Fatty acid production by four strains of Mucor hiemalis grown in plant oil and soluble carbohydrates

Four Mucor hiemalis strains (M1, M2, M3 and M4), isolated from soil at a depth of 0 - 15 cm in the Juréia-Itatins Ecology Station (JIES), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil and were evaluated for the production of γ-linolenic (GLA) and other unsaturated fatty acids. Five growth variables (temperature, pH, carbon source, nitrogen source, and vegetable oils) were studied. Liquid media containing 2% vegetable oil (palm oil, canola oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil) or 2% carbohydrate (fructose, galactose, glycerol, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, sorbitol or xylose) and 1% yeast extract as a nitrogen source were used. The greatest biomass production was observed with M3 and M4 strains in palm oil (91.5 g l -1) and sunflower oil (68.3 g l -1) media, respectively. Strain M4 produced greater quantities of polyunsaturated acids in medium containing glucose. The GLA production in the M4 biomass was 1,132.2 mg l -1 in glucose medium. Plant oils were inhibitors of fatty acid production by these strains. © 2007 Academic Journals.

Modo de cultivo e sanitização na pós-colheita de repolho híbrido 'Fuyutoyo'

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo do lodo gerado em reator biológico, pelo tratamento da água de produção do petróleo, no terminal marítimo Almirante Barroso, município de São Sebastião, SP visando sua disposição final

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Microbiologia Aplicada) - IBRC

Ozonated water and chlorine effects on the antioxidant properties of organic and conventional broccoli during postharvest

There is growing interest in studies on sanitizers other than chlorine that can maintain the quality of organic products without affecting their phytochemical content. The effects of using chlorinated and ozonized water treatments, as sanitizing procedures, on the post-harvest quality of organic and conventional broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) cv. Italica was evaluated. The biochemical parameters (chlorophyll, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity) of the broccoli samples were analyzed at day (C) (arrival of the plant from the field, original features), and 1, 4 and 7 days after harvest. The polyamine analysis was performed on arrival of the plant from the field and on the first and seventh days. The cultivation procedure influenced polyphenol, vitamin C and total chlorophyll content, and the highest value was observed in organic broccoli after the fourth day. Flavenoid content was higher in organic broccoli. The use of ozone appears not to have had an influence on the amount of polyphenolic, flavonoids and vitamin C during storage. Total chlorophyll content was less affected by ozonized water than by the chlorine treatment as at the first and fourth days of storage. The highest content of putrescine was found in conventional broccoli, while the highest levels of spermidine and spermine were found in organic broccoli. Antioxidant capacity was highest in organic broccoli after day 4 of storage and was affected by the bioactive compounds analyzed. Methods of cultivation influenced natural antioxidant and chlorophyll contents in broccoli under cold storage.

Determinación de nitratos en vegetales : comparación de cuatro métodos analíticos

Para la cuantificación de nitratos hay numerosas técnicas y no existe entre los analistas unanimidad en la selección de la más adecuada. Por tal motivo, se compararon cuatro métodos para la determinación de nitratos en muestras vegetales con el fin de evaluar la correlación entre los mismos y establecer pautas para su utilización. Se utilizaron 690 muestras de lechuga (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata), pertenecientes a los tipos arrepollado y mantecoso, recolectadas a lo largo de un año en el Mercado Cooperativo de Guaymallén (Mendoza, Argentina). Según los tenores de nitratos encontrados en la población estudiada se efectuó un sub-muestreo aleatorio estratificado proporcional para lograr un número de muestras que representaran la variabilidad del total de la población. Se utilizaron cuatro métodos para la determinación de nitratos: 1. destilación por arrastre con vapor, considerado como método de referencia 2. colorimetría por nitración con ácido salicílico 3. colorimetría modificada 4. potenciometría con electrodo selectivo Se probaron diferentes modelos de regresión entre el método de referencia y los otros tres, siendo el lineal el que mejor se ajustó en todos los casos. Los métodos estudiados tuvieron comportamiento semejante. La mayor correlación (r2 = 93 %) se observó entre la destilación por arrastre con vapor y la potenciometría; no obstante, los restantes también presentaron alta correlación. Consecuentemente, la elección del procedimiento analítico dependerá principalmente del número de muestras a analizar, del tiempo requerido por el análisis y del costo del mismo.

