Enhancement of Moina micrura by the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps in a subtropical Chinese lake

The changes of cladoceran zooplankton from 1980 to 1996 were studied in a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu, and an enclosure experiment was conducted to examine the possible role of the increased fish production in the enhancement of Moina micrura in the lake after mid-1980s. During the 1980s, the most striking event of the cladoceran community in the lake was that dominance of Daphnia was replaced by Moina following a steady increase in the production of planktivorous fish. This replacement was a direct result of increased fish predation, since our enclosure experiment indicates that Moina are less vulnerable to fish predation than Daphnia, and that increase in fish-stocking rate favors the development of M. micrura. The stronger resistance of M. micrura to fish predation may be attributed to its smaller body size and higher intrinsic growth rate than the daphnids. The present study has a strong parallel with the responses of zooplankton community to predators observed in many temperate lakes, and perhaps the only real difference is that in our lake the small rapidly growing cladoceran is Moina, rather than Bosmina or some other typical temperate take species. In the present study, the strong fish predation caused a shift from Daphnia to small zooplankton but not a corresponding increase in phytoplankton, which is in sharp contrast to what is expected with the classic "trophic cascade" process.

Studies on the effects of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on the Phytoplankton in a shallow hypereutrophic lake through an enclosure experiment

The responses of nutrients, water transparency, zooplankton and phytoplankton to a gradient of silver carp biomass were assessed using enclosure methods. The gradient of four silver carp biomass levels was set as follows: 0, 116, 176 and 316 g m(-2). Nutrients did not show any statistically significant differences among the treatments. An Outburst of Daphnia only occurred in fishless enclosures where phytoplankton biomass was the lowest and water clarity significantly increased. While among fish enclosures, the small-sized Moina micrura dominated throughout the experiment and both zooplankton and phytoplankton biomasses decreased with increased fish biomass. No large colonial cyanobacterial blooms occurred in the fishless enclosures as predicted. This might be due to low water temperature. short experiment time and the occurrence of large bodied Daphnia in our experiment. Cryptophyta was the most dominant group in most of the enclosures and the lake water throughout the experiment. The fishless enclosure had much lower proportion of Cyanophyta but higher proportion of Trachelomonas sp.

Changes of Leptodora kindti abundance (1957-1996) in a planktivorous fishes-dominated subtropical Chinese lake (Lake Donghu)

The changes of L. kindti density from 1957 to 1996 were studied in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. Despite the fact that the fish yield of planktivorous fish (silver carp and bighead carp) has increased steadily, the population density of L. kindti has also increased since 1957 and peaked in 1982/1983, The increase of both fish and L. kindti densities during this period may have benefitted from a considerable increase in the densities of their zooplankton prey. and fish predation on L. kindti might have been minor. As the fish yield increased further, their predation began to suppress most zooplankton prey including L. kindti. The largely increased fish predation on L. kindti is also evidenced by the remarkable decline of their body length after 1984. The density of L. kindti was significantly higher at the pelagic station (II) than at the littoral station (I), although for L. kindti, the littoral zone was significantly more resource profitable than the pelagic zone. The gradient of fish predation (more fish in the littoral zone) is the most likely explanation, since L. kindti is reported to be a preferred prey for many planktivorous fishes. The maximum density of L. kindti was 1.78 ind./I (on Aug. 17, 1984) at Station I and 1.55 ind./I (on Sep. 13, 1985) at Station II, respectively, which are close to those in several other eutrophic lakes.

Long-term changes in crustacean zooplankton and water quality in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake densely stocked with fish

