962 resultados para CU-ZN


Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文对沈阳市郊大民屯镇不同年限蔬菜温室土壤化学性质进行研究与分析。得到主要结论如下: 蔬菜温室0~20 cm表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮均处于较高的养分水平,并且随温室使用年限的延长,呈增加的趋势。土壤有酸化的趋势,土壤电导率呈升高态势。土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量分别为8.57~60.30 mg kg-1、2.69~22.43 mg kg-1、0.64~7.52 mg kg-1和0.56~9.29 mg kg-1,变异系数为50%左右;随着温室使用年限的增加,土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量总体上呈增加的趋势。土壤Ni、Cd的有效含量随种植年限的延长趋于增加,有效Pb呈现出下降的趋势,土壤重金属Cr的有效态含量与种植年限之间没有明显的相关性。 不同年限蔬菜温室土壤剖面有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量高于相邻的露地菜田土壤,并随种植年限的延长而增加,随土层深度的增加而下降。温室土壤中铵态氮的含量随温室种植年限的变化相对较小,在土壤剖面不同层次中变化也没有明显的规律性。与露地菜田土壤相比,温室土壤中有效态铁、锰含量下降,有效态铜、锌、铅、镍含量增加。0~30 cm土层土壤交换性Ca呈下降的趋势,交换性Mg呈上升的趋势,土壤Ca/Mg比值呈下降的趋势。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

重金属作为土壤污染的重要污染物,给环境和人类的健康带来严重危害,目前传统的研究方法已不适于土壤污染的快速诊断,如何建立一个新的诊断方法是人们面临的艰巨任务。水生生态毒理学在其长期的发展过程中已形成一系列标准的实验方法,而且具有快速、敏感等优点,但这些方法主要用于水体中污染物的毒性诊断,本研究的主要目的就是应用水生生态毒理学方法对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断,并且确定土壤污染的警戒值,为土壤清洁标准的建立提供依据。实验选取Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb作为土壤污染的污染物,采用清洁土壤人工投加污染物的方法,对4种重金污染的3种土壤采用两种毒性诊断方法进行毒性诊断。首先探讨了应用发光菌法和斜生栅藻增长抑制实验对重金属污染土壤进行毒性诊断的可行性,结果表明2种方法是可行的,并且确定了最佳平衡时间为24小时,最佳浸提时间为2小时。变换不同的浸提方法表明0.1N HCL为最佳的浸提剂,剂量效应曲线表明土壤的重金属投加量与效应间存在明显的相关性。相同重金属条件下不同土壤的EC_(50)依次为粟钙土>暗棕壤>草甸棕壤;同一土壤条件下不同金属的EC_(50)依次为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd。同一种金属不同诊断方法、不同诊断参数的敏感性依次为斜生栅藻细胞数增长率>斜生栅藻光密度增长率>发光菌相对发光度。对复合污染的研究表明,复合污染条件下,金属间存在明显的协同作用,使土壤的毒性明显增加。本研究首次将水生生态毒理学方法用于土壤污染毒性诊断,并提出了不同土壤、不同诊断方法的土壤污染的警戒值,为土壤的优先修复提供奠定了基础。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

生态毒理试验集合了污染物的整体效应及化学品代谢物质产生的效应.它可提供土壤中所有污染物对土壤质量影响的全部信息.然而,现有生态毒理试验方法大多用于水生生态系统的生态毒性检验,对土壤污染的诊断需要建立新的生态毒理诊断方法.该文选择4类典型土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土),以(小麦、白菜、萝卜、西红柿、大葱)为供试植物,进行了重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)、有机氯、多环芳烃污染的植物种子发芽与根伸长抑制试验;植物早期生长试验研究;以草甸棕壤为供试土壤,进行了重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)单一、复合污染条件下的蚯蚓(郝子爱胜)急性毒性实验;以草甸棕壤、污染土壤和生物修复土壤进行蚕豆根尖实验和土壤原生动物(纤毛虫)实验.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

