Cell death mechanisms associated with G(2) radiosensitivity in patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

Cells respond to genotoxic insults such as ionizing radiation by halting in the G(2) phase of the cell cycle. Delayed cell death (mitotic death) can occur when the cell is released from G(2), and specific spindle defects form endopolyploid cells (endoreduplication/tetraploidy). Enhanced G(2) chromosomal radiosensitivity has been observed in many cancers and genomic instability syndromes, and it is manifested by radiation-induced chromatid aberrations observed in lymphocytes of patients. Here we compare the G(2) chromosomal radiosensitivity in prostate patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer with disease-free controls. We also investigated whether there is a correlation between G(2) chromosomal radiosensitivity and aneuploidy (tetraploidy and endoreduplication), which are indicative of mitotic cell death. The G(2) assay was carried out on all human blood samples. Metaphase analysis was conducted on the harvested chromosomes by counting the number of aberrations and the mitotic errors (endoreduplication/tetraploidy) separately per 100 metaphases. A total of 1/14 of the controls were radiosensitive in G(2) compared to 6/15 of the BPH patients and 15/17 of the prostate cancer patients. Radiation-induced mitotic inhibition was assessed to determine the efficacy of G(2) checkpoint control in the prostate patients. There was no significant correlation of G(2) radiosensitivity scores and mitotic inhibition in BPH patients (P = 0.057), in contrast to prostate cancer patients, who showed a small but significant positive correlation (P = 0.029). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between G(2) radiosensitivity scores of BPH patients and endoreduplication/ tetraploidy (P = 0.136), which contrasted with an extremely significant correlation observed in prostate cancer patients (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, cells from prostate cancer patients show increased sensitivity to the induction of G(2) aberrations from ionizing radiation exposure but paradoxically show reduced mitotic indices and aneuploidy as a function of aberration frequency.

ATM signaling and genornic stability in response to DNA damage

DNA double strand breaks represent the most threatening lesion to the integrity of the genome in cells exposed to ionizing radiation and radiomimetic chemicals. Those breaks are recognized, signaled to cell cycle checkpoints and repaired by protein complexes. The product of the gene (ATM) mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangietasia (A-T) plays a central role in the recognition and signaling of DNA damage. ATM is one of an ever growing number of proteins which when mutated compromise the stability of the genome and predispose to tumour development. for recognising double strand breaks in DNA, maintaining genome stability and minimizing risk of cancer are discussed. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Live cell imaging of heavy-ion-induced radiation responses by beamline microscopy

To study the dynamics of protein recruitment to DNA lesions, ion beams can be used to generate extremely localized DNA damage within restricted regions of the nuclei. This inhomogeneous spatial distribution of lesions can be visualized indirectly and rapidly in the form of radiation-induced foci using immunocytochemical detection or GFP-tagged DNA repair proteins. To analyze faster protein translocations and a possible contribution of radiation-induced chromatin movement in DNA damage recognition in live cells, we developed a remote-controlled system to obtain high-resolution fluorescence images of living cells during ion irradiation with a frame rate of the order of seconds. Using scratch replication labeling, only minor chromatin movement at sites of ion traversal was observed within the first few minutes of impact. Furthermore, time-lapse images of the GFP-coupled DNA repair protein aprataxin revealed accumulations within seconds at sites of ion hits, indicating a very fast recruitment to damaged sites. Repositioning of the irradiated cells after fixation allowed the comparison of live cell observation with immunocytochemical staining and retrospective etching of ion tracks. These results demonstrate that heavy-ion radiation-induced changes in sub-nuclear structures can be used to determine the kinetics of early protein recruitment in living cells and that the changes are not dependent on large-scale chromatin movement at short times postirradiation. © 2005 by Radiation Research Society.

