Antisense mRNA for NPY-Y1 receptor in the medial preoptic area increases prolactin secretion

We investigated the participation of neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors within the medial preoptic area in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin release. Four bilateral microinjections of sense (control) or antisense 18-base oligonucleotides of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (250 ng) corresponding to the NH2-terminus of the neuropeptide Y1 receptor were performed at 12-h intervals for two days into the medial preoptic area of ovariectomized Wistar rats (N = 16), weighing 180 to 200 g, treated with estrogen (50 µg) and progesterone (25 mg) two days before the experiments between 8.00 and 10:00 a.m. Blockade of Y1 receptor synthesis in the medial preoptic area by the antisense mRNA did not change plasma luteinizing hormone or follicle-stimulating hormone but did increase prolactin from 19.6 ± 5.9 ng/ml in the sense group to 52.9 ± 9.6 ng/ml in the antisense group. The plasma hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay and the values are reported as mean ± SEM. These data suggest that endogenous neuropeptide Y in the medial preoptic area has an inhibitory action on prolactin secretion through Y1 receptors.

Compound 48/80, a histamine-depleting agent, blocks the protective effect of morphine against electroconvulsive shock in mice

We have shown that morphine has an anticonvulsive effect against maximal electroconvulsive shock (MES) in mice, and this effect is antagonized by histamine H1-receptor antagonists. Brain histamine is localized both in neurons and in mast cells, and morphine is known to enhance the turnover of neuronal histamine and to release histamine from mast cells. In the present experiments, compound 48/80 was injected chronically (0.5 mg/kg on day 1, 1 mg/kg on day 2, 2 mg/kg on day 3, 3 mg/kg on day 4, and 4 mg/kg on day 5, twice daily, ip) to deplete mast cell contents. Morphine (0.001-10 mg/kg, ip; N = 20) produced a dose-dependent anticonvulsive effect against MES seizure in mice with non-depleted mast cells, whereas it did not exert any anticonvulsive effect in mice with depleted mast cells. These results indicate that morphine produces its anticonvulsive effect against maximal electroconvulsive shock in mice by liberating histamine from mast cells.

Cyclic AMP increases the survival of ganglion cells in mixed retinal cell cultures in the absence of exogenous neurotrophic molecules, an effect that involves cholinergic activity

Natural cell death is a well-known degenerative phenomenon occurring during development of the nervous system. The role of trophic molecules produced by target and afferent cells as well as by glial cells has been extensively demonstrated. Literature data demonstrate that cAMP can modulate the survival of neuronal cells. Cultures of mixed retinal cells were treated with forskolin (an activator of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase) for 48 h. The results show that 50 µM forskolin induced a two-fold increase in the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the absence of exogenous trophic factors. This effect was dose dependent and abolished by 1 µM H89 (an inhibitor of protein kinase A), 1.25 µM chelerythrine chloride (an inhibitor of protein kinase C), 50 µM PD 98059 (an inhibitor of MEK), 25 µM Ly 294002 (an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase), 30 nM brefeldin A (an inhibitor of polypeptide release), and 10 µM genistein or 1 ng/ml herbimycin (inhibitors of tyrosine kinase enzymes). The inhibition of muscarinic receptors by 10 µM atropine or 1 µM telenzepine also blocked the effect of forskolin. When we used 25 µM BAPTA, an intracellular calcium chelator, as well as 20 µM 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine, an inhibitor of cell proliferation, we also abolished the effect. Our results indicate that cAMP plays an important role controlling the survival of RGCs. This effect is directly dependent on M1 receptor activation indicating that cholinergic activity mediates the increase in RGC survival. We propose a model which involves cholinergic amacrine cells and glial cells in the increase of RGC survival elicited by forskolin treatment.

