Tagged phosphine reagents to assist reaction work-up by phase-switched scavenging using a modular flow reactor

The use of three orthogonally tagged phosphine reagents to assist chemical work-up via phase-switch scavenging in conjunction with a modular flow reactor is described. These techniques (acidic, basic and Click chemistry) are used to prepare various amides and tri-substituted guanidines from in situ generated iminophosphoranes.

[3 + 2] Cycloaddition of acetylenes with azides to give 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in a modular flow reactor

The cycloaddition of acetylenes with azides to give the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles is reported using immobilised reagents and scavengers in pre-packed glass tubes in a modular flow reactor.

A modular flow reactor for performing Curtius rearrangements as a continuous flow process

The use of a mesofluidic flow reactor is described for performing Curtius rearrangement reactions of carboxylic acids in the presence of diphenylphosphoryl azide and trapping of the intermediate isocyanates with various nucleophiles.

A bifurcated pathway to thiazoles and imidazoles using a modular flow microreactor

A scalable method for the preparation of 4,5-disubstituted thiazoles and imidazoles as distinct regioisomeric products using a modular flow microreactor has been devised. The process makes use of microfluidic reaction chips and packed immobilized-reagent columns to effect bifurcation of the reaction pathway.

The Environmental Data Abstraction Library (EDAL): a modular approach to processing and visualising large environmental data

The Environmental Data Abstraction Library provides a modular data management library for bringing new and diverse datatypes together for visualisation within numerous software packages, including the ncWMS viewing service, which already has very wide international uptake. The structure of EDAL is presented along with examples of its use to compare satellite, model and in situ data types within the same visualisation framework. We emphasize the value of this capability for cross calibration of datasets and evaluation of model products against observations, including preparation for data assimilation.

L1 Acquisition of interface properties across Portuguese dialects: modular and interdisciplinary interfaces as sources of explanation

This study investigates the child (L1) acquisition of properties at the interfaces of morphosyntax, syntax-semantics and syntax-pragmatics, by focusing on inflected infinitives in European Portuguese (EP). Three child groups were tested, 6–7-year-olds, 9–10-year-olds and 11–12-year-olds, as well as an adult control group. The data demonstrate that children as young as 6 have knowledge of the morpho-syntactic properties of inflected infinitives, although they seem at first glance to show partially insufficient knowledge of their syntax–semantic interface properties (i.e. non-obligatory control properties), differently from children aged 9 and older, who show clearer evidence of knowledge of both types of properties. However, in general, both morpho-syntactic and syntax–semantics interface properties are also accessible to 6–7-year-old children, although these children give preference to a range of interpretations partially different from the adults; in certain cases, they may not appeal to certain pragmatic inferences that permit additional interpretations to adults and older children. Crucially, our data demonstrate that EP children master the two types of properties of inflected infinitives years before Brazilian Portuguese children do (Pires and Rothman, 2009a,b), reasons for and implications of which we discuss in detail.

Hypercentral unit groups and the hyperbolicity of a modular group algebra

We classify groups G such that the unit group U-1 (ZG) is hypercentral. In the second part, we classify groups G whose modular group algebra has hyperbolic unit groups U-1 (KG).

Synthesis of new fluorous modular chiral ligand derivatives from amino alcohols and application in enantioselective carbon-carbon bond-forming alkylation reactions

N-Trifluoracyl beta-chalcogeno amides and N-perfluoracyl beta-thio amide ligands were prepared by a simple and efficient reaction sequence. These new ligands were evaluated in palladium-catalyzed alkylation of rac-(E)-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate in the presence of dimethyl malonate and an enantioselectivity of up to 99% was obtained. After catalysis, the fluorous ligand can be easily recovered by liquid-liquid extraction and reused without loss in the activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Proceedings from the 2nd seminar on Development of Modular Products : December 13-14, 2004, Campus Framtidsdalen, Dalarna University, Sweden

Companies are focusing on efforts increasing the overall efficiency at the same time as the ability to meet customer needs becomes even more important. There is a need to improve the organisation and the product design at the same time through the visualisation of how a product family design should be performed in order to adapt to customers, company internal issues, and long-term strategy. Therefore, there is a need for qualified personnel in today’s companies with the knowledge of product development and modularity. The graduate course Development of Modular Products at Högskolan Dalarna has the objective to provide such knowledge. As a part of the course, each student will individually perform extensive research within a chosen area with respect to Product Development and Modularity. This proceeding is the result of the students own work and was presented during a two day seminar at Dalarna University. The contents of the papers cover many areas, from the identification of customer needs to cost effective manufacturing, and benefits of modularisation. The reader of this proceeding will not only benefit from many areas within Product Development and Modularity but also from the colour of many cultures. In this proceeding, students from nine countries are represented (Bangladesh, China, Costa Rica, Germany, Holland, India, Luxembourg Nigeria, and Sweden). Enjoy the reading.

