Simulation of crop yields using ERA-40: Limits to skill and nonstationarity in weather-yield relationships

Reanalysis data provide an excellent test bed for impacts prediction systems. because they represent an upper limit on the skill of climate models. Indian groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields have been simulated using the General Large-Area Model (GLAM) for annual crops and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 40-yr reanalysis (ERA-40). The ability of ERA-40 to represent the Indian summer monsoon has been examined. The ability of GLAM. when driven with daily ERA-40 data, to model both observed yields and observed relationships between subseasonal weather and yield has been assessed. Mean yields "were simulated well across much of India. Correlations between observed and modeled yields, where these are significant. are comparable to correlations between observed yields and ERA-40 rainfall. Uncertainties due to the input planting window, crop duration, and weather data have been examined. A reduction in the root-mean-square error of simulated yields was achieved by applying bias correction techniques to the precipitation. The stability of the relationship between weather and yield over time has been examined. Weather-yield correlations vary on decadal time scales. and this has direct implications for the accuracy of yield simulations. Analysis of the skewness of both detrended yields and precipitation suggest that nonclimatic factors are partly responsible for this nonstationarity. Evidence from other studies, including data on cereal and pulse yields, indicates that this result is not particular to groundnut yield. The detection and modeling of nonstationary weather-yield relationships emerges from this study as an important part of the process of understanding and predicting the impacts of climate variability and change on crop yields.

Quantification of physical and biological uncertainty in the simulation of the yield of a tropical crop using present-day and doubled CO2 climates

The impacts of climate change on crop productivity are often assessed using simulations from a numerical climate model as an input to a crop simulation model. The precision of these predictions reflects the uncertainty in both models. We examined how uncertainty in a climate (HadAM3) and crop General Large-Area Model (GLAM) for annual crops model affects the mean and standard deviation of crop yield simulations in present and doubled carbon dioxide (CO2) climates by perturbation of parameters in each model. The climate sensitivity parameter (lambda, the equilibrium response of global mean surface temperature to doubled CO2) was used to define the control climate. Observed 1966-1989 mean yields of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in India were simulated well by the crop model using the control climate and climates with values of lambda near the control value. The simulations were used to measure the contribution to uncertainty of key crop and climate model parameters. The standard deviation of yield was more affected by perturbation of climate parameters than crop model parameters in both the present-day and doubled CO2 climates. Climate uncertainty was higher in the doubled CO2 climate than in the present-day climate. Crop transpiration efficiency was key to crop model uncertainty in both present-day and doubled CO2 climates. The response of crop development to mean temperature contributed little uncertainty in the present-day simulations but was among the largest contributors under doubled CO2. The ensemble methods used here to quantify physical and biological uncertainty offer a method to improve model estimates of the impacts of climate change.

Diversity of cultivars and other plant resources used at habitation sites in the Llanos de Mojos, Beni, Bolivia: Evidence from macrobotanical remains, starch grains, and phytoliths

Although sparsely populated today, the Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia, sustained large sedentary societies in the Late Holocene (ca. 500 to 1400 AD). In order to gain insight into the subsistence of these people, we undertook macrobotanical and phytolith analyses of sediment samples, and starch grain and phytolith analyses of artifact residues, from four large habitation sites within this region. Macrobotanical remains show the presence of maize (Zea mays), squash (Cucurbita sp.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium sp.), and palm fruits (Arecaceae). Microbotanical results confirm the widespread use of maize at all sites, along with manioc (Manihot esculenta), squash, and yam (Dioscorea sp.). These integrated results present the first comprehensive archaeobotanical evidence of the diversity of plants cultivated, processed, and consumed, by the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Amazonian lowlands of Bolivia.

Effect of Three Methods for Cleaning Dentures on Biofilms Formed In Vitro on Acrylic Resin

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three denture hygiene methods against different microbial biofilms formed on acrylic resin specimens. Materials and methods: The set (sterile stainless steel basket and specimens) was contaminated (37 degrees C for 48 hours) by a microbial inoculum with 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml (standard strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis; field strains: S. mutans, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis). After inoculation, specimens were cleansed by the following methods: (1) chemical: immersion in an alkaline peroxide solution (Bonyplus tablets) for 5 minutes; (2) mechanical: brushing with a dentifrice for removable prostheses (Dentu Creme) for 20 seconds; and (3) a combination of chemical and mechanical methods. Specimens were applied onto a Petri plate with appropriate culture medium for 10 minutes. Afterward, the specimens were removed and the plates incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Results: Chemical, mechanical, and combination methods showed no significant difference in the reduction of CFU for S. aureus, S. mutans (ATCC and field strain), and P. aeruginosa. Mechanical and combination methods were similar and more effective than the chemical method for E. faecalis, C. albicans (ATCC and field strain), and C. glabrata. The combination method was better than the chemical method for E. coli and C. tropicalis, and the mechanical method showed intermediate results. Conclusion: The three denture hygiene methods showed different effects depending on the type of microbial biofilms formed on acrylic base resin specimens.