Diatom deposits in the ostpreußischen Haffe

Als man nach dem ersten Weltkrieg im verkleinerten Deutschland nach der Möglichkeit von Neulandgewinnung suchte, dachte man auch an eineTrockenlegung der ostpreußischen Haffe. Aus diesem Anlaß wurden umfangreiche Bohrungen ausgeführt, um ein möglichst genaues Bild vom Untergrunde der Haffe zu bekommen. Auf Veranlassung der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt wurde ich mit der Untersuchung der Diatomeen in den Bohrproben beauftragt. Die Arbeit wurde 1934 begonnen und Ende 1937 wurde der letzte Arbeitsbericht abgeliefert. Die beabsichtigte Veröffentlichung ist bisher unterblieben, weil die Druckvorlagen später verloren gegangen sind. Seitdem sind über die Haffuntersuchungen mehrere Teilergebnisse veröffentlicht worden, von denen hier schon wegen der Terminologie die pollenanalytischen Arbeiten von L. HEIN (1941) und HUGO GROSS (1941) erwähnt seien, auf die im Abschnitt Il 2e näher eingegangen wird. Bei der geologischen Auswertung war Zurückhaltung geboten; denn es wäre gewagt, allein aus der Perspektive der Diatomeenforschung endgültige Aussagen machen zu wollen. Darum habe ich mich bemüht, das Material so weit aufzuschließen, daß es Geologen später auch bei veränderter Fragestellung auswerten können. "Die Theorien wechseln, aber die Tatsachen bleiben." Der Initiative des Herrn Prof. Dr. K. GRIPP und der finanziellen Hilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft ist es zu verdanken, daß die vorliegende Arbeit im Druck erscheinen kann. Zusammenfassung 1. Nur in den alluvialen Schichten des Kurischen Haffs wurden Diatomeen gefunden. 2. Die Diatomeenflora des Kurischen Haffs besteht zur Hauptsache aus Süßwasserformen. 3. Salzwasserformen finden sich in allen Schichten verstreut unter der Süßwasserflora. Wenn sie auch nach Zahl der Arten in manchen Proben einen erheblichen Prozentsatz der Flora ausmachen, so ist doch die Zahl der Individuen stets so gering, daß man nirgends von einer Brackwasserflora sprechen kann. 4. Die Süßwasserflora besteht in den unteren Schichten vorwiegend aus Grundformen; und zwar machen die epiphytischen Bewohner flacher Sumpfgewässer einen großen Teil der Flora aus. 5. In einzelnen Bohrungen kommt in den untersten alluvialen Schichten eine Grundflora mit zahlreichen Mastogloien vor. Dies sind die ältesten diatomeenführenden Schichten, entstanden in isolierten Sumpfgewässern. 6. Die übrigen Schichten mit überwiegender Grundflora sind vermutlich Ablagerungen der Ancyluszeit. 7. Die oberen Schichten, in denen die Planktondiatomeen überwiegen, dürften größtenteils der Litorina-Transgressionszeit angehören, jedoch ist der Transgressions-Kontakt nicht klar zu erkennen. 8. Das Ende der Litorinazeit ist noch weniger erkennbar, da eine grundsätzliche Veränderung der Flora nach oben nicht zu beobachten ist. 9. Die ostbaltischen Charakterformen sind in allen Schichten vertreten.