Studies of Design and Assembly Defects on Integrated and Modular Architectures

It is known that despite companies’ efforts to improve the quality of their products, design and assembly defects results in large repair costs both in terms of repair and providing feedback to the origin of the defect. The purpose of this paper is to study these types of defects and the defect rates in design and assembly. The paper presents a web based questionnaire answered by 29 companies. The result shows that the defect rate (defects per product) spanned from 0.01 to 10. Also, design and assembly defects covered 46%, 23% respectively, of all occurred defects. A case study is also presented, performed at a company who recently implemented a modular architecture. In this company, defects from 5 700 integrated product architectures are compared with defects from 431 modular architectures. The average defect rate increased by 21.5% – from 0.65 to 0.79 – when a more modular architecture has been implemented. Furthermore, the study showed that the assembly defects have decreased while the design defects increased. The results presented in this paper will also support the development of the MPV (Module Property Verification) method which is briefly described.

Module property verification : A method to plan and perform quality verifications in modular architectures

Modular product architectures have generated numerous benefits for companies in terms of cost, lead-time and quality. The defined interfaces and the module’s properties decrease the effort to develop new product variants, and provide an opportunity to perform parallel tasks in design, manufacturing and assembly. The background of this thesis is that companies perform verifications (tests, inspections and controls) of products late, when most of the parts have been assembled. This extends the lead-time to delivery and ruins benefits from a modular product architecture; specifically when the verifications are extensive and the frequency of detected defects is high. Due to the number of product variants obtained from the modular product architecture, verifications must handle a wide range of equipment, instructions and goal values to ensure that high quality products can be delivered. As a result, the total benefits from a modular product architecture are difficult to achieve. This thesis describes a method for planning and performing verifications within a modular product architecture. The method supports companies by utilizing the defined modules for verifications already at module level, so called MPV (Module Property Verification). With MPV, defects are detected at an earlier point, compared to verification of a complete product, and the number of verifications is decreased. The MPV method is built up of three phases. In Phase A, candidate modules are evaluated on the basis of costs and lead-time of the verifications and the repair of defects. An MPV-index is obtained which quantifies the module and indicates if the module should be verified at product level or by MPV. In Phase B, the interface interaction between the modules is evaluated, as well as the distribution of properties among the modules. The purpose is to evaluate the extent to which supplementary verifications at product level is needed. Phase C supports a selection of the final verification strategy. The cost and lead-time for the supplementary verifications are considered together with the results from Phase A and B. The MPV method is based on a set of qualitative and quantitative measures and tools which provide an overview and support the achievement of cost and time efficient company specific verifications. A practical application in industry shows how the MPV method can be used, and the subsequent benefits

Modular Product Verifications Based on Design for Assembly

The desire to conquer markets through advanced product design and trendy business strategies are still predominant approaches in industry today. In fact, product development has acquired an ever more central role in the strategic planning of companies, and it has extended its influence to R&D funding levels as well. It is not surprising that many national R&D project frameworks within the EU today are dominated by product development topics, leaving production engineering, robotics, and systems on the sidelines. The reasons may be many but, unfortunately, the link between product development and the production processes they cater for are seldom treated in depth. The issue dealt with in this article relates to how product development is applied in order to attain the required production quality levels a company may desire, as well as how one may counter assembly defects and deviations through quantifiable design approaches. It is recognized that product verifications (tests, inspections, etc.) are necessary, but the application of these tactics often result in lead-time extensions and increased costs. Modular architectures improve this by simplifying the verification of the assembled product at module level. Furthermore, since Design for Assembly (DFA) has shown the possibility to identify defective assemblies, it may be possible to detect potential assembly defects already in the product and module design phase. The intention of this paper is to discuss and describe the link between verifications of modular architectures, defects and design for assembly. The paper is based on literature and case studies; tables and diagrams are included with the intention of increasing understanding of the relation between poor designs, defects and product verifications.

O contrato de consórcio e os direitos do consumidor, após a vigência da Lei 11.795/2008

Esta monografia tem por objeto de estudo o sistema de consórcio regulamentado pela Lei nº 11.795/2008 e sua aplicação aos direitos do consumidor. O sistema de consórcio é o resultado natural e necessário da evolução do modelo de autofinanciamento numa economia cada vez mais consumista e incentivada principalmente pela sua característica de ausência de cobrança de juros. Acompanhando essa evolução, o sistema de consórcio injeta milhões de reais no mercado financeiro oriundos da união de participantes que visam por meio de esforços comuns atingirem um fundo de recursos que sejam suficientes para aquisição de bens ou serviços, que serão contemplados através de sorteios e lances. Por isso, cabe aos órgãos de proteção ao consumidor, por intermédio da sistemática da Lei 11.795/2008, a análise da legalidade deste instituto de forma a disciplinar a outorga deste crédito. Para cumprir com o objetivo deste trabalho traça-se, primeiramente, um perfil do sistema de consórcio no Brasil, com a evolução histórica e disciplina jurídica. Em seguida, fala-se sobre tratamento das partes estruturais do contrato, identificando conceito, características e as partes da relação obrigacional, bem como os fundamentos da submissão ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor. E ao final, faz-se uma análise da jurisprudência com a seleção de duas problemáticas, ambas relacionadas diretamente no contrato de consórcio que seriam o equilíbrio econômico financeiro do contrato e o momento da devolução das parcelas pagas pelos consumidores desistentes e excluídos do grupo a fim de justificar a importância e necessidade da legislação no controle e prevenção dos direitos tutelados dos consorciados.