Cholinergic stimulation with pyridostigmine reduces the QTc interval in coronary artery disease

Parasympathetic dysfunction is an independent risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease; thus, cholinergic stimulation is a potential therapeutic measure that may be protective by acting on ventricular repolarization. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of pyridostigmine bromide (PYR), a reversible anticholinesterase agent, on the electrocardiographic variables, particularly QTc interval, in patients with stable coronary artery disease. In a randomized double-blind crossover placebo-controlled study, simultaneous 12-lead electrocardiographic tracings were obtained at rest from 10 patients with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia before and 2 h after the oral administration of 45 mg PYR or placebo. PYR increased the RR intervals (pre: 921 ± 27 ms vs post: 1127 ± 37 ms; P<0.01) and, in contrast with placebo, decreased the QTc interval (pre: 401 ± 3 ms vs post: 382 ± 3 ms; P<0.01). No other electrocardiographic variables were modified (PR segment, QT interval, QT and QTc dispersions). Cholinergic stimulation with PYR caused bradycardia and reduced the QTc interval without important side effects in patients with coronary disease. These effects, if confirmed in studies over longer periods of administration, may suggest a cardioprotection by cholinergic stimulation with PYR.

Biphasic modulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 during goitrogenesis

Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) is the main intracellular substrate for both insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors and is critical for cell mitogenesis. Thyrotropin is able to induce thyroid cell proliferation through the cyclic AMP intracellular cascade; however, the presence of either insulin or IGF-I is required for the mitogenic effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to occur. The aim of the present study was to determine whether thyroid IRS-1 content is modulated by TSH in vivo. Strikingly, hypothyroid goitrous rats, which have chronically high serum TSH levels (control, C = 2.31 ± 0.28; methimazole (MMI) 21d = 51.02 ± 6.02 ng/mL, N = 12 rats), when treated with 0.03% MMI in drinking water for 21 days, showed significantly reduced thyroid IRS-1 mRNA content. Since goiter was already established in these animals by MMI for 21 days, we also evaluated IRS-1 expression during goitrogenesis. Animals treated with MMI for different periods of time showed a progressive increase in thyroid weight (C = 22.18 ± 1.21; MMI 5d = 32.83 ± 1.48; MMI 7d = 31.1 ± 3.25; MMI 10d = 33.8 ± 1.25; MMI 14d = 45.5 ± 2.56; MMI 18d = 53.0 ± 3.01; MMI 21d = 61.9 ± 3.92 mg, N = 9-15 animals per group) and serum TSH levels (C = 1.57 ± 0.2; MMI 5d = 9.95 ± 0.74; MMI 7d = 10.38 ± 0.84; MMI 10d = 17.72 ± 1.47; MMI 14d = 25.65 ± 1.23; MMI 18d = 35.38 ± 3.69; MMI 21d = 31.3 ± 2.7 ng/mL, N = 9-15 animals per group). Thyroid IRS-1 mRNA expression increased progressively during goitrogenesis, being significantly higher by the 14th day of MMI treatment, and then started to decline, reaching the lowest values by the 21st day, when a significant reduction was detected. In the liver of these animals, however, a significant decrease of IRS-1 mRNA was detected after 14 days of MMI treatment, a mechanism probably involved in the insulin resistance that occurs in hypothyroidism. The increase in IRS-1 expression during goitrogenesis may represent an important event associated with the increased rate of cell mitosis promoted by TSH and indicates that insulin and IGF-I are important co-mitogenic factors in vivo, possibly acting through the activation of IRS-1.

NMDA receptor blockade alters the intracellular distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the superficial layers of the rat superior colliculus

Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecular messenger involved in several events of synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Ca2+ influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) triggers the synthesis of NO by activating the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in postsynaptic densities. Therefore, NMDAR and nNOS are part of the intricate scenario of postsynaptic densities. In the present study, we hypothesized that the intracellular distribution of nNOS in the neurons of superior colliculus (SC) superficial layers is an NMDAR activity-dependent process. We used osmotic minipumps to promote chronic blockade of the receptors with the pharmacological agent MK-801 in the SC of 7 adult rats. The effective blockade of NMDAR was assessed by changes in the protein level of the immediate early gene NGFI-A, which is a well-known NMDAR activity-dependent expressing transcription factor. Upon chronic infusion of MK-801, a decrease of 47% in the number of cells expressing NGFI-A was observed in the SC of treated animals. Additionally, the filled dendritic extent by the histochemical product of nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate diaphorase was reduced by 45% when compared to the contralateral SC of the same animals and by 64% when compared to the SC of control animals. We conclude that the proper intracellular localization of nNOS in the retinorecipient layers of SC depends on NMDAR activation. These results are consistent with the view that the participation of NO in the physiological and plastic events of the central nervous system might be closely related to an NMDAR activity-dependent function.

