小檗科：花发育形态学、胚胎学和系统学

小檗科是毛茛类的核心成员之一，属于较原始的被子植物类群。目前有关该科在毛茛类的系统位置还没有一致的意见。一种观点认为它与毛茛科有密切关系，属于本目中较原始的一支;另一些学者则根据小檗科与罂粟科在心皮结构上的相似性提出它们有较近的亲缘关系，并可能在毛茛类中处于较高的演化水平上。小檗科的范畴与科内系统至今仍存在着较大争论。自本世纪初以来已有若干系统发表，其中有的采取广义小檗科的概念，而有的则分别成立2-4个科。在生殖结构演化方面，有关小檗科植物花的一些形态学本质，如花基数、蜜腺来源、心皮性质等仍有待揭示。因此，有必要对该科的结构、分化和系统发育进行深入的研究。 本研究首次报导了小檗科9属植物的花部形态发生、10属植物胚胎发育、9属植物的种皮纹饰和八角莲属与桃儿七属的rbcL基因全序列。并综合已有的研究资料，对小檗科的系统学问题进行了讨论。主要实验结果及结论如下： 1花部形态发生 小檗科植物典型花部形态为三数轮列、雄蕊与花瓣对生、单生心皮、侧生胎座。花器官发育的独特性状包括雄蕊与花瓣以共同原基方式发生;心皮原基环形、周缘组织等速向上发育而建成瓶状心皮，不形成腹缝线。我们认为，三基数在小檗科植物中可能是共同起源的，为典型轮列花;花瓣（蜜腺叶）来源于花瓣一雄蕊共同原基，而小檗属、十大功劳属、兰山草属花瓣上的小囊状蜜腺是其本身的附属结构，与雄蕊无关;雄蕊与花瓣对生来源于雄蕊一花瓣共同原基的发生方式;小檗科的心皮发生方式在毛茛类中是独特的，它不同于Hell (1981，198 3)描述的囊状心皮． 2胚胎学 小檗科植物的主要胚胎学性状有：腺质绒毡层，药室内壁带状加厚，2细胞花粉粒，胚珠具双珠被、厚珠心，珠孔由内外珠被组成，直线型大孢子4分体，蓼型、稀待宵草型（红毛七属）或葱型（桃儿七属）胚囊，反足细胞宿存，核型胚乳，柳叶草型或茄型胚胎发生。根据小檗科各属植物的胚胎学与种皮表面雕纹性状的分化，小檗科可以划分为：南天竹属，小檗属一十大功劳属，红毛七属一牡丹草属一狮足草属，山荷叶属一八角莲属一桃儿七属一足叶草属，淫羊藿属一鲜黄连属5个属群。说明胚胎学性状对揭示本科植物属间及属群间系统关系有较大的价值。 3分子数据 利用本研究测得的八角莲属、桃儿七属rbcL基因序列，结合从GenBank中得到的小檗科其他9属、毛茛科（4属）、防己科（2属）和木通科（1属）的rbcL序列，用PAUP软件进行分支分析。支持广义小檗科是单系类群的观点;．山荷叶属、八角莲属和桃儿七属构成的分支得到Bootstrap分析的完全支持(100%)，3属植物是科内的一个自然类群;具x=6染色体基数的草本属间存在密切关系(90%);十大功劳属与兰山草属近缘(73%);南天竹属与红毛七属可能有一定联系(53%)。 4系统排列 广义小檗科(17属)为一单系类群得到本研究所获得的花形态发生、胚胎学和分子证据支持;综合各学科的研究结果提出小檗科分5族系统的建议．其系统排列为：1).南天竹族，含南天竹属1属．2).小檗族，分小檗亚族（小檗属、十大功劳属）和兰山草亚族（草本的兰山草属），共3属．3).狮足草族，含红毛七属、狮足草属和牡丹草属3属。4）．足叶草族，分足叶草亚族（足叶草属、八角莲属与桃儿七属）和山荷叶亚族（山荷叶属），共4属．5).淫羊藿族，分淫羊藿亚族(淫羊藿属、 Vancou ver ia、Jef fersonia、鲜黄连属与Bongardia)和裸花草亚族（裸花草属），共6属。 5系统位置 根据小檗科花形态发生的独特性状，如心皮瓶状发育、雄蕊一花瓣以共同原基发生、二者对生、花药瓣裂和分子系统学的结果，以及据已有资料比较，小檗科在毛茛目中的特征较独特，与毛茛科的关系较远。支持小檗科提升为目的处理。

