The existence of only one haplotype of Leishmania major in the main and potential reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using different molecular markers in a focal area in Iran

IntroductionLeishmania major is the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL), and great gerbils are the main reservoir hosts in Iran. Abarkouh in central Iran is an emerging focal point for which the reservoir hosts of ZCL are unclear. This research project was designed to detect any Leishmania parasites in different wild rodent species.MethodsAll rodents captured in 2011 and 2012 from Abarkouh district were identified based on morphological characteristics and by amplification of the rodent cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. To detect Leishmania infection in rodents, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of each ear was extracted. Internal transcribed spacer-ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (ITS-rDNA), microsatellites, kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid (kDNA) and cytochrome b genes of Leishmania parasites were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing were employed to confirm the Leishmania identification.ResultsOf 68 captured rodents in the region, 55 Rhombomys opimus were identified and nine Leishmaniainfections (9/55) were found. In addition, eight Meriones libycus and two Tatera indicawere sampled, and one of each was confirmed to be infected. Two Meriones persicus and one Mus musculuswere sampled with no infection.ConclusionsThe results showed that all 11 unambiguously positive Leishmania infections were Leishmania major. Only one haplotype of L. major(GenBank access No. EF413075) was found and at least three rodents R. opimus, M. libycus and T. indica—appear to be the main and potential reservoir hosts in this ZCL focus. The reservoir hosts are variable and versatile in small ZCL focal locations.

Insider threats: the major challenge to security risk management

Security risk management is by definition, a subjective and complex exercise and it takes time to perform properly. Human resources are fundamental assets for any organization, and as any other asset, they have inherent vulnerabilities that need to be handled, i.e. managed and assessed. However, the nature that characterize the human behavior and the organizational environment where they develop their work turn these task extremely difficult, hard to accomplish and prone to errors. Assuming security as a cost, organizations are usually focused on the efficiency of the security mechanisms implemented that enable them to protect against external attacks, disregarding the insider risks, which are much more difficult to assess. All these demands an interdisciplinary approach in order to combine technical solutions with psychology approaches in order to understand the organizational staff and detect any changes in their behaviors and characteristics. This paper intends to discuss some methodological challenges to evaluate the insider threats and its impacts, and integrate them in a security risk framework, that was defined according to the security standard ISO/IEC_JTC1, to support the security risk management process.

Biological markers in noninvasive brain stimulation trials in major depressive disorder: a systematic review

Objectives: The therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with major depression have shown promising results; however, there is a lack of mechanistic studies using biological markers (BMs) as an outcome. Therefore, our aim was to review noninvasive brain stimulation trials in depression using BMs. Methods: The following databases were used for our systematic review: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and SCIELO. We examined articles published before November 2012 that used TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation as an intervention for depression and had BM as an outcome measure. The search was limited to human studies written in English. Results: Of 1234 potential articles, 52 articles were included. Only studies using TMS were found. Biological markers included immune and endocrine serum markers, neuroimaging techniques, and electrophysiological outcomes. In 12 articles (21.4%), end point BM measurements were not significantly associated with clinical outcomes. All studies reached significant results in the main clinical rating scales. Biological marker outcomes were used as predictors of response, to understand mechanisms of TMS, and as a surrogate of safety. Conclusions: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cortical excitability, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor consistently showed positive results. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was the best predictor of patients’ likeliness to respond. These initial results are promising; however, all studies investigating BMs are small, used heterogeneous samples, and did not take into account confounders such as age, sex, or family history. Based on our findings, we recommend further studies to validate BMs in noninvasive brain stimulation trials in MDD.

On the length of bank-firm relationships: an empirical application to a major French bank

NIPE - WP 01/ 2016

60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup L2 originated in Western Africa but is nowadays spread across the entire continent. L2 movements were previously postulated to be related to the Bantu expansion, but L2 expansions eastwards probably occurred much earlier. By reconstructing the phylogeny of L2 (44 new complete sequences) we provide insights on the complex net of within-African migrations in the last 60 thousand years (ka). Results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: (1) one migration at 70-50 ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, (2) postglacial movements (15-10 ka) into Eastern Africa; and (3) the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5 ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations.