From surveys made in 1962-1963, 1973-1974, 1979-1996 at two Stations in Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic water body near Wuhan, P. R. China, the authors, derive long-term changes in species composition, standing crop and body-size of planktonic crustaceans. The species number decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The cladocerans dropped from 46 (1960s) to 26 (1980s) to 13 (1990s); the copepods decreased from 14 (1960s) to 10 (1980s) to 7 (1990s). From the mid-1980s on, the dominant crustaceans also changed: Daphnia hyalina and D. carinata ssp. were replaced by Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum at Stations 1 and 2, respectively; Cyclops vicinus replaced Mesocyclops leuckarti. Densities and biomass of Cladocera decreased markedly after 1987. Annual average densities and biomass of cladocerans were statistically differences between 1962-1986 and 1987-1996 (P < 0.01). Annual average densities of Daphnia (Station 1 + Station 2) were negatively correlated with fish yield. Since the 1980s, annual average body length of Cladocera and Calanoida decreased, while annual average body length of Cyclopoida increased. In the same years, average body length of copepods was lower during May-October than during January-April and November-December. A 12-yr data analysis showed annual average concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to be negatively correlated with annual average density of Daphnia, whilst lake transparency was positively correlated with annual average densities of Daphnia. The results imply that, since Daphnia feeds efficiently on phytoplankton, it could decrease concentration of Chl-a, and enhance water transparency.

Changes in the structure of a zooplankton community during a Ceratium (dinoflagellate) bloom in a eutrophic fishless pond

The community structure of zooplankton was studied in a eutrophic, fishless Japanese pond. The ecosystem was dominated by a dinoflagellate, Ceratium hirundinella, two filter-feeding cladocerans, Daphnia rosea and Ceriodaphnia reticulata, and an invertebrate predator, the dipteran Chaoborus flavicans. The midsummer zooplankton community showed a large change in species composition (the Daphnia population crashed) when a heavy Ceratium bloom occurred. It is shown that (i) the rapid density decline of D.rosea in mid-May was mainly caused by a shortage of edible phytoplankton, which was facilitated by the rapid increase in C.hirundinella abundance; (ii) the low density of D.rosea in June-July was considered to be mainly caused by the blooming of Ceratium hirundinella (which may inhibit the feeding process of D.rosea), while predation by C.flavicans larvae, the changing temperature, the interspecific competition and the scarcity of edible algae were not judged to be important; (iii) the high summer biomass of the planktonic C.flavicans larvae was maintained by the bloom of C.hirundinella, because >90% of the crop contents of C.flavicans larvae were C.hirundinella during this period. The present study indicates that the large-sized cells or colonies of phytoplankton are not only inedible by most cladocerans, but the selective effect of the blooming of these algae can also influence the composition and dominance of the zooplankton community, especially for the filter-feeding Cladocera, in a similar way as the selective predation by planktivorous fish. The large-sized phytoplankton can also be an important alternative food for ominivorous invertebrate predators such as Chaoborus larvae, and thus may affect the interactions between these predators and their zooplanktonic prey. In this way, such phytoplankton may play a very important role in regulating the dynamics of the aquatic food web, and become a driving force in shaping the community structure of zooplankton.

Effects of silver carp density on zooplankton and water quality: Implications for eutrophic lakes in China

We examined the responses of zooplankton community, water transparency, chlorophyll a and nutrients to manipulation of density of silver carp (Hypophthyalmichthys molitrix) in an one-way factorial experiment using enclosures placed in Donghu (East Lake, 30 degrees 33' N, 114 degrees 23' E), located in Wuhan, P. R. China. Enclosures (18.75 m(3)) were treated with four silver carp densities, 0, 81, 225, 485 g/m(2). Total zooplankton abundance (excluding nauplii and rotifers except for Asplanchna sp.) and the mean size of dominant cladoceran species were significantly greater in enclosures with 0 and 81 fish densities than those in enclosures with 225 and 485 fish densities. Water transparency also improved significantly when silver carp densities were 0 or 81 g/m(2). We did not find significant effects of silver carp density on chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, or total nitrogen concentrations. We conclude that by reducing planktivorous fish to below the current density (190 g/m(2)), the zooplankton community can be shifted from the dominance of small-bodied Moina sp. to dominance of large-bodied Daphnia sp. Further, the water clarity can be increased.