爬行动物cathelicidin抗菌肽及衍生物及其应用

本发明提供了来源于爬行动物的爬行动物cathelicidin抗菌肽，所述抗菌肽具有选自序列表SEQ ID NO：1所示的氨基酸序列，本发明还涉及其衍生物以及其应用。爬行动物 cathelicidin抗菌肽及其衍生物具有抗细菌和抗真菌性质，尤其是对临床耐药细菌有很好的抑制作用，且具有结构简单、人工合成方便、抗菌谱系广的有益特点。它们可以应用于抗微生物感染制剂的制备，用于人和动物的治疗。

PH-dependent leaching behaviour and other performance properties of cement-treated mixed contaminated soil

Portland cement has been widely used for stabilisation/solidification (S/S) treatment of contaminated soils. However, there is a dearth of literature on pH-dependent leaching of contaminants from cement-treated soils. This study investigates the leachability of Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from a mixed contaminated soil. A sandy soil was spiked with 3000 mg/kg each of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, and 10,000 mg/kg of diesel, and treated with ordinary Portland cement (CEM I). Four different binder dosages, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (m/m) and different water contents ranging from 13%-19% dry weight were used in order to find a safe operating envelope for the treatment process. The pH-dependent leaching behaviour of the treated soil was monitored over an 84-day period using a 3-point acid neutralisation capacity (ANC) test. The monolithic leaching test was also conducted. Geotechnical properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), hydraulic conductivity and porosity were assessed over time. The treated soils recorded lower leachate concentrations of Ni and Zn compared to the untreated soil at the same pH depending on binder dosage. The binder had problems with Pb stabilisation and TPH leachability was independent of pH and binder dosage. The hydraulic conductivity of the mixes was generally of the order, 10-8 m/sec, while the porosity ranged from 26%-44%. The results of selected performance properties are compared with regulatory limits and the range of operating variables that lead to acceptable performance described. © 2012 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

三种鱼的磷排泄及其在微型生态系统磷再循环中的作用

在考查罗非鱼或鲢、鳙下行影响的微型生态系统实验后期 ,对三种鱼的特定正磷酸盐 (PO4 P)排泄率进行了测定 ,并且估算了系统中实验鱼的PO4 P排泄率。结果表明 ,在个体大小相同的情况下 ,罗非鱼的特定PO4 P排泄率明显地高于链、鳙 ,似乎同它们的食物含磷量无关而由其体组织含磷量所决定 ;放养罗非鱼的系统中鱼的PO4 P排泄率比放养链、鳙的系统平均高 2倍多 ,其磷排泄对浮游植物的PO4 P供给率分别为 10 0 %— 15 8%和 6 1%—7 5 %。根据有鱼系统中PO4 P的供求关系和实验结束时

Synchronization with partial state feedback on SO(n)

In this paper we consider the problem of constructing a distributed feedback law to achieve synchronization for a group of k agents whose states evolve on SO(n) and which exchange only partial state information along communication links. The partial state information is given by the action of the state on reference vectors in ℝn. We propose a gradient based control law which achieves exponential local convergence to a synchronization configuration under a rank condition on a generalized Laplacian matrix. Furthermore, we discuss the case of time-varying reference vectors and provide a convergence result for this case. The latter helps reach synchronization, requiring less communication links and weaker conditions on the instantaneous reference vectors. Our methods are illustrated on an attitude synchronization problem where agents exchange only their relative positions observed in the respective body frames. ©2009 IEEE.

Effects of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on the growth performance, immune and stress response in juvenile Leiocassis longirostris Gunther exposed to ammonia