Abiotic characteristics and diatom abundance and biomass in different sectors of the Argentinien Shelf and antartic waters

A large spatial scale study of the diatom species inhabiting waters from the subantarctic (Argentine shelf) to antarctic was made for the first time in order to understand the relationships between these two regions with regard to the fluctuations in diatom abundances in relation with environmental features, their floristic associations and the effect of the Polar Front as a biogeographic barrier. Species-specific diatom abundance, nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentration were assessed from 64 subsurface oceanographic stations carried out during the austral summer 2002, a period characterized by an anomalous sea-ice coverage corresponding to a ''warm year". Significant relationships of both diatom density and biomass with chlorophyll-a (positive) and water temperature (negative) were found for the study area as a whole. Within the Subantarctic region, diatom density and biomass values were more uniform and significantly (in average: 35 and 11 times) lower than those of the Antarctic region, and did not correlate with chlorophyll-a. In antarctic waters, instead, biomass was directly related with chlorophyll-a, thus confirming the important contribution of diatoms to the Antarctic phytoplanktonic stock. A total of 167 taxa were recorded for the entire study area, with Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira being the best represented genera. Species richness was maximum in subantarctic waters (46; Argentine shelf) and minimum in the Antarctic region (21; Antarctic Peninsula), and showed a significant decrease with latitude. Floristic associations were examined both qualitatively (Jaccard Index) and quantitatively (correlation) by cluster analyses and results allowed differentiating a similar number of associations (12 vs. 13, respectively) and two main groups of stations. In the Drake Passage, the former revealed that the main floristic change was found at the Polar Front, while the latter reflected the Southern ACC Front as a main boundary, and yielded a higher number of isolated sites, most of them located next to different Antarctic islands. Such differences are attributed to the high relative density of Fragilariopsis kerguelensis in Argentine shelf and Drake Passage waters and of Porosira glacialis and species of Chaetoceros and Thalasiosira in the Weddell Sea and near the Antarctic Peninsula. From a total of 84 taxa recorded in antarctic waters, only 17 were found exclusively in this region, and the great majority (67) was also present in subantarctic waters but in extremely low (< 1 cell/l) concentrations, probably as a result of expatriation processes via the ACC-Malvinas Current system. The present results were compared with those of previous studies on the Antarctic region with respect to both diatom associations in regular vs. atypically warm years, and the distribution and abundance of some selected planktonic species reported for surface sediments.

Pollen and diatom analysis on varved sediments in Lake Jues (Harz Mountains, Germany)

Studies combining sedimentological and biological evidence to reconstruct Holocene climate beyond the major changes, and especially seasonality, are rare in Europe, and are nearly completely absent in Germany. The present study tries to reconstruct changes of seasonality from evidence of annual algal successions within the framework of well-established pollen zonation and 14C-AMS dates from terrestrial plants. Laminated Holocene sediments in Lake Jues (10°20.70' E, 51°39.30' N, 241 m a.s.l.), located at the SW margin of the Harz Mountains, central Germany, were studied for sediment characteristics, pollen, diatoms and coccal green algae. An age model is based on 21 calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates from terrestrial plants. The sedimentary record covers the entire Holocene period. Trophic status and circulation/stagnation patterns of the lake were inferred from algal assemblages, the subannual structure of varves and the physico-chemical properties of the sediment. During the Holocene, mixing conditions alternated between di-, oligo- and meromictic depending on length and variability of spring and fall periods, and the stability of winter and summer weather. The trophic state was controlled by nutrient input, circulation patterns and the temperature-dependent rates of organic production and mineralization. Climate shifts, mainly in phase with those recorded from other European regions, are inferred from changing limnological conditions and terrestrial vegetation. Significant changes occurred at 11,600 cal. yr. BP (Preboreal warming), between 10,600 and 10,100 cal. yr. BP (Boreal cooling), and between 8,400 and 4,550 cal. yr. BP (warm and dry interval of the Atlantic). Since 4,550 cal. yr. BP the climate became gradually cooler, wetter and more oceanic. This trend was interrupted by warmer and dryer phases between 3,440 and 2,850 cal. yr. BP and, likely, between 2,500 and 2,250 cal. yr. BP.

