Mineralisation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and glucose placed into the same or different hydrological domains as a bacterial inoculant

The spatial location of microorganisms in the soil three-dimensional structure with respect to their substrates plays an important role in the persistence and turnover of natural and xenobiotic organic compounds. To study the effect of spatial location on the mineralisation of ¹⁴C-2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP, 0.15 or 0.31 μmol g^-1) and ¹⁴C-glucose (2.77 μmol g^-1), columns packed with autoclaved soil aggregates (2-5 mm) were used. Using a chloride tracer of water movement, the existence of 'immobile' water, which was by-passed by preferentially flowing 'mobile' water, was demonstrated. By manipulation of the soil moisture content, the substrates were putatively placed to these conceptual hydrological domains (immobile and mobile water). Leaching studies revealed that approximately 1.7 (glucose) and 3.4 (2.4-DCP) times the amount of substrate placed in mobile water was recovered in the first 4 fractions of leachate when compared to substrate placed in immobile water. The marked difference in the breakthrough curves was taken as evidence of successful substrate placement. The 2,4-DCP degrading bacterium, Burkholderia sp. RASCc2, was inoculated in mobile water (1.8-5.2 × 10⁷ cells g^-1 soil) and parameters (asymptote, time at maximum rate, calculated maximum rate) describing the mineralisation kinetics of 2,4-DCP and glucose previously added to immobile or mobile water domains were compared, For glucose, there was no significant effect (P > 0.1) of substrate placement on any of the mineralisation parameters. However, substrate placement had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on parameters describing 2,4-DCP mineralisation. In particular, 2,4-DCP added in mobile water was mineralised with a greater maximum rate and with a reduced time at maximum rate when compared to 2,4-DCP added to immobile water. The difference in response between the two test substrates may reflect the importance of sorption in controlling the spatial bioavailability of compounds in soil. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bioavailability of 2,4-dichlorophenol associated with soil water-soluble humic material

Interaction of organic xenobiotics with soil water-soluble humic material (WSHM) may influence their environmental fate and bioavailability. We utilized bacterial assays (lux-based toxicity and mineralization by Burkholderia sp. RASC) to assess temporal changes in the bioavailability of [¹⁴C]-2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in soil water extracts (29.5 μg mL^-1 2,4-DCP; 840.2 μg mL^-1 organic carbon). HPLC determined and bioavailable concentrations were compared. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to confirm the association of a fraction (>50%) of [¹⁴C]-2,4-DCP with WSHM. Subtle differences in parameters describing 2,4-DCP mineralization curves were recorded for different soil-2,4-DCP contact times. Problems regarding the interpretation of mineralization data when assessing the bioavailability of toxic compounds are discussed. The lux-bioassay revealed a time-dependent reduction in 2,4-DCP bioavailability: after 7 d, less than 20% was bioavailable. However, GPC showed no quantitative difference in the amount of WSHM-associated 2,4-DCP over this time. These data suggest qualitative changes in the nature of the 2,4-DCP-WSHM association and that associated 2,4-DCP may exert a toxic effect. Although GPC distinguished between free- and WSHM-associated 2,4-DCP, it did not resolve the temporal shift in bioavailability revealed by the lux biosensor. These results stress that assessment of risk posed by chemicals must be considered using appropriate biological assays.

Biosensing 2,4-dichlorophenol toxicity during biodegradation by Burkholderia sp. RASC c2 in soil

Biodegradation of the model pollutant, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by Burkholderia sp. RASC c2, in contaminated soil was assessed by combining chemical analysis with a toxicity test using Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607. E. coli HB101 pUCD607 was previously marked with luxCDABE genes, encoding bacterial bioluminescence and was used as an alternative to Microtox. Mineralization of ¹⁴C-2,4-DCP (196.2 μg g^-1 dry wt) in soil occurred rapidly after a 24 h lag. Correspondingly, 2,4-DCP concentrations in soil and soil water extracts decreased with time and concentrations in the latter were at background levels (<0.12 μg mL^-1) after day 2. Toxicity of soil water extracts to the lux-based biosensor also decreased with time. Mean light output of E. coli was stimulated by ~1.5 X control values in soil water extracts when concentrations of 2,4-DCP were approaching the limit of detection by HPLC but returned to values equivalent to those of controls when soil water 2,4-DCP concentrations were below the detection limit. No mineralization or microbial growth was detected in noninoculated microcosms. 2,4-DCP concentration in sterile controls decreased significantly with time as did toxicity to E. coli Lux-based E. coli was a sensitive biosensor of 2,4-DCP toxicity during biodegradation and results complemented chemical analysis.