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental ascorbic acid (AA) on the feed intake, growth, serum lysozyme, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and handling stress response in Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris Gunther) exposed to three levels of unionized ammonia nitrogen (UIA-N). Juvenile Chinese longsnout catfish were reared in 54 fibreglass tanks with a 3 x 3 factorial design treatment consisting of three supplemental AA levels in ascorbyl 2-monophosphate (38, 364 and 630 mg AA equivalent kg(-1) diet) and three UIA-N concentrations [0.004 (the control), 0.037 and 0.292 mg L-1]. The fish were sampled on the 11th, 32nd and 60th day. On the 62nd day, the remaining fish were subjected to an acute stress by being held in a dipnet out of water for 60 s, and sampled at 30 min post handling. The results showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) in 32 days significantly decreased with increased water UIA-N (P=0.0476) but was not affected by dietary supplemental AA (P > 0.05). After 60 days, SGR, feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) significantly increased with increased dietary supplemental AA (P < 0.001) while remaining unaffected by water UIA-N (P > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between dietary AA and UIA-N for growth responses (P > 0.05). The serum lysozyme activity on the 11th day and the hepatic SOD activity on the 32nd day were significantly affected at high (0.292 mg L-1) water UIA-N. On the 62nd day, the increase in cortisol resulting from acute stress significantly decreased by higher UIA-N (P=0.038). It is suggested that Chinese longsnout catfish displayed an adaptive response after long-term UIA-N exposure, and AA had beneficial effects on the growth and feed intake of catfish and alleviated the negative effects of chronic ammonia stress. A chronically higher ammonia level shows a tendency to inhibit the cortisol response to another acute stressor.

Sequence variations of the S7 ribosomal protein gene in primitive cyprinid fishes: Implication on phylogenetic analysis

Cyprinidae is the largest fish family in the world and contains about 210 genera and 2010 species. Appropriate DNA markers must be selected for the phylogenetic analyses of Cyprinidae. In present study, the 1st intron of the S7 ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene is first used to examine the relationships among cyprinid fishes. The length of the 1st intron obtained by PCR amplification ranges from 655 to 859 by in the 16 cyprinid species investigated, and is 602 by in Myxocyprinus asiaticus. Out of the alignment of 925 nucleotide sites obtained, the parsimony informative sites are 499 and occupy 54% of the total sites. The results indicate that the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are rich in informative sites and vary remarkably in sequence divergence from 2.3% between close species to 66.6% between distant species. The bootstrap values of the interior nodes in the NJ (neighbor-joining) and MP (most-parsimony) trees based on the present S7 r-protein gene data are higher than those based on cytochrome b and the d-loop region respectively. Therefore, the 1st intron sequences of the S7 r-protein gene in cyprinids are sensitive enough for phylogenetic analyses, and the 1st intron is an appropriate genetic marker for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the taxa in different cyprinid subfamilies. However, attempts to discuss whether the present S7 r-protein gene data can be applied to the phylogeny of the taxa at the level of the family or the higher categories in Cypriniformes need further studies.

In vitro culture of embryonic hearts from guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata)

Forty embryonic hearts were taken out by anatomical needle from denuded embryos of the ovoviviparity guppy fish that were dechorioned by mechanic method or by trypsin digestion, and were in vitro cultured. In the cultured hearts, 80% have maintained beating in vitro for 4 weeks, and the longest record for beating was 142 d. Owing to fish embryo transparency, beating frequency and blood color changes are easily viewed from the embryonic hearts under a dissecting microscope. The current study established the in vitro culture method of embryonic hearts in guppy fish, which can be used as a model for the study of heart and cardiovascular system in vertebrates.

利用代理签名构造基于身份的优化公平交换协议

为公平交换协议引入了一个自然的范例——基于身份的部分代理签名,给出其形式化的安全模型,同时提出了一个高效可证安全的部分代理签名方案.这是一个完全基于身份的优化公平交换协议.与以前协议不同的是,该方案没有使用任何零知识证明,有效地避免了大量计算.

金膜上亚波长周期性孔阵的模拟与研制

分析了980 nm���长的光在透过制作在金膜上的亚波长周期性孔阵时的透射增强现象.通过建立中心带缺陷孔的三角晶格的孔阵模型,并采用三维时域有限差分方法对该模型的透射情况进行模拟分析.结果表明通过优化孔阵周期参数可以对特定波长的光实现一定程度的选择透过性.当孔阵周期为450 nm,中心缺陷孔径为400 nm,孔阵中单个孔孔径为150 nm���,980 nm���跃光透过该孔阵时具有明显的透射增强效应,并且距孔阵表面3μm���远场光斑尺寸被局限在亚波长尺度(880 nm).研究了使用聚焦离子束在金膜上制备孔阵的工艺,成功研制了与没计尺寸一致的孔阵.这种孔阵可以集成在980 nm���直腔面发射激光器上,用于改善器件的远场光学特性.