Involvement of novel autophosphorylation sites in ATM activation

ATM kinase plays a central role in signaling DNA double-strand breaks to cell cycle checkpoints and to the DNA repair machinery. Although the exact mechanism of ATM activation remains unknown, efficient activation requires the Mre11 complex, autophosphorylation on S1981 and the involvement of protein phosphatases and acetylases. We report here the identification of several additional phosphorylation sites on ATM in response to DNA damage, including autophosphorylation on pS367 and pS1893. ATM autophosphorylates all these sites in vitro in response to DNA damage. Antibodies against phosphoserine 1893 revealed rapid and persistent phosphorylation at this site after in vivo activation of ATM kinase by ionizing radiation, paralleling that observed for S1981 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation was dependent on functional ATM and on the Mre11 complex. All three autophosphorylation sites are physiologically important parts of the DNA damage response, as phosphorylation site mutants (S367A, S1893A and S1981A) were each defective in ATM signaling in vivo and each failed to correct radiosensitivity, genome instability and cell cycle checkpoint defects in ataxia-telangiectasia cells. We conclude that there are at least three functionally important radiation-induced autophosphorylation events in ATM.

Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta 1 signaling attenuates ataxia telanglectasia mutated activity in response to genotoxic stress

Ionizing radiation causes DNA damage that elicits a cellular program of damage control coordinated by the kinase activity of ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)-1, which is activated by radiation, is a potent and pleiotropic mediator of physiologic and pathologic processes. Here we show that TGF beta inhibition impedes the canonical cellular DNA damage stress response. Irradiated Tgf beta 1 nail murine epithelial cells or human epithelial cells treated with a small-molecule inhibitor of TGF beta type I receptor kinase exhibit decreased phosphorylation of Chk2, Rad17, and p53; reduced gamma H2AX radiation-induced foci; and increased radiosensitivity compared with TGF beta competent cells. We determined that loss of TGF beta signaling in epithelial cells truncated ATM autophosphorylation and significantly reduced its kinase activity, without affecting protein abundance. Addition of TGF beta restored functional ATM and downstream DNA damage responses. These data reveal a heretofore undetected critical link between the microenvironment and ATM, which directs epithelial cell stress responses, cell fate, and tissue integrity. Thus, Tgf beta 1, in addition to its role in homoeostatic growth control, plays a complex role in regulating responses to genotoxic stress, the failure of which would contribute to the development of cancer; conversely, inhibiting TGF beta may be used to advantage in cancer therapy.

An aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells via FOXO3a and p53 expression

Background - Plants have proved to be an important source of anti-cancer drugs. Here we have investigated the cytotoxic action of an aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica, used widely as a herbal tea-based treatment for breast cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings - Using flow cytometric analysis of cells labeled with cyclin A, annexin V and propidium iodide, we describe a time and dose-dependent arrest of the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis following extract treatment in MCF-7 (WT-p53) and MDA-MB-231 (mutant-p53) human breast cancer cell lines with a markedly reduced effect on primary human mammary epithelial cells. Analysis of p53 protein expression and of its downstream transcription targets, p21 and BAX, revealed a p53 associated growth arrest within 5 hours of extract treatment and apoptosis within 24 hours. DNA double strand breaks measured as ?-H2AX were detected early in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. However, loss of cell viability was only partly due to a p53-driven response; as MDA-MB-231 and p53-knockdown MCF-7 cells both underwent cell cycle arrest and death following extract treatment. p53-independent growth arrest and cytotoxicity following DNA damage has been previously ascribed to FOXO3a expression. Here, in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, FOXO3a expression was increased significantly within 3 hours of extract treatment and FOXO3 siRNA reduced the extract-induced loss of cell viability in both cell lines. Conclusions/Significance - Our results demonstrate for the first time that an aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53-dependent and independent mechanisms, with activation of the DNA damage response. We also show that FOXO3a is required for activity in the absence of p53. Our findings indicate that Fagonia cretica aqueous extract contains potential anti-cancer agents acting either singly or in combination against breast cancer cell proliferation via DNA damage-induced FOXO3a and p53 expression.

Genetic Analysis of Mitotic Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mitotic genome instability can occur during the repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA, which arise from endogenous and exogenous sources. Studying the mechanisms of DNA repair in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has shown that Homologous Recombination (HR) is a vital repair mechanism for DSBs. HR can result in a crossover event, in which the broken molecule reciprocally exchanges information with a homologous repair template. The current model of double-strand break repair (DSBR) also allows for a tract of information to non-reciprocally transfer from the template molecule to the broken molecule. These “gene conversion” events can vary in size and can occur in conjunction with a crossover event or in isolation. The frequency and size of gene conversions in isolation and gene conversions associated with crossing over has been a source of debate due to the variation in systems used to detect gene conversions and the context in which the gene conversions are measured.