CONTRIBUTION OF BACTERIOPLANKTON, PHYTOPLANKTON, ZOOPLANKTON AND DETRITUS TO ORGANIC SESTON CARBON LOAD IN A CHANGJIANG FLOODPLAIN LAKE (CHINA)

The relative compositions of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus of seston were studied during the course of inundation in a floodplain lake of central Changjiang (China). Peaks in bacterial biomass developed shortly after flooding, coinciding with the initial leaching of organic nutrients from vegetation submerged under floodwater, and again at high water, shortly before the climax of phytoplankton biomass. Rods predominated the bacterial carbon biomass. Phytoplankton developed a postflood bloom at initial falling, corresponding to the drainage of the lake water into the river. While minimal biomass occurred during the advent of flooding, most likely due to disturbance and dilution. Algal biomass was usually dominated by Chlorophyta. Highest biomass of zooplankton was recorded at the end of the flooding in connection with the decline in turbidity, and once again at early drainage, closely associated with high phytoplankton biomass. Copepods (mainly nauplii) always constituted the majority of zooplankton carbon biomass. Peaks in detrital carbon concentrations were recorded at rising and falling water phases, corresponding respectively to the riverine discharge and decomposition of macrophyte mats. At rising water phase, CPOC was abundant. While during other water phases, this predominance was shifted to FPOC alone. Taken together, average contribution of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus to total seston carbon was 3.29, 21.21, 6.83 and 68.67 %, respectively.

中国竹材腐朽真菌多样性初步研究

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础，菌物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成。我国位于亚太竹区，是世界竹类的分布中心之一，有着极为丰富的竹种资源，并孕育着丰富的菌物资源。近年来，我国对木材腐朽菌，特别是多孔菌进行了广泛深入的研究，发表了许多新种和中国新记录种，但是对生于竹材上的腐朽菌却少见报道。因此，开展竹材腐朽真菌种类的研究对深入认识腐朽菌物种多样性，积极利用这些菌物资源，防治竹类病害以及竹材保藏都具有重要意义。 本论文按照多孔菌现代分类学方法对采集自我国10省市18个自然保护区、森林公园和林场的竹材腐朽真菌标本进行了初步的研究。对11种重要的竹材腐朽菌进行详细的描述和显微结构绘图，记载了每种的寄主、国内分布，并对每种与其相似种的联系和区别以及腐朽类型进行了讨论。 研究结果显示，我国范围内共记录及描述竹材腐朽真菌从5属增加到28属，新增属分别为：假芝属、薄孔菌属、小薄孔菌属、蜡孔菌属、拟蜡孔菌属、小集毛孔菌属、囊孔菌属、浅孔菌属、圆齿菌属、产丝齿菌属、耙齿菌属、容氏孔菌属、锐孔菌属、多年卧孔菌属、木层孔菌属、硬孔菌属、中国干腐菌属、干皮孔菌属、褶菌属、栓孔菌属、附毛孔菌属、孢孔菌属和中国记录属拟浅孔菌属 (Grammotheloposis)，其中广义多孔菌有20属，革菌2属，齿菌1属；有15属为白腐菌，1属褐腐。 新增竹材腐朽真菌19种，其中多孔菌有15种，革菌1种，齿菌1种，褶菌2属。相似干朽菌(Serpula similis)和棕榈浅孔菌（Grammothele fuligo）竹区分布较多，前者是腐朽病原菌，后者腐朽作用不强，但影响竹材美观。二者在中国南方竹区广泛分布，是对竹材危害较严重的种类。而长江以北分布极少。另外有药用菌4种，分别为浅黄囊孔菌（Flavodon flavus）、宽棱木层孔菌(Phellinus torulosus)、裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)和灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)。待定种1种(Grammotheloposis sp.)。