Regulation of lipid metabolism in adipocytes and hepatocytes by hexarelin through scavenger receptor CD36

Les sécrétines de l’hormone de croissance (GHRPs) sont de petits peptides synthétiques capables de stimuler la sécrétion de l’hormone de croissance à partir de l’hypophyse via leur liaison au récepteur de la ghréline GHS-R1a. Le GHRP hexaréline a été utilisé afin d’étudier la distribution tissulaire de GHS-R1a et son effet GH-indépendant. Ainsi, par cette approche, il a été déterminé que l’hexaréline était capable de se lier à un deuxième récepteur identifié comme étant le récepteur scavenger CD36. Ce récepteur possède une multitude de ligands dont les particules oxLDL et les acides gras à longue chaîne. CD36 est généralement reconnu pour son rôle dans l’athérogénèse et sa contribution à la formation de cellules spumeuses suite à l’internalisation des oxLDL dans les macrophages/monocytes. Auparavant, nous avions démontré que le traitement des macrophages avec l’hexaréline menait à l’activation de PPARƔ via sa liaison à GHS-R1a, mais aussi à CD36. De plus, une cascade d’activation impliquant LXRα et les transporteurs ABC provoquait également une augmentation de l’efflux du cholestérol. Une stimulation de la voie du transport inverse du cholestérol vers les particules HDL entraînait donc une diminution de l’engorgement des macrophages de lipides et la formation de cellules spumeuses. Puisque CD36 est exprimé dans de multiples tissus et qu’il est également responsable du captage des acides gras à longue chaîne, nous avons voulu étudier l’impact de l’hexaréline uniquement à travers sa liaison à CD36. Dans le but d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la régulation du métabolisme des lipides par CD36, nous avons choisi des types cellulaires jouant un rôle important dans l’homéostasie lipidique n’exprimant pas GHS-R1a, soient les adipocytes et les hépatocytes. L’ensemble de mes travaux démontre qu’en réponse à son interaction avec l’hexaréline, CD36 a le potentiel de réduire le contenu lipidique des adipocytes et des hépatocytes. Dans les cellules adipeuses, l'hexaréline augmente l’expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans la mobilisation et l’oxydation des acides gras, et induit également l’expression des marqueurs thermogéniques PGC-1α et UCP-1. De même, hexaréline augmente l’expression des gènes impliqués dans la biogenèse mitochondriale, un effet accompagné de changements morphologiques des mitochondries; des caractéristiques observées dans les types cellulaires ayant une grande capacité oxydative. Ces résultats démontrent que les adipocytes blancs traités avec hexaréline ont la capacité de se transformer en un phénotype similaire aux adipocytes bruns ayant l’habileté de brûler les acides gras plutôt que de les emmagasiner. Cet effet est également observé dans les tissus adipeux de souris et est dépendant de la présence de CD36. Dans les hépatocytes, nous avons démontré le potentiel de CD36 à moduler le métabolisme du cholestérol. En réponse au traitement des cellules avec hexaréline, une phosphorylation rapide de LKB1 et de l’AMPK est suivie d’une phosphorylation inhibitrice de l’HMG-CoA réductase (HMGR), l’enzyme clé dans la synthèse du cholestérol. De plus, la liaison d'hexaréline à CD36 provoque le recrutement d’insig-2 à HMGR, l’étape d’engagement dans sa dégradation. La dégradation de HMGR par hexaréline semble être dépendante de l’activité de PPARƔ et de l’AMPK. Dans le but d’élucider le mécanisme d’activation par hexaréline, nous avons démontré d’une part que sa liaison à CD36 provoque une déphosphorylation de Erk soulevant ainsi l’inhibition que celui-ci exerce sur PPARƔ et d’autre part, un recrutement de l’AMPK à PGC-1α expliquant ainsi une partie du mécanisme d’activation de PPARƔ par hexaréline. Les résultats générés dans cette thèse ont permis d’élucider de nouveaux mécanismes d’action de CD36 et d'approfondir nos connaissances de son influence dans la régulation du métabolisme des lipides.