In Chapter 2, I use an unbiased system that measures the frequency and size of gene conversion events, as well as the association of gene conversion events with crossing over between homologs in diploid yeast. We show mitotic gene conversions occur at a rate of 1.3x10-6 per cell division, are either large (median 54.0kb) or small (median 6.4kb), and are associated with crossing over 43% of the time.

DSBs can arise from endogenous cellular processes such as replication and transcription. Two important RNA/DNA hybrids are involved in replication and transcription: R-loops, which form when an RNA transcript base pairs with the DNA template and displaces the non-template DNA strand, and ribonucleotides embedded into DNA (rNMPs), which arise when replicative polymerase errors insert ribonucleotide instead of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates. RNaseH1 (encoded by RNH1) and RNaseH2 (whose catalytic subunit is encoded by RNH201) both recognize and degrade the RNA in within R-loops while RNaseH2 alone recognizes, nicks, and initiates removal of rNMPs embedded into DNA. Due to their redundant abilities to act on RNA:DNA hybrids, aberrant removal of rNMPs from DNA has been thought to lead to genome instability in an rnh201Δ background.

In Chapter 3, I characterize (1) non-selective genome-wide homologous recombination events and (2) crossing over on chromosome IV in mutants defective in RNaseH1, RNaseH2, or RNaseH1 and RNaseH2. Using a mutant DNA polymerase that incorporates 4-fold fewer rNMPs than wild type, I demonstrate that the primary recombinogenic lesion in the RNaseH2-defective genome is not rNMPs, but rather R-loops. This work suggests different in-vivo roles for RNaseH1 and RNaseH2 in resolving R-loops in yeast and is consistent with R-loops, not rNMPs, being the the likely source of pathology in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome patients defective in RNaseH2.

Chemoprevention in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers—A Proof-of-Concept Study

Background: Women with germline BRCA1 mutations have a high lifetime risk of breast cancer, with the only available risk-reduction strategies being risk-reducing surgery or chemoprevention. These women predominantly develop triple-negative breast cancers; hence, it is unlikely that selective estrogen receptor modulators (serms) will reduce the risk of developing cancer, as these have not been shown to reduce the incidence of estrogen receptor–negative breast cancers. Preclinical data from our laboratory suggest that exposure to estrogen and its metabolites is capable of causing dna double-strand breaks (dsbs) and thus driving genomic instability, an early hallmark of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Therefore, an approach that lowers circulating estrogen levels and reduces estrogen metabolite exposure may prove a successful chemopreventive strategy.

Aims: To provide proof of concept of the hypothesis that the combination of luteinizing-hormone releasing-hormone agonists (lhrha) and aromatase inhibitors (ais) can suppress circulating levels of estrogen and its metabolites in BRCA1 mutation carriers, thus reducing estrogen metabolite levels in breast cells, reducing dna dsbs, and potentially reducing the incidence of breast cancer.

Methods: 12 Premenopausal BRCA1 mutation carriers will undergo baseline ultrasound-guided breast core biopsy and plasma and urine sampling. Half the women will be treated for 3 months with combination goserelin (lhrha) plus anastrazole (ai), and the remainder with tamoxifen (serm) before repeat tissue, plasma, and urine sampling. After a 1-month washout period, groups will cross over for a further 3 months treatment before final biologic sample collection. Tissue, plasma, and urine samples will be examined using a combination of immunohistochemistry, comet assays, and ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to assess the impact of lhrha plus ai compared with serm on levels of dna damage, estrogens, and genotoxic estrogen metabolites. Quality of life will also be assessed during the study.

Results: This trial is currently ongoing.