南极普里兹湾大、中型浮游动物群落生态学研究

在南大洋生态系统中，桡足类既在初级生产和更高营养级之间起着承上启下的作用，也为大型浮游动物，主要是磷虾生物量年际变化和地区变化提供了很好的缓冲，磷虾存在时它是竞争者和捕食对象，磷虾缺乏时初级生产的转化主要由它承担。国际上对南极桡足类的研究在最近十年进展很快，尤其是生活史策略的研究取得了长足进步。我国对南极磷虾的研究已处于国际先进水平，但对桡足类等小型浮游动物来说却只是刚刚起步。本文利用中国第十三、十五次南极考察的浮游动物标本研了普里兹湾的游游动物群落结构和地理分布。随纬度的不同，普里兹湾存在三种群落类型，62－65°海域是以纽鳃樽为主的北部被囊群落，小型桡足类拟长腹剑水蚤（Oithona similis）和以哲水蚤（Paracalanus spp）在该区域密度最大，最大型的巨锚哲水蚤（Rhincalanus gigas）为该区所特有，并且只有62°S附近出现大量的无节幼体；65－67°S之间是尖角似哲水蚤（Calanoides acutus）和戈氏长腹水蚤（Metridia gerlachei）的分布高峰区，多毛类和毛颚类分布也较多，该地区由磷虾和桡足类交替控制；67°S以南至近岸为近岸群落，是晶磷虾（Euphausia crystallorophias）的分布区域，在我们的调查中由大量的磷虾幼体出现，无节幼体最大密度6000ind·m~(-2)，蚤状幼体达到6400ind·m~(-2)。划分北部和中部群落的指示种为纽鳃樽（Salpa thommpsoni）、巨锚哲水蚤和毛颚类；北部和近岸群落的指示种为巨锚哲水蚤、戈氏长腹水蚤和磷虾的蚤状幼体；中部群落和近岸群落之间的指示种是晶磷虾，磷虾的无节幼体和角突隆剑水蚤（Oncaea conifera）作为该区的指示种不是很明显。CHINARE－XV期间进行了桡足类优势种是产卵量培养实验，在调查其间尖角似哲水蚤和戈氏长腹水蚤分别有13.3和5只／雌的产卵量，尖角似哲水蚤表现为明显的双峰态种群结构，早期幼体占据绝大部分，表现为成长种群，CI最早出现在陆冰缘站的冰下推测生殖发生在十月至十一月间。巨锚哲水蚤的无节幼体集中出现于低纬度区，并没有发现有桡足幼体出现。

红树林植物木榄和一株海藻内生真菌的化学成分研究

本论文对民间药用红树植物木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）中的次生代谢产物进行了研究，同时还对分离自似瘤凹顶藻（Laurencia similis Namet Saito）的内生真菌EN21（Exophiala oligosperma）进行了化学成分研究。对分离得到的部分化合物进行了初步的DPPH自由基清除活性和抗菌活性筛选。 采用常规的硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析、制备薄层层析、凝胶Sephadex LH-20 柱层析、半制备型高效液相色谱（HPLC）以及重结晶等手段，从木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）中分离得到23个化合物；从EN21（Exophiala oligosperma）中分离得到23个化合物。利用一维、二维核磁、质谱、元素分析等各种现代波谱技术及化学反应方法，确定了木榄中20个化合物的结构，包括黄酮单体化合物5个，三萜类化合物11个，甾体化合物2个，长链烷烃2个，其中4个化合物为首次从木榄中报道的黄酮；确定了EN-21中20个化合物的结构，其中脑苷脂1个，甾体化合物7个，芳环化合物3个，三萜类化合物2个，包括1个新天然产物。本文系首次报道Exophiala oligosperma 的化学成分。 对从木榄中分离得到的部分化合物进行了DPPH自由基清除活性筛选， 发现黄酮类化合物BRG-1、BRG-2、BRG-3 、BRG-4显示了较强的DPPH自由基清除活性，而三萜类化合物则未表现出DPPH自由基清除活性。抗菌筛选实验中所有测试样品未显示出活性。 研究结果充实了红树林植物和海藻内生真菌代谢产物的内容，为其有效利用提供了一定的科学依据。