Long-term prognosis of geriatric major depression in relation to cognition and white matter integrity: follow up of two cases

INTRODUCTION: The geriatric depression (GD) represents one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders in outpatient services specialized in old-age treatment. OBJECTIVE: The course of two illustrative cases of GD is discussed, highlighting its clinical picture after antidepressant treatment and underlining variables related to disease prognosis, treatment effectiveness and conversion to major cognitive disorders such as vascular dementia (VD). METHODS: The cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, autonomy and brain structural measurements as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and hippocampal size, and microstructural integrity of WM with diffusion tensor imaging were followed during four years. RESULTS: Case 1, with a severe degree of WMH, was associated with worsening cognition and increasing functional disability. Case 2, with mild WMH, an improvement of cognitive functioning could be seen. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of different subtypes of GD, as presented in this report, points a pathophysiological heterogeneity of GD, and suggests a possible continuum vascular depression (VaDp) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).

Assessing cardiorespiratory capacity in older adults with major depression and Alzheimer disease

ABSTRACT Objective To assess cardiorespiratory capacity through subjective and objective tests in older adults diagnosed with major depression (MDD), Alzheimer disease (AD) and healthy older adults. Methods Fifty seven subjects (72 ± 7.9 years) were divided into three groups: MDD (n = 20), AD (n = 17) and Healthy (n = 20). The subjects answered Hamilton Scale (HAM-D), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) and 2-minute Step test. Results MDD and AD showed lower scores than healthy group for Nomogram VSAQ (p < 0.001) and 2-minute Step (p = 0.009; p = 0.008, respectively). Adjusted for age and educational level, no differences among groups were observed for Step (MDD, p = 0.097; AD, p = 0.102). AD group did not present differences to healthy group for Step, when adjusting for MMSE (p = 0.261). Conclusions Despite the lower cardiorespiratory fitness of elderly patients with DM and DA have been found in both evaluations, the results should be viewed with caution, since the tests showed low correlation and different risk classifications of functional loss. In addition, age, level educational and cognitive performance are variables that can influence the performance objective evaluation.

Differential predictors of acute post-surgical pain intensity after abdominal hysterectomy and major joint arthroplasty

Author's personal copy

Prenatal dysthymia versus major depression effects on maternal cortisol and fetal growth

To determine differences between pregnant women diagnosed with Dysthymia versus Major Depression, depressed pregnant women (N=102) were divided by their diagnosis into Dysthymic (N=48) and Major Depression (N=54) groups and compared on self-report measures (depression, anxiety, anger, daily hassles and behavioral inhibition), on stress hormone levels (cortisol and norepinephrine), and on fetal measurements. The Major Depression group had more self-reported symptoms. However, the Dysthymic group had higher prenatal cortisol levels and lower fetal growth measurements (estimated weight, femur length, abdominal circumference) as measured at their first ultrasound (M=18 weeks gestation). Thus, depressed pregnant women with Dysthymia and Major Depression appeared to have different prenatal symptoms.

Primary coronary angioplasty in 9,434 patients during acute myocardial infarction: predictors of major in- hospital adverse events from 1996 to 2000 in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To verify the results after the performance of primary coronary angioplasty in Brazil in the last 4 years. METHODS: During the first 24 hours of acute myocardial infarction onset, 9,434 (12.2%) patients underwent primary PTCA. We analyzed the success and occurrence of major in-hospital events, comparing them over the 4-year period. RESULTS: Primary PTCA use increased compared with that of all percutaneous interventions (1996=10.6% vs. 2000=13.1%; p<0.001). Coronary stent implantation increased (1996=20% vs. 2000=71.9%; p<0.001). Success was greater (1998=89.5% vs. 1999=92.5%; p<0.001). Reinfarction decreased (1998=3.9% vs. 99=2.4% vs. 2000=1.5%; p<0.001) as did emergency bypass surgery (1996=0.5% vs. 2000=0.2%; p=0.01). In-hospital deaths remained unchanged (1996=5.7% vs. 2000=5.1%, p=0.53). Balloon PTCA was one of the independent predictors of a higher rate of unsuccessful procedures (odds ratio 12.01 [CI=95%] 1.58-22.94), and stent implantation of lower mortality rates (odds ratio 4.62 [CI=95%] 3.19-6.08). CONCLUSION: The success rate has become progressively higher with a significant reduction in reinfarction and urgent bypass surgery, but in-hospital death remains nearly unchanged. Coronary stenting was a predictor of a lower death rate, and balloon PTCA was associated with greater procedural failure.