RECQ5 promotes recombination and mutagenesis at targeted nicks through disruption of RAD51 filaments

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

APRIN(PDS5B) et PALB2, deux protéines impliquées dans la réparation de l’ADN par recombinaison homologue et l’apparition de cancers

Au Canada, en 2015, il était estimé que 78 000 personnes allaient mourir d’un cancer, représentant 30 % de tous les décès et faisant de celui-ci la première cause de mortalité. De plus, 196 900 nouveaux cas de cancers seraient découverts au cours de cette même année (Canadian Cancer Society’s Advisory Committee on Cancer Statistics. Canadian Cancer Statistics 2015. Toronto, ON : Canadian Cancer Society; 2015). L’intégrité du génome est chaque jour menacée par des conditions environnementales qui endommagent l’ADN (ultraviolets, produits chimiques divers, etc.). Parmi les différents types de lésions, l’un des plus délétères et pouvant mener au cancer est la cassure double-brin (CDB). Celle-ci peut être réparée suivant deux mécanismes majeurs : la jonction des extrémités non homologues (Non-Homologous End-Joining ou NHEJ) ou la Recombinaison Homologue (RH). Cette dernière, prépondérante pendant les phases S/G2, consiste en la réparation d’une CDB grâce à l’utilisation d’une chromatide soeur comme modèle, permettant une réparation fidèle du dommage. La RH est sous la dépendance de diverses protéines, dont RAD51, PALB2 et BRCA2. Ces deux dernières sont connues pour être mutées dans les cancers du sein et des ovaires. Ainsi, la compréhension de l’implication de chaque acteur dans la RH est un objectif fondamental dans la lutte contre le cancer et constitue l’objectif général de cette thèse. En 2012, une étude a montré qu’une nouvelle protéine, APRIN (Androgen-induced PRoliferation INhibitor), appartenant au complexe cohésine, interagissait avec BRCA2 et jouait un rôle dans la RH. Les rôles précis d’APRIN dans ce mécanisme restaient toutefois à être définis. Le projet principal de cette thèse repose sur la caractérisation fonctionnelle d’APRIN dans la réparation par RH. Nous révélons qu’APRIN aurait un rôle spécifique et indépendant de celui de la cohésine dans la RH, et pourrait agir à diverses étapes cruciales de ce mécanisme. De plus, nos données montrent que le niveau d’expression d’APRIN pourrait être un marqueur de prédiction dans le cancer ovarien. Étant donné qu’APRIN interagit aussi avec PALB2, autre partenaire essentiel de BRCA2, nous avons également étudié et caractérisé les fonctions de divers mutants de PALB2. Nous faisons ainsi la découverte inattendue d’un nouveau phénotype induit par une troncation de cette protéine associée à certains cancers agressifs. Ainsi, cette thèse apporte des informations supplémentaires et indispensables à la compréhension de la réparation de l’ADN par RH et de la survenue de certains cancers.

Elaboration et analyse de molécules inhibitrices de protéines de la réparation de l’ADN par recombinaison homologue

Les cellules humaines sont soumises à des stress induisant des cassures double-brin de l’ADN (CDB). Ces CDB sont réparées notamment par la recombinaison homologue, impliquant les protéines RAD51 et RAD52. Une stratégie thérapeutique émergente est de développer des molécules inhibant RAD51 ou RAD52 afin d’accentuer l’instabilité génétique et la mort de la cellule cancéreuse. En effet, dans certains cancers, l’activité de RAD51 est dérégulée promouvant la prolifération tumorale. Il existe plusieurs molécules inhibitrices de RAD51 et nous nous sommes intéressés au DIDS dont le mode d’action n’a pas encore été déterminé. Concernant RAD52, une létalité synthétique a été montrée lorsque celle-ci est inactivée dans des cellules déficientes en BRCA1, BRCA2 ou PALB2, trois gènes mutés dans de nombreux cancers. Récemment, trois types de molécules inhibitrices de RAD52 ont été mis en évidence. Nous avons tout d’abord étudié l’impact du DIDS ainsi que des molécules dérivées afin de comprendre le mécanisme mis en jeu. Nous avons montré que le DIDS, ainsi que ses dérivés inhibent la liaison de RAD51 à l’ADN. Ces molécules empêchent la formation du nucléofilament entrainant une diminution du nombre de foyers RAD51. Nous avons développé une méthode de criblage par fluorescence pour évaluer l’effet d’une banque de 696 molécules sur la capacité de RAD52 à hybrider deux ADNsb. Deux molécules capables d’inhiber la fonction d’hybridation de RAD52 ont été mises au jour. In vivo, elles entrainent une diminution de la survie de cellules déficientes en PALB2. La recherche et le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs de RAD51 et RAD52 constituent des stratégies thérapeutiques d’avenir.