超积累植物是植物提取修复的核心,同时也是污染环境修复领域研究的热点与前沿。针对目前已发现的超积累植物数量与对重金属提取种类较少的现状,并根据修复实践的需求,本研究确立了以超积累植物的筛选为主要研究内容并就一些强化措施进行了初步探索,同时根据已报道的植物修复研究的阶段性成果,对污染土壤植物修复的基本概念、原理、方式、强化机制等相关的修复过程进行了系统总结,结果如下:(1)超积累植物应同时具有四个基本特征,即临界含量特征、转移特征、耐性特征和富集系数特征。(2)龙葵和球果掉菜是Cd超积累植物,在Cd投加浓度为259/kg条件下,其茎和叶中Cd含量分别为103.80mg/kg和124.57mg/kg及107.7Omg/kg和150.10mg/kg。植物体内积累的Cd主要分布在茎和叶中。这2种植物不具有同时超积累Pb、Cu或Zn的能力。(3)施加鸡粪后植物对Cd的提取率提高了35.7%~97.0%;采用开花期收获超积累植物的复种方式,植物提取率可以提高到1.43倍和1.75倍。(4)以杂草为筛选对象,将成为筛选超积累植物的一个突破口。(5)盆栽筛选试验具有可操作性强、易于实施等优点,是筛选超积累植物值得尝试的一种方法。(6)现发现的超积累植物几乎均来源于污染区,本研究表明,未污染区也可能存在超积累植物。(7)栽培措施对植物修复效果有较大影响,与现代农业高新技术相结合是植物修复技术成功应用于修复实践的一条捷径。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文以沈阳市于洪区玫瑰种植示范区内多季花冷香玫瑰和单季花平阴玫瑰为研究对象,通过野外采样并测定了两者在花芽分化期矿质元素(P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、B、Mn、Cu)和内源激素(IAA、GA、ZR、ABA)的含量,并对其含量及比值变化进行分析,初步确定了玫瑰花芽分化与元素、激素之间的相互关系。研究结果将为玫瑰花期的化学调控、提高产花量和正确制定栽培技术措施提供理论依据,也为玫瑰进一步开发利用打下基础。主要结论:1.在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的整个花芽分化期,P、K、Cu、Zn大体上均呈下降趋势,表明它们可能参与玫瑰成花;ca、Mg在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰的花蕾形成期含量都下降,可能意味着ca、Mg参与两者的花蕾形成;Fe与玫瑰花芽分化关系不大;高含量的B和Mn有利于两者花蕾形成。2.在冷香玫瑰和平阴玫瑰花蕾形成期,IAA和GA出现低水平,ZR和ABA出现高水平,激素比值(ABA/GA,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA,ZR/IAA)出现高水平,表明ABA和ZR促进两者开花;而IAA和GA抑制两者开花;高比例的(ABA/GA,ABA/IAA,ZR/GA,ZR/IAA)有利于两者开花。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