Addition stéréosélective de nucléophiles sur un centre acétal : synthèse de nucléosides 1’,2’-cis

Plusieurs analogues de nucléosides thérapeutiques (Ara-C, Clofarabine), utilisés pour le traitement de leucémies, présentent un arrangement 1’,2’-cis entre la nucléobase reliée au centre anomère et le substituant (électroattracteur) en C-2’. Récemment, notre laboratoire a développé une approche synthétique pour former sélectivement des analogues de nucléosides et de thionucléosides 1’,2’-trans et 1’,2’-cis à partir de précurseurs acycliques. Ce mémoire présente une nouvelle méthodologie pour accéder efficacement aux analogues de nucléosides 1’,2’-cis à partir de furanosides. Différents groupements en position anomérique ont été examinés, sous conditions cinétiques en utilisant le bromure de diméthylbore pour générer sélectivement des produits acycliques ou cycliques. Les intermédiaires cinétiques de différents furanosides de méthyle formés en présence de Me2BBr ont été piégés in situ par un thiol pour générer des thioacétals acycliques avec de bonnes voire d’excellentes diastéréosélectivités. Les produits générés sont en accord avec une rétention globale de l’information stéréochimique du centre acétal et deux déplacements SN2 consécutifs ont été suggérés pour rationaliser ces résultats. Toutefois, l’objectif de synthétiser des analogues de nucléosides à partir de furanosides de méthyle a échoué. Tel que démontré par le Dr Michel Prévost, l’activation par Me2BBr des lactols des quatres différents furanosides suivie d’une addition in situ d’une base silylée a permis de former diastéréosélectivement les analogues de nucléosides 1’,2’-cis correspondants avec d’excellents rendements. Nous avons démontré que d’autres substrats peuvent être employés et que l’induction stéréochimique est sous contrôle du substituant électroattracteur en C-2. D’autres acides de Lewis, tel que TMSBr, peuvent également être utilisés. Cette méthodologie a également été étendue à d’autres nucléophiles tels que des Grignards ou des éthers d’énols silylés, conduisant à de bonnes sélectivités.

Der Einfluss von Neuropeptid Y auf die Glukoseaufnahme im dorsalen Tectum opticum während visueller Stimulation der Unke Bombina orientalis: Quantitative Analyse mit Hilfe der 14C-2-Desoxiglukose-Technik