Soft tissue sarcoma: biology and therapeutic correlates

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) comprise a heterogenenous group of greater than 50 malignancies of putative mesenchymal cell origin and as such they may arise in diverse tissue types in various anatomical locations throughout the whole body. Collectively they account for approximately 1% of all human malignancies yet have a spectrum of aggressive behaviours amongst their subtypes. They thus pose a particular challenge to manage and remain an under investigated group of cancers with no generally applicable new therapies in the past 40 years and an overall 5-year survival rate that remains stagnant at around 50%. From September 2000 to July 2006 I undertook a full time post-doctoral level research fellowship at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA in the department of Surgical Oncology to investigate the biology of soft tissue sarcoma and test novel anti- sarcoma adenovirus-based therapy in the preclinical nude rat model of isolated limb perfusion against human sarcoma xenografts. This work, in collaboration with colleagues as indicated herein, led to a number of publications in the scientific literature furthering our understanding of the malignant phenotype of sarcoma and reported preclinical studies with wild-type p53, in a replication deficient adenovirus vector, and oncolytic adenoviruses administered by isolated limb perfusion. Additional collaborative and pioneering preclinical studies reported the molecular imaging of sarcoma response to systemically delivered therapeutic phage RGD-4c AAVP. Doxorubicin chemotherapy is the single most active broadly applicable anti-sarcoma chemotherapeutic yet only has an approximate 30% overall response rate with additional breakthrough tumour progression and recurrence after initial chemo-responsiveness further problematic features in STS management. Doxorubicin is a substrate for the multi- drug resistance (mdr) gene product p-glycoprotein drug efflux pump and exerts its main mode of action by induction of DNA double-strand breaks during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Two papers in my thesis characterise different aspects of chemoresistance in sarcoma. The first shows that wild-type p53 suppresses Protein Kinase Calpha (PKCα) phosphorylation (and activation) of p-glycoprotein by transcriptional repression of PKCα through a Sp-1 transcription factor binding site in its -244/-234 promoter region. The second paper demonstrates that Rad51 (a central mediator of homologous recombination repair of double strand breaks) has elevated levels in sarcoma and particularly in the S- G2 phase of the cell cycle. Suppression of Rad51 with small interfering RNA in sarcoma cell culture led to doxorubicin chemosensitisation. Reintroduction of wild-type p53 into STS cell lines resulted in decreased Rad51 protein and mRNA expression via transcriptional repression of the Rad51 promoter through increased AP-2 binding. In light of poor response rates to chemotherapy, escape from local control portends a poor prognosis for patients with sarcoma. Two papers in my thesis characterise aspects of sarcoma angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Human sarcoma samples were found to have high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) with expression levels that correlated with p53 mutational status. MMP-9 is known to degrade extracellular collagen, contribute to the control of the angiogenic switch necessary in primary tumour progression and facilitate invasion and metastasis. Reconstitution of wild-type p53 function led to decreased levels of MMP-9 protein and mRNA as well as zymography-assessed MMP-9 proteolytic activity and decreased tumour cell invasiveness. Reintroduction of wild-type p53 into human sarcoma xenografts in-vivo decreased tumour growth and MMP-9 protein expression. Wild-type p53 was found to suppress mmp-9 transcription via decreased binding of NF-κB to its -607/-595 mmp-9 promoter element. Studies on the role of the VEGF165 in sarcoma found that sarcoma cells stably transfected with VEGF165 formed more aggressive xenografted tumours with increased vascularity, growth rate, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Use of the anti-VEGFR2 antibody DC101 enhanced doxorubicin sensitivity at sub-conventional dosing, inhibited tumour growth, decreased development of metastases, and reduced tumour micro-vessel density while increasing the vessel maturation index. These effects were explained primarily through effects on endothelial cells (e.c.s), rather than the tumour cells per se, where DC101 induced e.c. sensitivity to doxorubicin and suppressed e.c. production of MMPs. The p53 tumour suppressor pathway is the most frequently mutated pathway in sarcoma. Recapitulation of wild-type p53 function in sarcoma exerts a number of anti-cancer outcomes such as growth arrest, resensitisation to chemotherapy, suppression of invasion, and attenuation of angiogenesis. Using a modified nude rat-human sarcoma xenograft model for isolated limb perfusion (ILP) delivery of wild-type p53 in a replication deficient adenovirus vector I showed that functionally competent wild-type p53 could be delivered to and detected in human leiomyosarcoma xenografts confirming preclinical feasibility - although not efficacious due to low transgene expression. Viral fibre modification to express the RGD tripeptide motif led to greater viral uptake by sarcoma cells in vitro (transductional targeting) and changing the transgene promoter to a response element active in cells with active telomerase expression restricted the transgene expression to the tumour intracellular environment (transcriptional targeting). Delivery of the fibre-modified, selectively replication proficient oncolytic adenovirus Ad.hTC.GFP/ E1a.RGD by ILP demonstrated a more robust, and tumour-restricted, transgene expression with evidence of anti-sarcoma effect confirmed microscopically. Collaborative studies using the fibre modified phage RGD-4C AAVP confirmed that systemic delivery specifically, efficiently, and repeatedly targets human sarcoma xenografts, binds to αv integrins in tumours, and demonstrates a durable, though heterogeneous, transgene expression of 1-4 weeks. Incorporation of the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) transgene into RGD-4C AAVP permitted CT-PET spatial and temporal molecular imaging in vivo of transgene expression and allowed quantification of tumour metabolic activity both before and after interval administration of a systemic cytotoxic with predictable and measurable response to treatment before becoming apparent clinically. These papers further the medical and scientific community’s understanding of the biology of soft tissue sarcoma and report preclinical studies with novel and promising anti- sarcoma therapeutics.