人类活动引起全球大气中温室气体(CO2、CH4、NOx)浓度不断增加,致使地球表面温度在过去的100 年中已经增长了0.74 ± 0.18℃,预计到本世纪末将会增加1.1-6.4℃。此外,氮沉降也是当今社会的重要环境问题,随着经济发展的全球化, 高氮沉降也呈现出全球化趋势。全球气候变暖和氮沉降给陆地生态系统的地上、地下生物学和生物地球化学过程所带来巨大影响越来越引起人们的关注。 本文以川西亚高山针叶林的两个重要树种云杉和油松幼苗为研究对象,采用红外辐射增温(空气增温2.1℃,土壤增温2.6℃)和根部施氮(施氮量25 g N m-2yr-1)的方法,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究这两种幼苗对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应。该实验为室外控制实验,包括四个处理:(1)不增温+不施氮(UU);(2) 不增温+施氮(UF);(3) 增温+不施氮(WU);(4) 增温+施氮(WF)。本研究旨在从生理生化、物质代谢 、生长及形态等不同水平上研究模拟增温和施氮对两种树苗的联合效应,提高我们对全球变化下亚高山针叶林早期更新过程的理解,同时也为森林管理提供科学依据。具体研究结果如下: 单独增温处理显著提高了云杉和油松幼苗的地茎、叶重、茎重、根重以及总生物量;单独施氮处理也增加了两种幼苗的株高和总生物量。而增温和施氮联合作用对两种幼苗生长的影响并不相同,联合作用对云杉幼苗生长指标的正效应显著低于单独施氮处理,但是联合作用比单独增温或施氮更大程度的促进了油松幼苗生物量的积累。 单独增温和施氮都有利于提高云杉和油松叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率(A)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(Φ)、最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和量子产量(Y)。与对两种幼苗生长指标的影响相似,加氮和增温共同作用下油松幼苗的以上光合指标比在单独增温或施氮处理下有更大程度的提高;而联合作用下云杉幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、最大光能转化效率以及量子产量比单独施氮处理明显地降低。 增温和施氮都显著地降低了云杉和油松幼苗针叶组织中活性氧和丙二醛的积累。交互作用降低了云杉幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和ASA 的含量,却显著提高了油松幼苗SOD、POD、APX 等抗氧化酶的活性,并且对油松幼苗脯氨酸和ASA 积累的促进作用比单一因子更加明显。因此,增温和施氮共同作用下油松幼苗叶片中O2-产生速率、H2O2 及MDA 含量明显降低,而云杉叶片中只有O2-产生速率出现降低趋势。 增温和施氮都降低了云杉体内的P、Ca、Mg 元素的含量,增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 在各器官内的积累。对油松幼苗而言,增温和加氮单独作用也显著降低了Ca 含量增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 的积累,但是不同于云杉幼苗的是P、Mg 也显著增加。增温和施氮联合作用对云杉幼苗体内元素的影响与单一施氮处理或增温处理相似,不同的是比单一因子作用更为明显降低了P、Ca、Mg 含量,增加了植株中N、Cu、Zn、Mn 的含量,但是油松矿质元素含量在联合作用下并没有产生类似于云杉幼苗的双因子叠加效应。 总之,尽管单独增温或者施氮都有利于云杉和油松幼苗生长指标、光合能力以及抗氧化能力的提高。但是,增温和施氮对云杉幼苗生长生理的促进效应非但没有在交互作用下有更大的提高,反而低于单独氮处理。与此不同的是,增温和施氮联合作用比单因子作用更有利于油松幼苗生长及生理指标的提高。 With the continued increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2、CH4、NOx), the mean global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 ± 0.18℃ over the past century and is predicted to rise by as much as 6.4℃ during this century. Besides global warming, nitrogen deposition is another serious environmental problem caused by human activities, and high nitrogen load has become globalization as a result of global economy development. Global climate warming and nitrogen deposition have induced dramatic alternations in above - and below- ground biology and biogeochemistry process in terrestrial ecosystems, and more and more attention has been invited to those problems. This experiment mainly studies two important species Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis in subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan, China. Infared heaters are induced to increase both air and soil temperature by 2.1℃ and 2.6 ℃, respectively. Ammonium nitrate solution (for a total equivalent to 25 g N m-2 year-1) is added to soil surface. There are four treatments in this study: (1) unwarmed unfertilized (UU); (2) unwarmed fertilized (UF); (3) warmed unfertilized (WU); (4) warmed fertilized (WF). This study is conducted to determine the influences of experimental warming and nitrogen fertilization on physiolchemistry, nutrition metabolism, growth and morphology in the two coniferous species seedlings. The current study is favorable for increasing our understanding on the early phase of regeneration behavior in subalpine coniferous forest, and it also provide scientific direction for forest management under future global changes. The results are as follows: Artificial warming alone significantly increased basal diameter, leaf mass, stem mass, root mass and total biomass for Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, and single nitrogen fertilization are also favorable for growth of the two species and stimulate plant hight and total biomass. The two species seedlings respond differently to the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen addition. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilization weakens the positive effects of nitrogen addition for growth of Picea asperata seedlings. However, the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization further increase biomass accumulation of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. Both elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone can increase photosynthetic pigments contents, net photosynthetic rate (A), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), apparent quantity yield (Φ), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (Y). Similarly with growth parameters, the combination of warming and nitrogen addition induced more increment of these above photosynthetic parameters for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. However, these photosynthetic parameters of Picea asperata seedlings under the combination of warming and nitrogen addition are lower than those under nitrogen fertilization alone. The levels of active oxygen species (AOS) and malodiadehyde (MDA) in needles of the two coniferous species seedling are obviously decreased by experimental warming or additional nitrogen. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduces the activities of SOD, CAT and APX, and the contents of proline and ASA of Picea asperata seedlings, but the combination significantly increases activities of these antioxidant enzymes in needlels of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings and further improves the accumulation of proline and ASA compared to either artificial warming or nitrogen addition. Therefore, the rate of O2 - production, the contents of H2O2 and MDA in needles of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings are remarkably reduced by the combination of warming and nitrogen addition, but the combination only significantly decreased the rate of O2 - production of Picea asperata seedlings. Elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization decrease the contents of P, Ca, Mg but increase Cu, Zn, Mn contents for Picea asperata seedlings. For Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone decreased Ca, but increased P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The effects of the combination of warming and nitrogen addition on these element contents in needles of Picea asperata seedlings are added or multiplied the effects of warming and nitrogen addition alone, resulting in less contens of P, Ca, Mg and more contents of Cu, Zn, Mn than either elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization. Howere, these adding or multipluing single-factor effects on contents of these elements are not observed in the case of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. In conclusion, growth parameters, photosynthetic capacities and antioxidant abilities of Picea tasperata and Pinus abulaeformis seedlings are improved by experimental warming or nitrogen fertilization. Interestingly, the positive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on growth and physiological performances are not multiplied by the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization, even dempened for Picea asperata seedlings. However, for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, growth and physiological performances are further improved by the combination.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