Structure, Properties, and Tissue Localization of Apoplastic α-Glucosidase in Crucifers1

Apoplastic α-glucosidases occur widely in plants but their function is unknown because appropriate substrates in the apoplast have not been identified. Arabidopsis contains at least three α-glucosidase genes; Aglu-1 and Aglu-3 are sequenced and Aglu-2 is known from six expressed sequence tags. Antibodies raised to a portion of Aglu-1 expressed in Escherichia coli recognize two proteins of 96 and 81 kD, respectively, in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), and mustard (Brassica napus L.). The acidic α-glucosidase activity from broccoli flower buds was purified using concanavalin A and ion-exchange chromatography. Two active fractions were resolved and both contained a 96-kD immunoreactive polypeptide. The N-terminal sequence from the 96-kD broccoli α-glucosidase indicated that it corresponds to the Arabidopsis Aglu-2 gene and that approximately 15 kD of the predicted N terminus was cleaved. The 81-kD protein was more abundant than the 96-kD protein, but it was not active with 4-methylumbelliferyl-α-d-glucopyranoside as the substrate and it did not bind to concanavalin A. In situ activity staining using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-α-d-glucopyranoside revealed that the acidic α-glucosidase activity is predominantly located in the outer cortex of broccoli stems and in vascular tissue, especially in leaf traces.

Biological Atlas of the Arctic Seas 2000: Physical oceanography, hydrochemistry, meteorology, and plankton of the Barents and Kara Seas

Presented are physical and biological data for the region extending from the Barents Sea to the Kara Sea during 158 scientific cruises for the period 1913-1999. Maps with the temporal distribution of physical and biological variables of the Barents and Kara Seas are presented, with proposed quality control criteria for phytoplankton and zooplankton data. Changes in the plankton community structure between the 1930s, 1950s, and 1990s are discussed. Multiple tables of Arctic Seas phytoplankton and zooplankton species are presented, containing ecological and geographic characteristics for each species, and images of live cells for the dominant phytoplankton species.

Teor de clorofila na couve-flor em função de fontes e doses de boro.

O boro (B) é um dos micronutrientes mais importantes na cultura da couve flor (Brassica oleracea) sendo a sua deficiência comum nesta espécie, causando sintomas característicos e severos, inviabilizando em alguns casos a produção de inflorescências comercializáveis. De maneira geral, a couve-flor responde à adubação boratada e a intensidade da resposta esta relacionada ao teor do nutriente no solo, tipo de solo e a cultivar. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adubação com fontes e doses de B via solo na cultura da couve-flor, foi realizado um experimento em ambiente protegido na Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com quatro repetições num fatorial 4 x 2, sendo quatro doses de B (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg kg-1) e duas fontes de B [ácido bórico (17% de B) e Solubor® (21% de B)]. A semeadura da cultivar Piracicaba Precoce foi realizada em vasos de 3,0 L preenchidos com solo. Antes da semeadura foi realizada a calagem para elevar a saturação por bases a 70%. A adubação de semeadura foi realizada com uma solução completa N (150 mg L-1), P K (100 mg L-1), Cu (1,5 mg L-1), Zn (5 mg L-1) e Fe Mn (2,5 mg L-1). A adubação com B foi realizada no solo via solução logo após a semeadura. A adubação com N e K foi parcelada, sendo ½ na semeadura e ½ em cobertura aos 15 dias após a semeadura. Avaliou-se o teor de clorofila, determinado indiretamente no terço médio da folha mais desenvolvida, aos 45 dias após a semeadura, por meio de leituras SPAD com auxílio de um clorofilômetro digital (Minolta 502). Os maiores teores de clorofila nas folhas de couve flor foram observados na aplicação de ácido bórico, entretanto, não houve diferença significativa entre as doses de B. Conclui-se que independente da dose de B, a adubação com boro via solo na forma de ácido bórico aumentou o teor de clorofila das folhas de couve flor Piracicaba Precoce.

Fontes e doses de boro no desenvolvimento vegetativo da couve-flor.