三种海洋红藻和两株放线菌次级代谢产物研究

海洋是一个巨大的天然产物宝库，约占地球表面积70%的海洋蕴藏着80%的生物资源。由于海洋生态环境的特殊性，导致海洋生物能够产生大量结构独特多变和活性特殊多样的代谢产物。我国海域辽阔，海洋资源丰富，为寻找结构新颖、生理活性独特的先导化合物，加强对海洋资源的开发利用，本论文对中国沿海的三种海洋红藻和两株放线菌次生代谢产物以及生物活性进行研究，为新药研究与开发提供模式结构和药物前体。 对红藻似瘤凹顶藻Laurencia similis乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物35个，通过波谱学方法（IR、MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构。分别为：2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 6-sixibromo-3, 3-bi-1H-indole (1)，3,5-dibromo- 1-methyl-indole (2)，3',5',6,6'-tetrabromo-2,4-dimmethyldiphenyl ether (3)，1,2,5- tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (4)，2,5,8-tribromo-3-bromo- amino-7-bromomethylnaphthalene (5)，2,5,6-tribromo-3-bromoamino-7-bromo- methylnaphthalene (6), 2,5,6,5',6'-pentabromo-3,4,3',4'-tetramethoxybenzophenone (7), (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*,3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl] -3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (8)，4-hydroxy-Palisadin C (9)，Isopalisol (10)，Luzonensol (11)，Palisadin B (12)，Aplysistatin (13)，Palisadin A (14)，5-Acetoxypalisadin B (15)，Aristolan-1(10)- en-9-ol (16)，Aristol-8-en-1-one (17)，Aristolan-9-en-1-one (18)，Aristolan-1(10)-en- 9-one (19)，Aristofone (20)，Aristolan-1(10)-8-diene (21)，Aristolan-1,9-diene (22)，10-Hydroxyaristolan-9-one (23)，7,11,15-trimethyl-3-methylene-hexadecan-1,2-diol (24)，3β-Hydroxyergosta- 5,24(28)-dien-7-one (25)，Isofucosterol (26)，β-sitosterol (27)，豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (28)，Cholesta-5-en-3β-ol (29)，Stigmasterol (30)，2,3,5,6-四溴-吲哚 (31)，2,3,6-tribromo-1H-indole (32)，3,5,6-tribromo-1-methylindole (33)，3,5,6-tribromo -1H-indole (34)，2,3,5-tribromo-1-methylindole (35)，其中化合物1-9为新化合物，化合物10-15、20和化合物24-30均为首次从该种海藻中得到。对新化合物1-9进行PTP1B酶抑制剂活性筛选，新化合物1、3、7显示强的PTP1B酶抑制活性。 对红藻齐藤凹顶藻Laurencia saitoi乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物11个，通过波谱学方法（IR、MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为：2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone (1)，2-hydroxyl-Luzofuranone B (2)，4-hydroxyl-Palisudin C (3)，2-bromo-γ-ionone (4)，Aplysistatin (5)，5-Acetoxypalisadin B (6)，Palisadin B (7)，Palisadin A (8)，Pacifigorgiol (9)，豆甾-4-烯-3α,6β-二醇 (10)，2, 3, 5, 6-四溴-吲哚 (11)，其中化合物1-4为新化合物，所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。通过MTT法对分离得到的新化合物1-4进行肿瘤细胞毒活性筛选，结果显示4个新化合物对所测肿瘤细胞株均无明显的活性。 对红藻瘤状软骨凹顶藻Chondrophycus papillous乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物5个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (1)，邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯 (2)，胆甾醇 (3)，3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadec-2-en-1-ol (4)，4-羟基苯甲醛 (5)，所有化合物均为首次从该种海藻中得到。 对海洋放线菌M159乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物13个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了他们的结构，分别为：5-(4',6'-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (A)，phenethyl alcohol (1)，4-羟基苯甲醛(2)，anthranilic acid (3)，4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy- phenyl-propionic acid (4)，5-(6,7-dihydroxy-6-methyloctyl)furan-2(5H)-one (5)，p-Hydroxyphenylethyl alcohol (6)，3-Indoleacrylic acid (7)，Indol-3-carboxylic acid (8)，Adenine cordyceposide (9)，腺嘌呤核苷(10)，尿嘧啶核苷(11)，Thymidine (12)，其中化合物A为新化合物。所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。 对海洋放线菌L211乙酸乙酯萃取物进行分离纯化，从中得到单体化合物15个，通过波谱学方法（MS、NMR等）鉴定了7个结构，分别为：spatozoate (1)，anthranilic acid (2)，3-Indolylethanol (3)，1-Acetyl-β-carbolin (4)，p-Hydroxyphen- ylethyl alcohol (5)，Indole-3-acetic acid (6)，Indol-3-carboxylic acid (7)，所有化合物均为首次从该株放线菌中得到。