Estudo preliminar da variação dos níveis de cortisol em doentes da espécie Canis familiaris sujeitos a mastectomia por doença oncológica da mama

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Infección por Toxocara Canis: detección en suelo y en niños y adolescentes de comunidades de la provincia de Córdoba

Toxocara canis es un parásito cosmopolita frecuentemente hallado en el intestino delgado de los caninos. El hombre adquiere la infección con Toxocara por la ingestión de huevos embrionados que se encuentran en el suelo contaminado. En Argentina, las cifras reales de prevalencia de esta infección no se conocen por tratarse de una patología que no es de notificación obligatoria y por la existencia de casos asintomáticos. Los objetivos de este proyecto de investigación son: a) determinar el grado de contaminación con huevos de Toxocara canis de suelos en áreas de uso público y privado de las comunas de Villa El Prado y Los Cedros de la Provincia de Córdoba, b) detectar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxocara canis en niños y adolescentes de estas Comunas, c) relacionar la presencia de anticuerpos con factores de riesgo y d) obtener antígenos excresión/secreción de larvas L2 de Toxocara canis. La presencia de huevos de Toxocara se evaluará en suelo (tierra, arena, mixta) del área de recreo de las escuelas y de áreas externas de cada vivienda (patio, jardín). La presencia de anticuerpos específicos será detectada en niños y adolescente entre 1 a 15 años de edad de ambos sexos que asistan a los dispensarios de las comunas. Para elaborar un sistema de detección de anticuerpos específicos se obtendrán antígenos excresión/secreción de larvas L2 de Toxocara canis. Este proyecto permitirá comparar la seroprevalencia de infección por Toxocara en niños y adolescentes, con otras regiones del país y el extranjero y analizar la relación entre títulos y manifestaciones clínicas. Además, posibilitará caracterizar asociaciones entre infección y factores de riesgo. Debido a la carencia de información sobre esta infección parasitaria en nuestro medio, esta investigación aportará datos útiles para las campañas de desparasitación de mascotas, saneamiento ambiental, tratamiento antiparasitario en personas afectadas y caracterización de manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a esta parasitosis.

Infección por toxocara canis: detección en suelo y en niños y adolescentes de comunidades de la provincia de Córdoba (Programa: enfermedades transmisibles y emergentes).

Toxocara canis es un parásito cosmopolita frecuentemente hallado en el intestino delgado de los caninos. El hombre adquiere la infección con Toxocara por la ingestión de huevos embrionados que se encuentran en el suelo contaminado. En Argentina, las cifras reales de prevalencia de esta infección no se conocen por tratarse de una patología que no es de notificación obligatoria y por la existencia de casos asintomáticos. Los objetivos de este proyecto de investigación son: a) determinar el grado de contaminación con huevos de Toxocara canis de suelos en áreas de uso público y privado de las comunas de Villa El Prado y Los Cedros de la Provincia de Córdoba, b) detectar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxocara canis en niños y adolescentes de estas Comunas, c) relacionar la presencia de anticuerpos con factores de riesgo y d) obtener antígenos excreción/secreción de larvas L2 de Toxocara canis para el desarrollo de un técnica inmunoenzimática "in house". La presencia de huevos de Toxocara se evaluará en suelo (tierra, arena, mixta) del área de recreo de las escuelas y de áreas externas de cada vivienda (patio, jardín). La presencia de anticuerpos específicos será detectada en niños y adolescente entre 1 a 15 años de edad de ambos sexos que asistan a los dispensarios de las comunas. Para elaborar un sistema de detección de anticuerpos específicos se obtendrán antígenos excreción/secreción de larvas L2 de Toxocara canis. Este proyecto permitirá comparar la seroprevalencia de infección por Toxocara en niños y adolescentes, con otras regiones del país y el extranjero y analizar la relación entre títulos y manifestaciones clínicas. Además, posibilitará caracterizar asociaciones entre infección y factores de riesgo. Debido a la carencia de información sobre esta infección parasitaria en nuestro medio, esta investigación aportará datos útiles para las campañas de desparasitación de mascotas, saneamiento ambiental, tratamiento antiparasitario en personas afectadas y caracterización de manifestaciones clínicas asociadas a esta parasitosis.