Exploration d’un modèle d’étude simplifié de la spermiogenèse par l’utilisation de la levure à fission

Résumé: Les cellules germinales mâles remodèlent leur chromatine pour compacter leur noyau afin de protéger leur matériel génétique et assurer un transit optimal vers le gamète femelle. Il a été démontré que tous les spermatides de plusieurs mammifères, incluant l’homme et la souris, présentaient ce mécanisme de remodelage de la chromatine. Celui-ci est caractérisé par une augmentation transitoire de cassures d’ADN dont une quantité importante sont bicaténaires. Ce remodelage chromatinien a été étudié et semble être conservé chez plusieurs espèces, allant de l’algue à l’humain. Dans le contexte de la recherche fondamentale sur le phénomène de la spermiogenèse, il devient parfois très difficile d’investiguer certains aspects importants en vertu de l’impossibilité de réaliser des manipulations génétiques simples. Il est donc impératif de développer un nouveau modèle d’étude plus permissif afin de palier à ces difficultés encourues. Comme le processus de maturation des spores chez la levure à fission présente de grandes similitudes avec la spermiogenèse des mammifères, l’utilisation d’un modèle d’étude basé sur la sporulation de la levure à fission Schizosaccharomyces pombe a été proposée comme modèle comparatif de la spermatogenèse murine. À la suite de la synchronisation de la méiose de la souche S. pombe pat1-114, des analyses d’électrophorèse en champ pulsé (PFGE) et de qTUNEL ont permis de déterminer la présence de cassures bicaténaires transitoires de l’ADN lors de la maturation post-méiotique des ascospores nouvellement formés (t>7h). Des analyses par immunobuvardages dirigés contre le variant d’histones H2AS129p suggère la présence d’un remodelage chromatinien postméiotique dix heures suivant l’induction de la méiose, corroborant le modèle murin. Enfin, des analyses protéomiques couplées à l’analyse par spectrométrie de masse ont permis de proposer l’endonucléase Pnu1 comme candidat potentiellement responsable des cassures bicaténaires transitoires dans l’ADN des ascospores en maturation. En somme, bien que le processus de maturation des spores soit encore bien méconnu, quelques parallèles peuvent être tracés entre la maturation des ascospores de la levure à fission et la spermiogenèse des eucaryotes supérieurs. En identifiant un modèle simple du remodelage chromatinien au niveau de la spermiogenèse animale, on s’assurerait ainsi d’un outil beaucoup plus malléable et versatile pour l’étude fondamentale des événements survenant lors de la spermiogenèse humaine.