Grazing impact of copepods on phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea

During spring (April/May 1999) and autumn (September/October 1998) cruises in the Bohai Sea, China, copepods were the dominant components of mesozooplankton, the most abundant species being Calanus sinicus, Centropages mcmurrichi, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa and Oithona similis. Pigment ingestion rates by three size classes of copepods (200-500, 500-1000 and > 1000 mum) were measured. In the south of the investigation area, gut pigment content (GPC), individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were lower in spring than in autumn. In the central area, GPC and individual pigment-specific ingestion rates were higher in spring than in autumn. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by the copepod assemblages was lower in spring than in autumn, however, because of the relatively smaller biomass in spring. In the western area where the Bohai Sea joins the Yellow Sea, GPC, individual pigment-specific ingestion rates and grazing impacts on phytoplankton were higher in spring than in autumn. Among the three size groups, the small-sized animals (200-500 mum) contributed more than 50% (range 38-98%) of the total copepod grazing during both cruises. The grazing impact on phytoplankton by copepods was equivalent to 11.9% (range 3.0-37.1%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and 53.3% (range 21.4-91.4%) of the primary production during the spring cruise. Grazing impact was equivalent to 6.3% (range 2.0-11.6%) of the chlorophyll-a standing stock and >100% (range 25.7-141.6%) of the primary production during the autumn cruise. The copepod community apparently consumed only a modest proportion of the standing stock of phytoplankton during spring and autumn blooms. They did, however, sometimes graze a significant proportion of daily primary production and hence were presumably able to limit the rate of further accumulation of phytoplankton, or even to prevent it. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Control mechanisms of diel vertical migration: Theoretical assumptions

We explore control mechanisms underlying the vertical migration of zooplankton in the water column under the predator-avoidance hypothesis. Two groups of assumptions in which the organisms are assumed to migrate vertically in order to minimize realized or effective predation pressure (type-I) and to minimize changes in realized or effective predation pressure (type-II), respectively, are investigated. Realized predation pressure is defined as the product of light intensity and relative predation abundance and the part of realized predation pressure that really affects organisms is termed as effective predation pressure. Although both types of assumptions can lead to the migration of zooplankton to avoid the mortality from predators, only the mechanisms based on type-II assumptions permit zooplankton to undergo a normal diel vertical migration (morning descent and evening ascent). The assumption of minimizing changes in realized predation pressure is based on consideration of DVM induction only by light intensity and predators. The assumption of minimizing changes in effective predation pressure takes into account, apart from light and predators also the effects of food and temperature. The latter assumption results in the same expression of migration velocity as the former one when both food and temperature are constant over water depth. A significant characteristic of the two type-II assumptions is that the relative change in light intensity plays a primary role in determining the migration velocity. The photoresponse is modified by other environmental variables: predation pressure, food and temperature. Both light and predation pressure are necessary for organisms to undertake DVM. We analyse the effect of each single variable. The modification of the phototaxis of migratory organisms depends on the vertical distribution of these variables. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Efeitos tóxicos subletais de paracetamol em dois níveis de organização biológica

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas

Distribution and Seasonal Cycles of Decapod Crustacean Larvae in Continuous Plankton Records from the North Pacific Ocean

Decapoda taken in Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) samples from the Pacific in 1997 and 2000-2003 have been identified and measured. Some previously un-described larval stages were referred to species and characteristics of these are described. Distributions and seasonal occurrence of decapod taxa in the samples are described and discussed with particular emphasis on the dendrobranchiate shrimp Sergestes similis and the brachyurans Cancer spp. And Chionoecetes spp. There is a prolonged larval season at low levels of abundance off the Californian coast but in the more northern waters there is a shorter productive period but numbers of larvae per sample are high, particularly in June. Larvae of Chionoecetes and other Oregoninae were found only from May to July.