their bycatch. Indeed, if unregulated, it could permanently destabilize stocks health. For this reason investigating and better knowing the stock boundaries represent a crucial concern. Aim of this thesis was to preliminary investigate the YFT population structure within and between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the analysis of genetic variation at eight microsatellite loci and assess the occurrence of barriers to the gene flow between Oceans. For this propouse we collected 4 geographical samples coming from Atlantic and Pacific Ocean and selected a panel of 8 microsatellites loci developped by Antoni et al., (2014). Samples 71-2-Y and 77-2-Y, came from rispectively west central pacific ocean (WCPO) and east central pacific ocean (ECPO), instead samples 41-1-Y and 34-2-Y derive from west central atlantic ocean (WCAO) and east central atlantic ocean (ECAO). Total 160 specimens were analyzed (40 per sample) and were carried out several genetic information as allele frequencies, allele number, allelic richness, HWE (using He and Ho) and pairwise Fst genetic distance. Results obtained, may support the panmictic theory of this species, only one of pairwise Fst obtained is statistically significant (Fst= 0.00927; pV= 0.00218) between 41-1-Y and 71-2-Y samples. Results suggest low genetic differentiation and consequent high level of gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific populations. Furthermore, we performed an analysis of molecular taxonomy through the use of ATCO (the flaking region between ATPse6 and cytochrome oxidase subunit III genes mt DNA, to discriminate within the gener Thunnus two of the related species (Yellofin and bigeye tuna) according with their difficult recognition at certain size (<40 cm). ATCO analysis in this thesis, has provided strong discriminate evidence between the target species proving to be one of the most reliable genetic tools capable to indagate within the genus Thunnus. Thus, our study has provided useful information for possible use of this protocol for conservation plans and management of this fish stocks.

Geology of the Renova-Bone Basin and Mayflower Mine Areas

This report has been compiled from the data collected during the September, 1947, geologic field trip of the Montana School of Mines. The trip, under the direction of Dr. E. S. Perry, consisted of two weeks of field mapping and observation near Whitehall, Montana, and one week at the Montana School of Mines preparing this report.

Mass accumulation rates, age, sedimentation rate and bulk density at the East Pacific Rise

The rate at which hydrothermal precipitates accumulate, as measured by the accumulation rate of manganese, can be used to identify periods of anomalous hydrothermal activity in the past. From a preliminary study of Sites 597 and 598, four periods prior to 6 Ma of anomalously high hydrothermal activity have been identified: 8.5 to 10.5 Ma, 12 to 16 Ma, 17 to 18 Ma, and 23-to-27 Ma. The 18-Ma anomaly is the largest and is associated with the jump in spreading from the fossil Mendoza Ridge to the East Pacific Rise, whereas the 23-to-27-Ma anomaly is correlated with the birth of the Galapagos Spreading Center and resultant ridge reorganization. The 12-to-16-Ma and 8.5-to-10.5-Ma anomalies are correlated with periods of anomalously high volcanism around the rim of the Pacific Basin and may be related to other periods of ridge reorganization along the East Pacific Rise. There is no apparent correlation between periods of fast spreading at 19°S and periods of high hydrothermal activity. We thus suggest that periods when hydrothermal activity and crustal alteration at mid-ocean ridges are the most pronounced may be periods of large-scale ridge reorganization.

Paleomagnetic properties of igneous rocks from several DSDP and ODP sites, western Pacific