(1) Neuropeptid Y (NPY), einer der häufigsten peptidergen Neurotransmitter im zentralen und peripheren Nervensystem der Säuger, ist an der Steuerung zahlreicher physiologischer Prozesse beteiligt. Auch Amphibien weisen eine verstärkte NPY-Immunreaktivität im Zentralnervensystem auf. Im Hinblick auf bereits gewonnene Erkenntnisse sollte in der vorliegenden Arbeit eine Modulierbarkeit retino-tectaler Aktivität durch Neuropeptid Y an der chinesischen Rotbauchunke (Bombina orientalis) überprüft und erstmals mit Hilfe der 14[C]-2-Desoxiglukose-Methode (14C-2DG) (Sokoloff et al. 1977) quantitativ analysiert werden. Als Vergleichstier diente die Agakröte (Bufo marinus). Zur Darstellung eines möglichen Effektes auf das Tectum opticum wurde NPY lokal auf die tectale Oberfläche visuell stimulierter Rotbauchunken appliziert. Mit Hilfe der 14C-2DG-Methode und den daraus autoradiographisch ermittelten Daten konnten die zerebralen Aktivitäten visualisiert, quantitativ ausgewertet und miteinander verglichen werden. In einer weiteren Versuchsreihe wurde hinterfragt, welche inhibitorische Wirkung NPY entwickeln kann, wenn zuvor der retinale Input pharmakologisch durch systemische Gabe von Apomorphin (APO) signifikant erhöht wurde. (2) Die 14C-2DG-Methode erlaubt einen Blick in die funktionale Aktivität des Gehirns und ermöglicht es, regional ablaufende physiologische und biochemische Energiestoffwechselprozesse innerhalb des Gehirns quantitativ zu erfassen. Mit Hilfe der 14C-2DG-Methode werden die neuromodulatorischen Wirkungen von NPY kartiert und analysiert. (3) Versuchstiergruppe 1 – Bombina orientalis – unbehandelt Zur Beurteilung pharmakologischer Effekte durch NPY bzw. APO auf den Hirnmetabolismus war es zunächst erforderlich, die Gehirnaktivitäten pharmakologisch unbeeinflusster Tiere nach visueller Reizgabe zu untersuchen. Im Bereich des medialen Mesencephalon wurden die tectalen 14C-2DG-Konzentrationen über zehn Messreihen pro Einzeltier sowohl an der rechten als auch an der linken tectalen Hälfte auf Höhe des ventrolateralen Tectum opticum ermittelt. Beim rechts-links Vergleich zeigen sich gleich verteilte Strahlungsintensitäten. Basierend auf dieser Aussage konnte NPY unilateral auf die tectale Oberfläche aufgebracht und auf seine Wirkung geprüft werden. (4) Versuchstiergruppe 2 – Bombina orientalis – NPY-Applikation Der unilaterale Einsatz von NPY auf die tectale Oberfläche des Versuchstieres bewirkt, dass die unter dem Einfluss von NPY stehende tectale Hälfte, im Gegensatz zur unbehandelten tectalen Hälfte, einen deutlich niedrigeren 14C-2DG-Gebrauch aufweist. Besonders in den oberen Schichten des Tectum opticum (Layer 9) zeigt die 14C-2DG-Methode qualitativ und quantitativ auswertbare Aktivitätsminderungen an. (5) Verhalten unter NPY: Durchschnittlich nach 10 min Versuchsdauer zeigt Bombina orientalis eine deutliche Abnahme in der Beutefangaktivität, die sich gegen Ende der Versuchszeit noch weiter reduziert. (6) Versuchstiergruppe 3 – Bombina orientalis – APO-Applikation Systemisch verabreichtes APO führt bei Bombina orientalis zu einer Verstärkung des retinalen Ausganges in die retino-tectalen Projektionsfelder. Die neuronalen Aktivitäten im Tectum opticum erhöhen sich unter dem Einfluss von APO im Durchschnitt um 40% im Vergleich zu APO-unbehandelten Tieren. (7) Verhalten unter APO: Bombina orientalis zeigt nach systemischer Applikation von APO keine verstärkten stereotypen Schnappreaktionen. Die Tiere reagieren ausschließlich mit Akinese, d.h. einem Ausfall gerichteter Lokomotionen und Orientierungsbewegungen. (8) Versuchstiergruppe 4 – Bombina orientalis – APO/NPY-Applikation Die durch systemisch verabreichtes APO erhöhten retino-tectalen Aktivitäten im Tectum opticum werden unter dem unilateralen Einsatz von NPY deutlich abgeschwächt. Eindeutig niedrigere 14C-2DG-Aufnahmen sind in den oberen Schichten des Tectum opticum messbar, was die starke Wirkung von NPY quantitativ belegt. (9) Versuchstiergruppe 2 – Bufo marinus – NPY-Applikation Der unilaterale Einsatz von NPY auf die tectale Oberfläche von Bufo marinus zeigt ebenfalls, dass die unter dem Einfluss von NPY stehende tectale Hälfte, im Gegensatz zur unbehandelten tectalen Hälfte, einen deutlich niedrigeren 14C-2DG-Gebrauch aufweist. Bufo marinus zeigt aber aufgrund erweiterter Versuchsbedingungen (On-Off-Beleuchtungswechsel) anders verteilte Strahlungsintensitäten über dem Tectum-Querschnitt als Bombina orientalis. Stärkere [14C]-Akkumulationen zeigen sich in den tieferen zentralen Schichten des Tectum opticum. (10) Versuchstiergruppe 4 – Bufo marinus – APO/NPY-Applikation Auch die durch systemisch verabreichtes APO erhöhten retino-tectalen Aktivitäten im Tectum opticum von Bufo marinus werden unter dem unilateralen Einsatz von NPY deutlich abgeschwächt. (11) Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit leisten einen Beitrag zum Einfluss von NPY auf den retino-tectalen Informationstransfer bei Anuren im Sinne einer praetecto-tectalen inhibitorischen Modulation. Im Einklang mit früheren neuroanatomischen, immuncytochemischen und elektro-physiologischen Befunden liefern diese Ergebnisse erstmals ein biochemisches Korrelat auf der Basis des tectalen Energiestoffwechsels. (12) Es ist hervorzuheben, dass NPY-vermittelte inhibitorische Modulationen visuellen Informationstransfers in der vorliegenden Arbeit an Bombina orientalis nachgewiesen wurden, die phylogenetisch zu den ältesten Anuren (Anamnioten) gehört. Vergleichbares ist an verschiedenen Amnioten – einschließlich Primaten – beschrieben worden, was darauf hinweist, dass solche NPY-vermittelten Prozesse sich innerhalb der Tetrapoden relativ früh herausgebildet haben und in der Evolution konserviert worden sind.