Conception, synthèse et diversification de l'azaGly-Pro : un mime de tour beta, outil d'étude structure-activité : application au développement d'un nouvel agent tocolytique

Les accouchements prématurés constituent un problème médical majeur en constante augmentation et ce, malgré tous les efforts mis en œuvre afin de contrer le déclenchement des contractions avant terme. Cette thèse relate du ''design'' rationnel d'un nouvel agent thérapeutique (i.e., tocolytique) qui serait capable de 1) arrêter les contractions, et 2) prolonger la gestation. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle cible, la prostaglandine F2α et son récepteur ont été sélectionnés et le peptidomimétisme a été choisi afin de résoudre cette problématique. L'introduction contient un historique rapide de la conception à la synthèse (''drug design'') du peptide parent, le PDC113, premier peptide a avoir démontré des aptitudes tocolytiques suffisantes pour faire du peptidomimétisme. La deuxième partie de l'introduction présente les concepts du peptidomimétisme appliqués au PDC113 qui ont permis d'accéder au PDC113.824, inhibiteur allostérique du récepteur de la prostaglandine F2α, et explique comment ce mime nous a permis d'élucider les mécanismes de signalisation intracellulaire impliqués dans la contraction musculaire lisse. Cette thèse présente la conception, la synthèse et l'étude structure-activité de mimes de repliement de tour β au sein du mime peptidique original (PDC113.824) dans lequel nous avons remplacé l'azabicycloalkane central (l'indolizidin-2-one) par une série d'autres azabicycloalcanes connus et des acides aza-aminés dont nous avons élaboré la synthèse. Dans un premier temps, une nouvelle stratégie de synthèse en solution de l'aza-glycyl-proline à partir de la diphényle hydrazone et du chloroformate de p-nitrophényle a été réalisée. Cette stratégie a permis d'éliminer les réactions secondaires de cyclisation intramoléculaires communément obtenues lors de l'introduction d'acides aza-aminés avec les protections traditionnelles de type carbamate en présence de phosgène, mais aussi de faciliter l'accès en une étape à des dérivés peptidiques du type aza-glycyle. L'élongation de l'aza-glycyl-proline en solution nous a permis d'accéder à un nouveau mime tetrapeptidique du Smac, un activateur potentiel de l'apoptose au sein de cellules cancéreuses. Par la suite, nous avons développé une stratégie de diversification sélective de l'azote α du résidu azaglycine en utilisant différents types d'halogénures d'alkyle en présence de tert-butoxyde de potassium. Afin de valider le protocole d'alkylation de l'aza-dipeptide, différents halogénures d'alkyle ont été testés. Nous avons également démontré l'utilité des aza-dipeptides résultants en tant que ''building block'' afin d'accéder à une variété d'azapeptides. En effet, l'aza-dipeptide a été déprotégée sélectivement soit en N-terminal soit en C-terminal, respectivement. D'autre part, la libération de l'amine de l'ester méthylique de l'aza-alkylglycyl-proline a conduit à une catégorie de composés à potentiel thérapeutique, les azadicétopipérazines (aza-DKP) par cyclisation intramoléculaire. Enfin, notre intérêt quant au développement d'un nouvel agent tocolytique nous a amené à développer une nouvelle voie de synthèse en solution du PDC113.824 permettant ainsi d'élucider les voies de signalisation intracellulaires du récepteur de la prostaglandine F2α. Afin de valider l'importance de la stéréochimie et d'étudier la relation structure/ activité du mime, nous avons remplacé l'indolizidin-2-one (I2aa) centrale du PDC113.824 par une série d'autres azabicycloalcanes et azadipeptides. Les azabicycloalcanes D-I2aa, quinolizidinone, et indolizidin-9-one ont été synthétisés et incorporés au sein du dit peptide ne donnant aucune activité ni in vitro ni ex vivo, validant ainsi l'importance du tour β de type II' pour le maintien de l'activité biologique du PDC113.824. Finalement, l'insertion d'une série de dérivés aza(alkyl)glycyl-prolyles a mené à de nouveaux inhibiteurs allostériques du récepteur de la PGF2α, l'un contenant l'azaglycine et l'autre, l'azaphénylalanine. Cette thèse a ainsi contribué, grâce à la conception et l'application de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse d'aza-peptides, au développement de nouveaux composés à potentiel thérapeutique afin d'inhiber le travail prématuré.