A couve-flor (Brassica oleracea) faz parte de um grupo de plantas exigentes em boro (B), necessitando de boa disponibilidade, que muitas vezes pode não ser suprido suficientemente pela matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Existe uma série de variáveis com distintas respostas a adubações com B, principalmente nas relacionadas ao tipo de solo, teor de argila, cultivar, diferentes fontes de nutrientes. A deficiência nutricional causa sintomas característicos da espécie, resultando em danos como a má formação do caule, folhas e inflorescências. No caso desta ultima, podendo inviabilizar a comercialização das mesmas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a couve-flor, sob a aplicação de duas fontes de B, sendo ácido bórico e solubor®, com aplicação de cinco doses. Experimento conduzido sob ambiente protegido, na Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo, cinco doses de (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mg kg-1 de solo) e duas fontes de B [ácido bórico (17% de B) e solubor® (21% de B)]. A semeadura da cultivar ?Piracicaba Precoce? foi realizada em vasos de 3,0 litros de capacidade, preenchidos com um solo de textura argilosa com 520 g kg-1 de argila. Antes da semeadura foi realizada a calagem para elevar a saturação por bases a 70%. A adubação de semeadura foi realizada com uma solução completa N (150 mg L-1), P e K (100 mg L-1), Cu (1,5 mg L-1), Zn (5 mg L-1) e Fe e Mn (2,5 mg L-1). A adubação com B foi realizada no solo via solução logo após a semeadura, enquanto a com N e K foi parcelada, sendo ½ na semeadura e ½ em cobertura aos 15 dias após a primeira. Avaliaram-se aos 90 dias após a semeadura, a altura da planta, a partir do nível do solo até a inserção da ultima folha, a massa fresca e massa seca das plantas de couve-flor. Não houve diferença significativa na altura de plantas. Os maiores valores de massa fresca e massa seca das plantas de couve-flor foram obtidos nas aplicações de ácido bórico (H3BO3), independente da dose utilizada.

Natural parasitism of lepidopteran eggs by Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in agricultural crops in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The genus Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) includes insect egg parasitoids that are widely used throughout the world as control agents of pest insects. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Trichogramma naturally associated with the eggs of lepidopteran pests of the following agricultural and horticultural crops: collards, Brassica oleracea L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae); papaya, Carica papaya L. (Capparales: Caricaceae); tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanales: Solanaceae); cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae); banana, Musa sp. L. (Zingiberales: Musaceae); passion fruit, Passiflora sp. Degener (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae); sugarcane, Saccharum sp. L. (Poales: Poaceae); and corn (maize), Zea mays L. (Poales: Poaceae); and an invasive species (Sodom?s apple milkweed, Calotropis procera Aiton; Gentianales: Apocynaceae) in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We report natural parasitism by Trichogramma in eggs of Agraulis vanillae vanillae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Antichloris eriphia F. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), Danaus sp. (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Diatraea saccharalis F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Erinnyis ello L. (Lepidopera: Sphingidae), and Protambulyx strigilis L. (Lepidopera: Sphingidae). In total, 2,242 specimens of Trichogramma were obtained, belonging to the species T. pretiosum Riley, T. manicobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, T. marandobai Brun, Moraes & Soares, and T. galloi Zucchi. These species of Trichogramma may be candidates for biological control programs of lepidopteran pests in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais and in other semiarid regions.

Eficiência do processo de recobrimento de sementes de brócolos recobertas com polímero em leito de jorro

Broccoli seeds were coated in a conical-cylindrical spouted bed with an aqueous suspension of hydroxy ethyl cellulose aiming to improve the seeds coating technique using a fluid-dynamic process. An experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of the operating variables: gas temperature, atomizing air pressure and suspension flow rate on the germination of the seeds and on the process efficiency. Results indicated that the operating variables affect both the coating process efficiency and the germination ability. However, the analysis didn t identify differences between the germination potential of coated and uncoated seeds. Coated seeds absorbed up to 10 percent less moisture than the uncoated ones, when the environment temperature and humidity were controlled over a period of time.

Estudo do potencial antioxidante de vegetais em produção aquapónica

Dissertação de Mestrado, Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar, 14 de Dezembro de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.