Oceanic basalts and other related igneous rocks are considered excellent recorders of the Earth's paleomagnetic field. Consequently, basalt core paleomagnetic data are valuable for the constraints they provide on plate tectonic motions, especially for oceanic plates such as the Pacific. Unfortunately, few Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) boreholes have been cored very deeply into the ocean crust. The result is that there are only a few sites at which a large enough number of basalt flows have been cored to properly average secular variation (e.g., Kono, 1980, doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.55.135.1980; Cox and Gordon, 1984, doi:10.1029/RG022i001p00047). Furthermore, there are a number of sites where basaltic core samples were retrieved but the cores were not measured. Often this occurs because leg scientists had more important sections to work on, or the section was ignored because it was too short to record enough time to average secular variation and obtain a reliable paleolatitude. Even though it may not be possible to determine a precise paleolatitude from such short sections, measurements from a small number of flows are important because they can be combined with other coeval paleomagnetic data from the same plate to calculate a paleomagnetic pole (Gordon and Cox, 1980, doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1980.tb02642.x; Cox and Gordon, 1984, doi:10.1029/RG022i001p00047). For this reason, I obtained samples for paleomagnetic measurements from eight Pacific sites (169, 170, 171, 581, 597, 800, 803, and 865), most of which have not been previously measured for paleomagnetism.

3He/4He and 4He/20Ne ratios in pore water and gas in Pacific deep-sea sediments

We have measured the 3He/3He and 3He/20 Ne ratios of thirty-nine pore water and gas samples in deep-sea sediments collected at twelve sites on the Pacific Ocean bottom during the cruises of Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 87, 89, 90 and 92. The 3He/4He and 4He/20Ne ratios vary from 0.000000215 to 0.00000165 and from 0.29 to 20, respectively. He in the sample is composed of four components: (1) atmospheric He dissolved in seawater; (2) atmospheric He with mantle-derived He in Pacific bottom water; (3) in situ radiogenic He in the sediment; and (4) crustal He in the basement rock. Assuming that the 20Ne contents are constant with the value of seawater, the depth variations in the 4He/20Ne ratios at five Sites, 583D, 594, 597A, 598A and 504B, may provide useful information on 4He flux at the ocean bottom. The estimated 4He fluxes vary from 2000 to 40000 atoms cm**-2 s**-1 and are one to three orders of magnitude less than those calculated from the excess He in deep ocean water. An overall similarity between the geographical distribution of the 3He/4He ratios and heat flow data is found in the study area, between the East Pacific Rise across the Pacific Ocean and the Japanese Islands. The tendency is well explained by a conventional sea-floor spreading model.

Deep water formation in the North Pacific and deglacial CO2 rise

Deep water formation in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean is widely thought to influence deglacial CO2 rise and climate change; here we suggest that deep water formation in the North Pacific may also play an important role. We present paired radiocarbon and boron isotope data from foraminifera from sediment core MD02-2489 at 3640 m in the North East Pacific. These show a pronounced excursion during Heinrich Stadial 1, with benthic-planktic radiocarbon offsets dropping to ~350 years, accompanied by a decrease in benthic d11B. We suggest this is driven by the onset of deep convection in the North Pacific, which mixes young shallow waters to depth, old deep waters to the surface, and low-pH water from intermediate depths into the deep ocean. This deep water formation event was likely driven by an increase in surface salinity, due to subdued atmospheric/monsoonal freshwater flux during Heinrich Stadial 1. The ability of North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) formation to explain the excursions seen in our data is demonstrated in a series of experiments with an intermediate complexity Earth system model. These experiments also show that breakdown of stratification in the North Pacific leads to a rapid ~30 ppm increase in atmospheric CO2, along with decreases in atmospheric d13C and D14C, consistent with observations of the early deglaciation. Our inference of deep water formation is based mainly on results from a single sediment core, and our boron isotope data are unavoidably sparse in the key HS1 interval, so this hypothesis merits further testing. However we note that there is independent support for breakdown of stratification in shallower waters during this period, including a minimum in d15N, younging in intermediate water 14C, and regional warming. We also re-evaluate deglacial changes in North Pacific productivity and carbonate preservation in light of our new data, and suggest that the regional pulse of export production observed during the Bølling-Allerød is promoted by relatively stratified conditions, with increased light availability and a shallow, potent nutricline. Overall, our work highlights the potential of NPDW formation to play a significant and hitherto unrealized role in deglacial climate change and CO2 rise.