Investigating the thymopoiesis stimulating property of interleukin-21 in aging mice

La vaccination est largement utilisée pour la génération de lymphocytes T spécifiques contre les tumeurs. Malheureusement, cette stratégie n'est pas adaptée aux personnes âgées car leur thymus régresse avec l'âge conduisant ainsi à une baisse dans la production de cellules T et à l'accumulation de cellules immunitaires âgées ayant des défauts liés à leurs stimulations. Comme il a été démontré auparavant que L’IL-21 est capable d’induire des fonctions thymiques, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l’injection d’IL-21 à des souris âgées stimulera la thymopoïèse. Nos résultats montrent que l’administration de l’IL-21 augmente le nombre absolu de thymocytes chez les souris âgées et augmente la migration de ces cellules vers la périphérie ou ils contribuent à la diversité du TCR. De plus les cellules T en périphérie expriment un niveau plus élevé de miR181-a, et par conséquent moins de phosphatase comme SHP2, DUSP5/6 qui inhibent le TCR. En vaccinant des souris âgées avec le peptide Trp2, les souris traitées avec l’IL-21 montrent un retard dans la croissance des cellules B16 tumorales. Cette étude montre que l’IL-21 pourrait être utilisé comme stratégie pour le rétablissement du systeme immunitaire chez les personnes âgées.

Increased Insulin Secretion by Muscarinic M1 and M3 Receptor Function from Rat Pancreatic Islets in vitro

Parasympathetic system plays an important role in insulin secretion from the pancreas. Cholinergic effect on pancreatic beta cells exerts primarily through muscarinic receptors. In the present study we investigated the specific role of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in glucose induced insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets in vitro. The involvement of muscarinic receptors was studied using the antagonist atropine. The role of muscarinic MI and M3 receptor subtypes was studied using subtype specific antagonists. Acetylcholine agonist, carbachol, stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion at low concentrations (10-8-10-5 M) with a maximum stimulation at 10-7 M concentration. Carbachol-stimulated insulin secretion was inhibited by atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors in cholinergic induced insulin secretion. Both M1 and M3 receptor antagonists blocked insulin secretion induced by carbachol. The results show that M3 receptors are functionally more prominent at 20 mM glucose concentration when compared to MI receptors. Our studies suggest that muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors function differentially regulate glucose induced insulin secretion, which has clinical significance in glucose homeostasis.

MUSCARINIC M1 AND M3 RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING PANCREATIC REGENERATION AND INSULIN SECRETION IN RATS

The present work is an attempt to understand the role of acetylcholine muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion. The work focuses on the changes in the muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in brain and pancreas during pancreatic regeneration. The effect of these receptor subtypes on insulin secretion and pancreatic P-cell proliferation were studied in vitro using rat primary pancreatic islet culture. Muscarinic Ml and M3 receptor kinetics and gene expression studies during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion will help to elucidate the role of acetylcholine functional regulation of pancreatic u-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.The cholinergic system through muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors play an important role in the regulation of pancreatic (3-cell proliferation and insulin secretion . Cholinergic activity as indicated by acetylcholine esterase, a marker for cholinergic system, decreased in the brain regions - hypothalamus, brain stem, corpus striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum during pancreatic regeneration. Pancreatic muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor activity increased during proliferation indicating that both receptors are stimulatory to (3-cell division. Acetylcholine dose dependently increase EGF induced DNA synthesis in pancreatic islets in vitro, which is inhibited by muscarinic antagonist atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists also block acetycholine induced DNA synthesis suggesting the importance of these receptors in regeneration. Acetylcholine also stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion in vitro which is inhibited by muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists. The muscarinic receptors activity and their functional balance in the brain and pancreas exert a profound influence in the insulin secretion and also regeneration of pancreas

Adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes functional regulation during diabetogenesis: Effect of curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment

In the present study, the initial phase was directed to confirm the effects of curcumin and vitamin D3 in preventing or delaying diabetes onset by studying the blood glucose and insulin levels in the pre-treated and diabetic groups. Behavioural studies were conducted to evaluate the cognitive and motor function in experimental rats. The major focus of the study was to understand the cellular and neuronal mechanisms that ensure the prophylactic capability of curcumin and vitamin D3. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in conferring the antidiabetogenesis effect, we examined the DNA and protein profiles using radioactive incorporation studies for DNA synthesis, DNA methylation and protein synthesis. Furthermore the gene expression studies of Akt-1, Pax, Pdx-1, Neuro D1, insulin like growth factor-1 and NF-κB were done to monitor pancreatic beta cell proliferation and differentiation. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions of curcumin and vitamin D3 were examined by studying the expression of antioxidant enzymes - SOD and GPx, and apoptotic mediators like Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8 and TNF-α. In order to understand the signalling pathways involved in curcumin and vitamin D3 action, the second messengers, cAMP, cGMP and IP3 were studied along with the expression of vitamin D receptor in the pancreas. The neuronal regulation of pancreatic beta cell maintenance, proliferation and insulin release was studied by assessing the adrenergic and muscarinic receptor functional regulation in the pancreas, brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus. The receptor number and binding affinity of total muscarinic, muscarinic M1, muscarinic M3, total adrenergic, α adrenergic and β adrenergic receptor subtypes were studied in pancreas, brain stem and hippocampus of experimental rats. The mRNA expression of muscarinic and adrenergic receptor subtypes were determined using Real Time PCR. Immunohistochemistry studies using confocal microscope were carried out to confirm receptor density and gene expression results. Cell signalling alterations in the pancreas and brain regions associated with diabetogenesis and antidiabetogenesis were assessed by examining the gene expression profiles of vitamin D receptor, CREB, phospholipase C, insulin receptor and GLUT. This study will establish the anti-diabetogenesis activity of curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment and will attempt to understand the cellular, molecular and neuronal control mechanism in the onset of diabetes.Administration of MLD-STZ to curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats induced only an incidental prediabetic condition. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pretreated groups injected with MLD-STZ exhibited improved circulating insulin levels and behavioural responses when compared to MLD-STZ induced diabetic group. Activation of beta cell compensatory response induces an increase in pancreatic insulin output and beta cell mass expansion in the pre-treated group. Cell signalling proteins that regulate pancreatic beta cell survival, insulin release, proliferation and differentiation showed a significant increase in curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treated rats. Marked decline in α2 adrenergic receptor function in pancreas helps to relent sympathetic inhibition of insulin release. Neuronal stimulation of hyperglycemia induced beta cell compensatory response is mediated by escalated signalling through β adrenergic, muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors. Pre-treatment mediated functional regulation of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, key cell signalling proteins and second messengers improves pancreatic glucose sensing, insulin gene expression, insulin secretion, cell survival and beta cell mass expansion in pancreas. Curcumin and vitamin D3 pre-treatment induced modulation of adrenergic and cholinergic signalling in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus promotes insulin secretion, beta cell compensatory response, insulin sensitivity and energy balance to resist diabetogenesis. Pre-treatment improved second messenger levels and the gene expression of intracellular signalling molecules in brain stem, hippocampus and hypothalamus, to retain a functional neuronal response to hyperglycemia. Curcumin and vitamin D3 protect pancreas and brain regions from oxidative stress by their indigenous antioxidant properties and by their ability to stimulate cellular free radical defence system. The present study demonstrates the role of adrenergic and muscarinic receptor subtypes functional regulation in curcumin and vitamin D3 mediated anti-diabetogenesis. This will have immense clinical significance in developing effective strategies to delay or prevent the onset of diabetes.