应用田间试验和盆栽试验,研究Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As复合污染在草甸棕壤上对水稻产量及元素含量的影响。结果表明,在接近土壤环境质量标准低浓度水平下,水稻发育正常,减产幅度<10%,但土壤Cd、Pb临界值下降,籽实中Cd、Pb、Zn吸收系数提高,Cd、Pb含量超标,低剂量时Cd超标37.5%,高剂量时超标100%,增加了对人体健康潜在危险。主要原因在于5元素间存在协同作用,Pb、Cu、Zn、As的存在增加了Cd的活性与解吸率,使其易迁移,为防止土壤污染增加了困难。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

调查了沈阳张士灌区长期污水灌溉造成的原位农田土壤重金属污染状况,从土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性和微生物种群数量的角度评价了长期重金属污染对农田土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,张士灌区土壤存在严重的Cd污染,土壤Cd含量达1.75~3.89mg.kg-1,部分区域还伴有Cu、Zn复合污染.在目前污染程度下,土壤微生物生物量碳(Cmic)、微生物商(qM)、土壤脱氢酶活性以及自生固氮菌数量随土壤重金属含量增加呈下降趋势,代谢商(qCO2)随土壤重金属含量增加显著升高,而底物诱导呼吸强度(SIR)、纤维素酶活性以及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量无明显变化.相关性分析表明,土壤Cd含量变化是影响微生物参数变化的主要因素,在微生物参数中微生物商和代谢商对重金属污染最敏感.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地营养元素随剖面深度变化的研究表明,4种土地利用方式的有机C、全N、全S及DTPA浸提态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等具有随剖面深度增加而下降的趋势,交换性Ca、Na及交换性盐基总量在土层间的分异不明显。有机C、全N、碱解N、NO3--N、全S及DTPA浸提态微量元素在0~10 cm和0~20 cm的含量与0~100 cm含量的比值分别为0.1和0.2以上,表明这些养分指标具有明显的表聚性特征;NH4+-N、全P、速效S无明显的表聚性;交换性Mg、Na及交换性盐基总量在0~20cm与0~100 cm含量的比值小于0.2,反映了供试潮棕壤较强的淋溶作用。不同土地利用方式营养元素在土壤剖面中的分布差异及表聚性特征,主要受到植物循环的影响,另外还受到淋溶及人为干扰的影响。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

将粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤用做矿山修复的基质不仅可以解决无土排岩场长期困扰的土源问题,同时也避免了这些城市固体废弃物在堆放和处置过程中带来的一系列环境问题.通过室内模拟熟化实验(将各处理放置于25℃室温下,保持17%的含水量培养35d,并分别于1、5、7、15、22、30和35d时取样)研究不同比例粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤溶液中重金属浓度的动态变化.结果表明,在熟化培养试验过程中,钝化污泥人工土壤溶液中溶解态Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、N i、Cr含量均呈降低趋势,并最终达到平衡状态;粉煤灰对钝化污泥溶液中Cd、Pb、Cu的钝化效果最显著;人工土壤溶液中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、N i、Cr的平衡浓度分别为0.037—0.335、2.12—7.34、1.86—13.58、29—509、9.33—46.67和0.01—2.06μg/L,均显著低于水质中重金属含量的毒害临界水平.

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市生活污泥进行钝化,系统的研究了粉煤灰对钝化污泥中金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe含量及其有效化的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对污泥中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr、Mn、Fe具有钝化作用,其中对Cd和Fe的钝化效果最明显;但对Cu却有促进其向有效态转化的作用;总体上看钝化污泥人工土壤中重金属含量符合国家农用标准,而其中有效态Cd、Pb、Ni、C r的含量均远远低于对植物体造成毒害的临界水平。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过添加不同比例的粉煤灰对城市污泥进行钝化,对钝化污泥的pH值、养分含量及重金属含量变化以及各配比人工土壤的持水性能进行了研究,评价其用于无土排岩场生态修复的可行性.结果表明,当粉煤灰与污泥以Ⅲ(1∶1)和Ⅱ(2∶1)配比时,人工土壤持水性能高于对照(草甸棕壤),以Ⅳ(1∶2)配比时,持水性接近于对照;粉煤灰钝化污泥中养分含量极其丰富,处于高肥力水平,随着粉煤灰添加量的增加,人工土壤的养分含量呈现降低趋势;粉煤灰钝化污泥人工土壤中除了Ⅲ(1∶1)中Ni含量较高,为187.67 mg.kg-1外,各处理中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr含量都显著低于国家农用标准(GB 4284-84、GB 8173-87).

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本试验以采自中国东北3个地点的4种土壤,即棕色针叶林土、暗棕壤、黑土与黑钙土为材料,对根系分泌的两种有机酸及水在活化根际矿质养分方面的作用进行了模拟与比较。结果表明:有机酸能够活化养分,其程度主要取决于有机酸的数量和类型以及供试土壤的理化和生物化学性质;对于所有土壤类型,柠檬酸对Fe, Mn, Cu和Zn的活化效率明显高于苹果酸,而对于P, K, Ca 和Mg的活化效率并不是很高,有时甚至较苹果酸为低;所有元素的溶液浓度均随所加柠檬酸数量的增加而增加。图2表3参9。

Relevância:

60.00% 60.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

“Dissolved” (< 0.4 μm filtered) and “total dissolvable” (unfiltered) trace element samples were collected using “clean” sampling techniques from four vertical profiles in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on the first IOC Trace Metals Baseline expedition. The analytical results obtained by 9 participating laboratories for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Se on samples from station 4 in the northeast Atlantic have been evaluated with respect to accuracy and precision (intercomparability). The data variability among the reporting laboratories was expressed as 2 × SD for a given element and depth, and was comparable to the 95% confidence interval reported for the NASS seawater reference standards (representing analytical variability only). The discrepancies between reporting laboratories appear to be due to inaccuracies in standardization (analytical calibration), blank correction, and/or extraction efficiency corrections.Several of the sampling bottles used at this station were not adequately pre-cleaned (anomalous Pb results). The sample filtration process did not appear to have been a source of contamination for either dissolved or particulate trace elements. The trace metal profiles agree in general with previously reported profiles from the Atlantic Ocean. We conclude that the sampling and analytical methods we have employed for this effort, while still in need of improvement, are sufficient for obtaining accurate concentration data on most trace metals in the major water masses of the oceans, and to enable some evaluation of the biogeochemical cycling of the metals.