Origin and evolution of Cycladophora davisiana (Radiolaria) in DSDP Hole 19-192, Northwest Pacific

This paper documents the evolutionary history of Cycladophora davisiana Ehrenberg from an uppermost Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary record in the high-latitude Northwest Pacific. It apparently evolved from C. sakaii Motoyama through a series of intermediates. C. sakaii has a relatively large shell with an external spongy layer. The evolutionary transition is characterized by a relatively rapid decrease in thorax size with a reduction of the spongy appendage. This change occurred during about 0.4 m.y. from 2.8 to 2.4 Ma without cladogenesis. Following this interval, a decrease in thorax size continued gradually up to the Recent, resulting in a very small morphology. Although the population of C. davisiana first appeared at about 2.5 Ma, some morphotypic specimens may occur in earlier periods as indistinguishable very small endmembers in the C. sakaii populations. Timing of the first appearance events both of morphotypic specimens and of a population of C. davisiana in Site 192 and previously reported cores does not disprove the idea that C. davisiana evolved first in the Northwest Pacific region, and later migrated into other regions of the world ocean. Biometrics clearly indicate no direct phylogenetic relationships between C. davisiana and C. cornutoides Kling in the studied core. Thus, the latter species, which was originally described as a variation and later elevated to a subspecies of the former species, is separated from the former species and raised to the species rank.

Total number of benthic foraminifera in sediments below the K/T boundary in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean

Most species of Late Cretaceous deep-sea benthic foraminifera are believed to be cosmopolitan and therefore to exhibit only minor biogeographical differences. In this preliminary report, six Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) sites from different oceans, paleolatitudes, and paleodepths were analyzed for terminal Cretaceous abyssal-bathyal benthic foraminifera in order to investigate their assumed cosmopolitan distribution and the question of whether different faunal compositions are related to time, different paleolatitudes, and/or different paleodepths. The material studied was obtained from the low-latitude Site 465 (Pacific Ocean), and the intermediate-latitude Sites 384 (North Atlantic) and 356, 516, 525, and 527 (South Atlantic). The material analyzed represents a time slice encompassing the last 20-50 k.y. of the Cretaceous. The faunas contain numerous "Velasco-type" species, such as Gavelinella beccariiformis (White), Cibicidoides velascoensis (Cushman), Nuttallides truempyi (Nuttall), Gaudryina pyramidata Cushman, and various gyroidinoids and buliminids. The results contradict the general assumption of the cosmopolitan nature of Late Cretaceous deep-sea benthic foraminifera advocated in the literature. Only about 9% of the taxa identified were found to be truly "cosmopolitan" through their occurrence at all the sites analyzed. On the basis of correspondence analysis and relative abundance data, three assemblages and three subassemblages were recognized: (1) a bathyal-abyssal assemblage [Nuttallinella sp. A, Cibicidoides hyphalus (Fisher), Valvalabamina sp. evolute form, and Gyroidinoides spp.] at the South Atlantic Sites 356, 516, 525, and 527, divided into three subassemblages, namely (a) a middle bathyal subassemblage [Eouvigerina subsculptura McNeil and Caldwell, Truaxia aspera (Cushman), and G. pyramidata] at Sites 516 and 525, (b) a lower bathyal subassemblage [Osangularia? sp., Pyramidina rudita (Cushman and Parker), and Quadrimorphina camerata (Brotzen)] at Site 356, and (c) an abyssal subassemblage [Gyroidinoides sp. C, Hyperammina-Bathysiphon, Gyroidinoides beisseli (White), and Globorotalites sp. B] at Site 527; (2) an abyssal assemblage [Buliminella cf. plana (Cushman and Parker) and Bulimina incisa Cushman] at the North Atlantic Site 384; and (3) a middle bathyal assemblage [Vulvulina sp. A, Osangularia navarroana (Cushman), Alabamina? sp., Bulimina velascoensis (Cushman), Spiroplectammina spp. calcareous forms, and Bulimina trinitatensis Cushman and Jarvis] at the Pacific Site 465.