Central African identities and religiosity in colonial Minas Gerais

This study deals with the import of West Central African slaves and their religious practices to Minas Gerais in the eighteenth century. The captaincy of Minas Gerais in the interior of Brazil developed into the world’s largest gold producing region in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The large-scale mining of gold, and later diamonds, was only possible through massive imports of slaves from Africa to Brazil. The first part of this study discusses the Atlantic slave trade in the southern Atlantic world. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais led to an increasing demand for slaves in Brazil, which was largely met by supplies from Angola. The study analyzes the formation of Central Africans’ identities both in their homelands and in Brazil. Slave identities or “nations” have often been seen as creations of the slave owners. By interpreting major Central African “nations” such as Angola, Congo, and Benguela as regional identities that were tied to the slaves’ origins in Africa, this study offers a new interpretation of what these identities meant for Central Africans in Minas Gerais. The second part of this study concentrates on the religious universe of Central Africans. Processes of cultural creolization affected West Central African societies after the Portuguese landed in the kingdom of Kongo in the late fifteenth century and led to the development of an Atlantic Creole culture. The spread of Catholicism in West Central Africa affected religious life especially in the kingdom of Kongo, in the city of Luanda, and in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Central African religious specialists were often denounced to the authorities in Angola for organizing healing and divination rituals. Diagnosis in these rituals was often made through spirit possession. Central Africans took these healing and divining methods to Minas Gerais, where numerous African religious specialists enjoyed great prominence. In the Brazilian mining region, it was commonplace that African healers served not only the African slave population, but also free whites. In the eighteenth century, Central African popular healers made a significant contribution to the therapeutic arts practiced in Minas Gerais and elsewhere in Brazil.

Rosemary extract and celery-based products used as natural quality enhancers for colonial type salami with different ripening times

This study aimed to evaluate the use of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract (RE), celery (Apium graveolis), and low levels of NO3 and NO2 as natural agents to enhance the quality of colonial salami. Salami was produced according to three treatments: (A) Control: 0.1% curing salt; (B) Rosemary: 0.05% curing salt + 0.5% RE (rosemary extract); and (C) Rosemary+celery: 0.14% Veg 503 + 0.27% Veg 504 (sea salt plus celery) + 0.5% of RE (rosemary extract). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the treatments on water activity, Na content, and residual NO3 and NO2. Fatty acids C18:2 and C20:4 were reduced (P < 0.05) during the ripening period in the Control treatment indicating possible oxidation. The use of celery resulted in lower pH values (P < 0.05) in the salami. Reduced addition of NO3 and NO2 resulted in salami lighter in color (higher L* values, P < 0.05) at the 12th day of ripening. In conclusion, celery-based products proved to be an effective source of NO2 and NO3 for color development, but the low pH of the product indicates the need for better evaluation of its use in fermented salami. The RE (rosemary extract) reduced fat oxidation in salami, but this needs further evaluation.

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne [cérémonie de consécration du temple aux mânes des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59609

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, transfert du rescrit impérial dans le temple [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59610

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, départ de M. Sarraut et du maréchal Joffre [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59611

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, transfert du rescrit impérial dans le temple [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59612

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, l'envoyé de la Cour d'Annam [Dang Ngoc Oanh] prononce son discours [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59613

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, l'envoyé de la Cour d'Annam [Le Quang Liem Bay] prononce son discours [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59614

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59615

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, transfert du rescrit impérial dans le temple [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59616

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, transfert du rescrit impérial dans le temple [cérémonie en l'honneur des Indochinois morts pour la France] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59617

9-6-20, [jardin colonial de] Nogent-sur-Marne, M. Sarraut inaugure le monument aux coloniaux [en présence du maréchal Joffre, du général Berdoulat et de M. Autrand] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59618

L'Écho de France : journal colonial indépendant, paraissant le lundi / rédacteur en chef : Paul Géry

1897/01/18 (A1,N1).