(Table 1) Sulfur isotopes, total sulfur, and degree of oxidation of basalt samples from DSDP Hole 69-504B and 70-504B

About 150 basalt samples from Hole 504B, near the Costa Rica Rift were analyzed for sulfur content and sulfur-isotope composition. The basement in Hole 504B can be divided into an upper part, which has oxidative alteration (274.5-550 m below sea floor), and a lower part, which has nonoxidative alteration (550-835 m below sea floor) (the interval from 540 to 585 meters actually is transitional). This division is reflected in both the sulfur content and the sulfurisotope composition. Oxidative alteration of basalts by sea water at low temperatures has resulted in a depletion in sulfur in the upper part of the hole (mostly less than 600 ppm S) as compared to fresh sulfur-saturated oceanic tholeiites (900-1200 ppm S). High amounts of sulfur in the lower part of the hole are a result of precipitation of secondary pyrite under non-oxidative or weakly oxidative conditions from solutions which dissolved igneous sulfides. The average sulfur-isotope composition of the primary igneous sulfides is d34S = -0.01 per mil, which is close to the assumed mantle sulfur composition (d34S = 0 per mil. Pyrite and sulfate sulfur extracted together in a separate preparation step (as "pyrite-sulfate" sulfur) indicate addition of sea-water sulfate to the upper part of the basalts. The d34S of secondary pyrite isolated by hand-picking varies between -8.0 and +5.8 per mil; the "pyrite-sulfate" sulfur (d34S = -4.8 to +10.5 per mil), as well as that of the isolated pyrite, may have originated in the precipitation of pyrite from solutions containing sulfur from the dissolution of igneous sulfides, but addition of sulfur transported by hydrothermal solutions cannot be excluded.

Geochemistry and degree of organic carbon preservation in non-bioturbated, shaly sediments

Based on 13 published porewater H2S and sulphate profiles the amount of H2S escaping from non-bioturbated shales varies between some few % to 45% of the amount of bacterially generated H2S. This finding permits calculation of the original organic carbon (TOCor) content of immature nonbioturbated shales using TOC and sulphur content data. In two immature non-bioturbated sequences from Hungary (Toarcian and Oligocene) the first-order correlation between HI and TOC/TOCor was found to be stronger than that between HI and TOC, indicating that sulphate reduction was the leading process both in decrease in TOC content and degradation of kerogen source potential.

(Table 1) Sulfur isotopes, total sulfur, and degree of oxidation of basalt samples from DSDP Holes 69-504B and 70-504B

Whole-rock basalt samples from the upper half of Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B have oxygen-isotope compositions typical of mid-ocean-ridge basalts which have experienced a moderate degree of low-temperature alteration by sea water. By contrast, d18O values in the lower half of the hole correspond to basalts which have experienced almost no detectable oxygen-isotope alteration. These observations suggest that the overall water/rock ratio was lower in the lower half of the drilled crust. A correlation between d18O values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios suggests that the water/rock ratio, rather than temperature variation, was the main factor determining basalt d18O values. Hydrogen-isotope data appear to be consistent with a low water/rock ratio in the lower part of the crust.

(Table 1) B content, d11B, d18O, degree of alteration, and lithology of basalts from ODP Hole 504B

Boron contents and boron isotopic compositions were determined for the uppermost 1.3 km section of typical 6.2 Ma oceanic crust from DSDP/ODP Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift, Galapagos Spreading Center. Both the boron content and the d11B value in the oceanic crust are controlled by two types of alteration: 1. (1) low-temperature alteration (0 to 60°C; Zones I and II) and 2. (2) high-temperature hydrothermal alteration (200 to 400°C; Zones III and IV). Basalts subjected to the low-temperature alteration are characterized by their relatively high boron contents (0.69 to 19.3 ppm) and high d11B values (+2.2 to +10.6?), indicating uptake of boron into secondary phases in equilibrium with seawater or evolved seawater. Hydrothermally altered basalts contain less abundant boron (0.17 to 0.52 ppm) and relatively constant d11B values (?0.1 to +1.0?). Although basalts from the upper part of these hydrothermal zones (<1300 mbsf) show equilibrated boron content and d11B value with aqueous fluid, effective leaching of boron from basalt is predominant in the lower part (>1300 mbsf). Original boron content and d11B value of the Hole 504B MORB were 0.35 ppm and +0.2?, respectively. The present data provide fundamental information in understanding of the distribution of boron and boron isotopes in the oceanic crust.

The Degree of Competition in the Thai Banking Industry before and after the East Asian Crisis

This paper analyzes the influence of the East Asian crisis and the subsequent reforms on the oligopolistic nature of the Thai banking industry. Since the crisis, there have been substantial changes in competitive environment, including a decline in the family ownership of banks as well as the arrival of new entrants. How did these changes affect a banking industry in which the six largest local banks accounted for over 70 percent of market share? The estimated Lerner index from Bresnahan's [1989] conjectural variation model indicates the possibility of a decline in the degree of competition.

On the Degree of Team Cooperation in CD Grammar Systems.

In this paper, we introduce a dynamical complexity measure, namely the degree of team cooperation, in the aim of investigating "how much" the components of a grammar system cooperate when forming a team in the process of generating terminal words. We present several results which strongly suggest that this measure is trivial in the sense that the degree of team cooperation of any language is bounded by a constant. Finally, we prove that the degree of team cooperation of a given cooperating/distributed grammar system cannot be algorithmically computed and discuss a decision problem.

A study the degree of concentration of the Spanish bunkering

This paper shows the Gini Coefficient of the Spanish bunkering, for the Spanish Port System 1960 to the year 2010 with the aim to describe the Spanish bunkering in these periods and propose future strategies. The stage of bunkering must change due to new regulations of marine fuels but to predict the future you must know the past On December 17 came into force on community standard marine fuels. After a complicated negotiation with the industry moves forward a project that is fully compliant with the guidelines of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and limiting the sulphur and particulate matter of marine fuels used by ships calling or transit through maritime space of the European Union. The impact of a possible extension at European level of the Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECA) as they are introduced in the Annex VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL) adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).