Cholinergic modulation of intrinsic fibre-evoked excitatory transmission contains a nicotinic component in immature but not adult rat piriform cortex, in vitro

The piriform cortex (PC) is highly prone to epileptogenesis, particularly in immature animals, where decreased muscarinic modulation of PC intrinsic fibre excitatory neurotransmission is implicated as a likely cause. However, whether higher levels of acetylcholine (ACh) release occur in immature vs. adult PC remains unclear. We investigated this using in vitro extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques. Intrinsic fibre-evoked extracellular field potentials (EFPs) were recorded from layers II to III in PC brain slices prepared from immature (P14-18) and adult (P>40) rats. Adult and immature PC EFPs were suppressed by eserine (1muM) or neostigmine (1muM) application, with a greater suppression in immature ( approximately 40%) than adult ( approximately 30%) slices. Subsequent application of atropine (1muM) reversed EFP suppression, producing supranormal ( approximately 12%) recovery in adult slices, suggesting that suppression was solely muscarinic ACh receptor-mediated and that some 'basal' cholinergic 'tone' was present. Conversely, atropine only partially reversed anticholinesterase effects in immature slices, suggesting the presence of additional non-muscarinic modulation. Accordingly, nicotine (50muM) caused immature field suppression ( approximately 30%) that was further enhanced by neostigmine, whereas it had no effect on adult EFPs. Unlike atropine, nicotinic antagonists, mecamylamine and methyllycaconitine, induced immature supranormal field recovery ( approximately 20%) following anticholinesterase-induced suppression (with no effect on adult slices), confirming that basal cholinergic 'tone' was also present. We suggest that nicotinic inhibitory cholinergic modulation occurs in the immature rat PC intrinsic excitatory fibre system, possibly to complement the existing, weak muscarinic modulation, and could be another important developmentally regulated system governing immature PC susceptibility towards epileptogenesis.

Mechanisms of internalization and recycling of the chemokine receptor, CCR5

CCR5 is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds several natural chemokines but it is also a coreceptor for the entry of M tropic strains of HIV-1 into cells. Levels of CCR5 on the cell surface are important for the rate of HIV-1 infection and are determined by a number of factors including the rates of CCR5 internalization and recycling. Here we investigated the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in the control of ligand-induced internalization and recycling of CCR5. Cytochalasin D, an actin depolymerizing agent, inhibited chemokine-induced internalization of CCR5 and recycling of the receptor in stably transfected CHO cells and in the monocytic cell line, THP-1. CCR5 internalization and recycling were inhibited by Toxin B and C-3 exoenzyme treatment in CHO and THP-1 cells, confirming activation of members of the RhoGTPase family by CCR5. The specific Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632, however, had no effect on CCR5 internalization or recycling. Ligand-induced activation of CCR5 leads to Rho kinase-dependent formation of focal adhesion complexes. These data indicate that CCR5 internalization and recycling are regulated by actin polymerization and activation of small G proteins in a Rho-dependent manner.

Affinity purification of 61- and 65-kDa rat brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors and receptor-associated G proteins.

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been shown to have a central role in physiological adaptation to stress. It is recognized for stimulating the release of adrenocorticotropin from the anterior pituitary gland, and has more recently been implicated as a regulator of autonomic and immunological responses to stress. Much confusion has surrounded the characterization of CRF receptors, with proteins of varying molecular weights having been identified but never purified and characterized. Recently, two CRF receptors have been cloned from brain and pituitary gland, but evidence from in-situ hybridization studies suggests that further CRF receptor types exist. We therefore developed two techniques which enable the isolation of CRF receptors from whole rat brain. The use of a solid-phase CRF analogue affinity column and elution using a competing ligand resulted in the purification of a single protein of 61 kDa. A second technique was devised which allowed the co-isolation of associated signalling proteins and the identification of CRF bound species following purification. CRF was covalently cross-linked to receptors and the complex purified using antibodies specific for the ligand. This enabled the purification of a CRF receptor of approximately 65 kDa and associated alpha and beta gamma G protein subunits. This study demonstrates the successful isolation of CRF receptors which are of different molecular weights to those previously observed from affinity cross-linking studies or predicted from cloned genes. In addition, we confirm the involvement of G proteins in CRF stimulated cell signalling by demonstrating their association with purified CRF receptor.