Conformations of poly{G}-poly{C} π stacks with high hole mobility

Charge transfer properties of DNA depend strongly on the π stack conformation. In the present paper, we identify conformations of homogeneous poly-{G}-poly-{C} stacks that should exhibit high charge mobility. Two different computational approaches were applied. First, we calculated the electronic coupling squared, V2, between adjacent base pairs for all 1 ps snapshots extracted from 15 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of the duplex G15. The average value of the coupling squared 〈 V2 〉 is found to be 0.0065 eV2. Then we analyze the base-pair and step parameters of the configurations in which V2 is at least an order of magnitude larger than 〈 V2 〉. To obtain more consistent data, ∼65 000 configurations of the (G:C)2 stack were built using systematic screening of the step parameters shift, slide, and twist. We show that undertwisted structures (twist<20°) are of special interest, because the π stack conformations with strong electronic couplings are found for a wide range of slide and shift. Although effective hole transfer can also occur in configurations with twist=30° and 35°, large mutual displacements of neighboring base pairs are required for that. Overtwisted conformation (twist38°) seems to be of limited interest in the context of effective hole transfer. The results may be helpful in the search for DNA based elements for nanoelectronics

Ruthenium complexes of C,C '-bis(ethynyl)carboranes: an investigation of electronic interactions mediated by spherical pseudo-aromatic spacers

The complexes [Ru(1-C=C-1,10-C2B8H9)(dppe)Cp*] (3a), [Ru(1-C C-1,12-C2B10H11)(dppe)-Cp*] (3b), [{Ru(dppe)Cp*}(2){mu-1,10-(C C)(2)-1,10-C2B8H8}] (4a) and [{Ru(dppe)Cp*}(2){mu-1,12-(C C)2- 1,12-C2B10-H-10}] (4b), which form a representative series of mono- and bimetallic acetylide complexes featuring 10- and 12-vertex carboranes embedded within the dethynyl bridging ligand, have been prepared and structurally characterized. In addition, these compounds have been examined spectroscopically (UV-is-NIR, IR) in all accessible redox states. The significant separation of the two, one-electron anodic waves observed in the cyclic voltammograms of the bimetallic complexes 4a and 4b is largely independent of the nature of the electrolyte and is attributed to stabilization of the intermediate redox products [4a](+) and [4b](+) through interactions between the metal centers across a distance of ca. 12.5 angstrom. The mono-oxidized bimetallic complexes (4a](+) and [4b](+) exhibit spectroscopic properties consistent with a description of these species in terms of valence-localized (class II) mixed-valence compounds, including a unique low-energy electronic absorption band, attributed to an, IVCT-type transition that tails into the IR region. DFT calculations with model systems [4a-H](+) and [4b-H](+) featuring simplified ligand sets reproduce the observed spectroscopic data and localized electronic structures for the mixed-valence cations [4a](+) and [4b](+).

C-H...O hydrogen bonding in 4-phenyl-benzaldehyde: a comprehensive crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational study

The crystal structure of 4-phenyl-benzaldehyde reveals the presence of a dimer linked by the C=O and C( 9)-H groups of adjacent molecules. In the liquid phase, the presence of C-(HO)-O-... bonded forms is revealed by both vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. A Delta H value of - 8.2 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) for the dimerisation equilibrium is established from the temperature-dependent intensities of the bands assigned to the carbonyl-stretching modes. The NMR data suggest the preferential engagement of the C(2,6)-H and C(10/12)/C(11)-H groups as hydrogen bond donors, instead of the C(9)-H group. While ab initio calculations for the isolated dimers are unable to corroborate these NMR results, the radial distribution functions obtained from molecular dynamics simulations show a preference for C(2,6)-H and C(10/12)/C(11)-(HO)-O-... contacts relative to the C(9)-(HO)-O-... ones.