O contrato do consórcio e os direitos do consumidor, após a vigência da lei 11.795/2008

Esta monografia tem por objeto de estudo o sistema de consórcio regulamentado pela Lei nº 11.795/2008 e sua aplicação aos direitos do consumidor. O sistema de consórcio é o resultado natural e necessário da evolução do modelo de autofinanciamento numa economia cada vez mais consumista e incentivada principalmente pela sua característica de ausência de cobrança de juros. Acompanhando essa evolução, o sistema de consórcio injeta milhões de reais no mercado financeiro oriundos da união de participantes que visam por meio de esforços comuns atingirem um fundo de recursos que sejam suficientes para aquisição de bens ou serviços, que serão contemplados através de sorteios e lances. Por isso, cabe aos órgãos de proteção ao consumidor, por intermédio da sistemática da Lei 11.795/2008, a análise da legalidade deste instituto de forma a disciplinar a outorga deste crédito. Para cumprir com o objetivo deste trabalho traça-se, primeiramente, um perfil do sistema de consórcio no Brasil, com a evolução histórica e disciplina jurídica. Em seguida, fala-se sobre tratamento das partes estruturais do contrato, identificando conceito, características e as partes da relação obrigacional, bem como os fundamentos da submissão ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor. E ao final, faz-se uma análise da jurisprudência com a seleção de duas problemáticas, ambas relacionadas diretamente no contrato de consórcio que seriam o equilíbrio econômico financeiro do contrato e o momento da devolução das parcelas pagas pelos consumidores desistentes e excluídos do grupo a fim de justificar a importância e necessidade da legislação no controle e prevenção dos direitos tutelados dos consorciados.Esta monografia tem por objeto de estudo o sistema de consórcio regulamentado pela Lei nº 11.795/2008 e sua aplicação aos direitos do consumidor. O sistema de consórcio é o resultado natural e necessário da evolução do modelo de autofinanciamento numa economia cada vez mais consumista e incentivada principalmente pela sua característica de ausência de cobrança de juros. Acompanhando essa evolução, o sistema de consórcio injeta milhões de reais no mercado financeiro oriundos da união de participantes que visam por meio de esforços comuns atingirem um fundo de recursos que sejam suficientes para aquisição de bens ou serviços, que serão contemplados através de sorteios e lances. Por isso, cabe aos órgãos de proteção ao consumidor, por intermédio da sistemática da Lei 11.795/2008, a análise da legalidade deste instituto de forma a disciplinar a outorga deste crédito. Para cumprir com o objetivo deste trabalho traça-se, primeiramente, um perfil do sistema de consórcio no Brasil, com a evolução histórica e disciplina jurídica. Em seguida, fala-se sobre tratamento das partes estruturais do contrato, identificando conceito, características e as partes da relação obrigacional, bem como os fundamentos da submissão ao Código de Defesa do Consumidor. E ao final, faz-se uma análise da jurisprudência com a seleção de duas problemáticas, ambas relacionadas diretamente no contrato de consórcio que seriam o equilíbrio econômico financeiro do contrato e o momento da devolução das parcelas pagas pelos consumidores desistentes e excluídos do grupo a fim de justificar a importância e necessidade da legislação no controle e prevenção dos direitos tutelados dos consorciados.

Incorporando suporte a restrições espaciais de caráter topológico ao modelo abstrato do consórcio Open GIS

Os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) são construídos, especificamente, para armazenar, analisar e manipular dados geográficos, ou seja, dados que representam objetos e fenômenos do mundo real, cuja localização em relação à superfície da Terra seja considerada. A interoperabilidade desses sistemas, que constitui-se na capacidade de compartilhar e trocar informações e processos entre ambientes computacionais heterogêneos, se faz necessária, pois, devido ao elevado custo de aquisição dos dados geográficos, as comunidades de informação precisam compartilhar dados de fontes existentes, sem a necessidade de fazer conversões. Porém, pela complexidade e incompatibilidades de representação, de estrutura e de semântica das informações geográficas, a maioria dos softwares de SIG, hoje, não são interoperáveis. Existe também, além do problema da não interoperabilidade, uma crescente preocupação com relação à qualidade e à integridade espacial dos dados geográficos. Contudo, alguns modelos conceituais de dados geográficos e os softwares de SIG não oferecem, ainda, os meios adequados para representar e garantir a integridade espacial das informações. As restrições de integridade definidas durante a fase de projeto conceitual, normalmente, são implementadas durante o projeto físico, seja de forma implícita ou explícita, podendo ser incorporadas diretamente no modelo de implementação do SIG, de forma que o usuário da aplicação apenas mencione a regra e o sistema a implemente e a garanta automaticamente.Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe uma extensão ao Modelo Abstrato OpenGIS, modelo este que deve ser um padrão de interoperabilidade de software para SIG. A extensão proposta incorpora ao mesmo um subconjunto de tipos de restrição espacial, buscando com isso oferecer melhor suporte às regras da realidade geográfica expressáveis na modelagem conceitual do sistema.