El papel de la reparación de roturas de doble cadena de ADN en Escherichia coli en la sensibilidad a quinolonas: implicaciones terapéuticas

Las quinolonas son uno de los tipos de antibióticos cuyas tasas de resistencia se han visto incrementadas en los últimos años. A nivel molecular, bloquean a las topoisomerasas tipo II generando cortes de doble cadena (double strand breaks, DSBs) en el ADN. Se ha propuesto que estos DSBs podrían tener un doble papel, como mediadores de su efecto bactericida y también como responsables de desencadenar los mecanismos de resistencia y tolerancia a las quinolonas. En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado la implicación de los mecanismos de reparación de DSBs en la sensibilidad a las quinolonas: reanudación de horquillas de replicación paradas dependiente de recombinación (RFR), inducción de la respuesta SOS, reparación por síntesis translesional (TLS) y escisión de nucleótidos (NER). Para ello, en los laboratorios de la Universidad Europea de Madrid, se han analizado las concentraciones mínimas inhibitorias (CMIs) de tres quinolonas diferentes en mutantes procedentes de varias colecciones de cultivos tipo de Escherichia coli. Mutantes en recA, recBC, priA y lexA mostraron una disminución significativa de la CMI a todas las quinolonas. No se observaron cambios significativos en estirpes mutantes en los mecanismos de reparación por TLS y NER. Estos datos indican que, en presencia de quinolonas, los mecanismos de RFR y la inducción de la respuesta SOS estarían implicados en la aparición de mecanismos de sensibilidad a quinolonas.

Cartographie des cassures bicaténaires du remodelage chromatinien du spermatide et développement des outils techniques associés.

Résumé : La phase haploïde de la spermatogenèse (spermiogenèse) est caractérisée par une modification importante de la structure de la chromatine et un changement de la topologie de l’ADN du spermatide. Les mécanismes par lesquels ce changement se produit ainsi que les protéines impliquées ne sont pas encore complètement élucidés. Mes travaux ont permis d’établir la présence de cassures bicaténaires transitoires pendant ce remodelage par l’essai des comètes et l’électrophorèse en champ pulsé. En procédant à des immunofluorescences sur coupes de tissus et en utilisant un extrait nucléaire hautement actif, la présence de topoisomérases ainsi que de marqueurs de systèmes de réparation a été confirmée. Les protéines de réparation identifiées font partie de systèmes sujets à l’erreur, donc cette refonte structurale de la chromatine pourrait être génétiquement instable et expliquer le biais paternel observé pour les mutations de novo dans de récentes études impliquant des criblages à haut débit. Une technique permettant l’immunocapture spécifique des cassures bicaténaires a été développée et appliquée sur des spermatides murins représentant différentes étapes de différenciation. Les résultats de séquençage à haut débit ont montré que les cassures bicaténaires (hotspots) de la spermiogenèse se produisent en majorité dans l’ADN intergénique, notamment dans les séquences LINE1, l’ADN satellite et les répétions simples. Les hotspots contiennent aussi des motifs de liaisons des protéines des familles FOX et PRDM, dont les fonctions sont entre autres de lier et remodeler localement la chromatine condensée. Aussi, le motif de liaison de la protéine BRCA1 se trouve enrichi dans les hotspots de cassures bicaténaires. Celle-ci agit entre autres dans la réparation de l’ADN par jonction terminale non-homologue (NHEJ) et dans la réparation des adduits ADN-topoisomérase. De façon remarquable, le motif de reconnaissance de la protéine SPO11, impliquée dans la formation des cassures méiotiques, a été enrichi dans les hotspots, ce qui suggère que la machinerie méiotique serait aussi utilisée pendant la spermiogenèse pour la formation des cassures. Enfin, bien que les hotspots se localisent plutôt dans les séquences intergéniques, les gènes ciblés sont impliqués dans le développement du cerveau et des neurones. Ces résultats sont en accord avec l’origine majoritairement paternelle observée des mutations de novo associées aux troubles du spectre de l’autisme et de la schizophrénie et leur augmentation avec l’âge du père. Puisque les processus du remodelage de la chromatine des spermatides sont conservés dans l’évolution, ces résultats suggèrent que le remodelage de la chromatine de la spermiogenèse représente un mécanisme additionnel contribuant à la formation de mutations de novo, expliquant le biais paternel observé pour certains types de mutations.