A role for adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein in collagen-induced platelet activation mediated via integrin α(2) β(1)

Platelet aggregation and phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 induced by collagen were attenuated in ADAP(-/-) platelets. However, aggregation and signaling induced by collagen-related peptide (CRP), a GPVI-selective agonist, were largely unaffected. Platelet adhesion to CRP was also unaffected by ADAP deficiency. Adhesion to the α(2) β(1) -selective ligand GFOGER and to a peptide (III-04), which supports adhesion that is dependent on both GPVI and α(2) β(1), was reduced in ADAP(-/-) platelets. An impedance-based label-free detection technique, which measures adhesion and spreading of platelets, indicated that, in the absence of ADAP, spreading on GFOGER was also reduced. This was confirmed with non-fluorescent differential-interference contrast microscopy, which revealed reduced filpodia formation in ADAP(-/-) platelets adherent to GFOGER. This indicates that ADAP plays a role in mediating platelet activation via the collagen-binding integrin α(2) β(1). In addition, we found that ADAP(-/-) mice, which are mildly thrombocytopenic, have enlarged spleens as compared with wild-type animals. This may reflect increased removal of platelets from the circulation.

CLEC-2 is not required for platelet aggregation at arteriolar shear

The C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2 is expressed primarily on the surface of platelets, where it is present as a dimer, and is found at low level on a subpopulation of other hematopoietic cells, including mouse neutrophils [1–4] Clustering of CLEC-2 by the snake venom toxin rhodocytin, specific antibodies or its endogenous ligand, podoplanin, elicits powerful activation of platelets through a pathway that is similar to that used by the collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) [4–6]. The cytosolic tail of CLEC-2 contains a conserved YxxL sequence preceded by three upstream acidic amino acid residues, which together form a novel motif known as a hemITAM. Ligand engagement induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the hemITAM sequence providing docking sites for the tandem-SH2 domains of the tyrosine kinase Syk across a CLEC-2 receptor dimer [3]. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk by Src family kinases and through autophosphorylation leads to stimulation of a downstream signaling cascade that culminates in activation of phospholipase C γ2 (PLCγ2) [4,6]. Recently, CLEC-2 has been proposed to play a major role in supporting activation of platelets at arteriolar rates of flow [1]. Injection of a CLEC-2 antibody into mice causes a sustained depletion of the C-type lectin receptor from the platelet surface [1]. The CLEC-2-depleted platelets were unresponsive to rhodocytin but underwent normal aggregation and secretion responses after stimulation of other platelet receptors, including GPVI [1]. In contrast, there was a marked decrease in aggregate formation relative to controls when CLEC-2-depleted blood was flowed at arteriolar rates of shear over collagen (1000 s−1 and 1700 s−1) [1]. Furthermore, antibody treatment significantly increased tail bleeding times and mice were unable to occlude their vessels after ferric chloride injury [1]. These data provide evidence for a critical role for CLEC-2 in supporting platelet aggregation at arteriolar rates of flow. The underlying mechanism is unclear as platelets do not express podoplanin, the only known endogenous ligand of CLEC-2. In the present study, we have investigated the role of CLEC-2 in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation using platelets from a novel mutant mouse model that lacks functional CLEC-2.

A note on finite determinacy for corank 2 map germs from surfaces to 3-space

We study properties of finitely determined corank 2 quasihomogeneous map germs f: (C(2), 0) -> (C(3), 0). Examples and counter examples of such map germs are presented.

Structural effects and hydrogen bonds on N,N `-di(methoxycarbonylsulfenyl)urea, [CH(3)OC(O)SNH](2)CO, studied by experimental and theoretical methods

Pure N,N`-di(methoxycarbonylsulfenyl)urea, [CH(3)OC(O)SNH](2)CO, is quantitatively prepared by the hydrolysis reaction of CH(3)OC(O)SNCO and characterized by (1)H NMR, GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. Structural and conformational properties are analyzed using a combined approach with data obtained from X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectra and theoretical calculation methods. The IR and Raman spectra for normal and deuterated species are reported. The crystal structure of [CH(3)OC(O)SNH](2)CO was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The substance crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2(1)2(1)2 space group with a = 9.524(2), b = 12.003(1), c = 4.481 (1) angstrom, and Z = 2 moieties in the unit cell. The molecule is sited on a twofold crystallographic axis (C(2)) parallel to c and shows the anti-anti conformation (S-N single bonds antiperiplanar with respect to the opposite C-N single bonds in sulfenyl-urea-sic group). Neighboring molecules are arranged in a chain motif that extends along the C(2)-axis and is held by bifurcated NH center dot center dot center dot O center dot center dot center dot HN intermolecular bonds. A local planar symmetry is observed in the crystal for the central -SN(H)C(O)N(H)S- skeleton. Experimental and calculated data allow to trace this structural feature to the occurrence of N-H center dot center dot center dot O=C hydrogen bonding interactions. Calculated vibrational and structural properties are in good agreement with the experimentally determined features. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.