Correlation Between Etest (R), Disk Diffusion, and Microdilution Methods for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida Species From Infection and Colonization

The correlation between the microdilution (MD), Etest (R) (ET), and disk diffusion (DD) methods was determined for amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of those antifungal agents was established for a total of 70 Candida spp. isolates from colonization and infection. The species distribution was: Candida albicans (n = 27), C. tropicalis (n = 17), C. glabrata (n = 16), C. parapsilosis (n = 8), and C. lusitaniae (n = 2). Non-Candida albicans Candida species showed higher MICs for the three antifungal agents when compared with C. albicans isolates. The overall concordance (based on the MIC value obtained within two dilutions) between the ET and the MD method was 83% for amphotericin B, 63% for itraconazole, and 64% for fluconazole. Considering the breakpoint, the agreement between the DD and MD methods was 71% for itraconazole and 67% for fluconazole. The DD zone diameters are highly reproducible and correlate well with the MD method, making agar-based methods a viable alternative to MD for susceptibility testing. However, data on agar-based tests for itraconazole and amphotericin B are yet scarce. Thus, further research must still be carded out to ensure the standardization to other antifungal agents. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:324-330, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Antifungal activity of tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives against different Candida species

The in vitro antifungal activity of six thioureido substituted amines (P1-P6) was evaluated against Candida species, including Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. These tri- and tetra-thioureido amino derivatives with different methylation levels were synthesised through easy synthetic routes to evaluate their antifungal properties against Candida species. Among all studied derivatives, the tri-(2-thioureido-ethyl)-amine (P1) was the most active compound inhibiting C. albicans and C. glabrata at a concentration of 0.49 mu g ml(-1); P3, the N,N `,N ``,N ```-hexamethyl-derivative, also showed inhibitory activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, but in higher concentrations (250 mu g ml(-1)). The N,N `,N ``,N ```-tetramethylated amine (P5) only inhibited the growth of C. glabrata, but its corresponding N,N `,N ``,N ```-octamethyl derivative (P6) was also active against C. glabrata (125 mu g ml(-1)) and it was the only compound active against C. parapsilosis. P2 and P4 showed no significant antifungal activity. The structure-activity relationship of the thioureido-substituted derivatives indicates that the molecular branching and the alkylation levels can influence the antifungal activity. This study demonstrated that thioureido derivatives exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida species and that they can be considered as a very promising bioactive lead compound to develop novel antifungal agents.

Epidemiologia das infecções por Candida spp. na corrente sanguínea : coorte retrospectiva em hospital terciário brasileiro

Objetivos: definir os dados demográficos, as doenças de base e os fatores de risco associados aos episódios de candidemia ocorridos na Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar entre 17/02/1995 e 31/12/2003; identificar as espécies envolvidas nestes episódios de candidemia e determinar a mortalidade global entre estes pacientes. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo não-controlado com inclusão de todos os casos consecutivos de candidemia diagnosticados na instituição entre 17/02/1995 e 31/12/2003. Como critério de inclusão no estudo, foi exigida a presença de sinais ou sintomas temporalmente relacionados ao isolamento de Candida em hemocultivo coletado de veia periférica. Resultados: 210 pacientes com candidemia foram incluídos (infecção nosocomial em 91,0%). O sexo feminino foi mais prevalente (51,4%) e a idade mediana foi de 41,0 anos. A doença de base mais prevalente foi câncer (neoplasias sólidas 30,5% e hematológicas 9,0%). Candida albicans foi a espécie mais freqüente (38,1%), seguida de Candida parapsilosis (27,6%) e Candida tropicalis (15,7%); candidemia por Candida glabrata ocorreu em 3,8%, e por Candida krusei, em 2,4%. Procedimentos cirúrgicos foram realizados em 43,8%, cateter venoso central estava presente em 74,8%, cateter urinário em 57,1%, ventilação mecânica em 48,6% e nutrição parenteral em 33,8%; o número mediano de antimicrobianos foi 4,0 por paciente (glicopeptídeos 54,3%, carbapenêmicos 25,7%). A maioria dos pacientes com candidemia comunitária (52,6%) havia sido hospitalizada nos 60 dias anteriores à candidemia; em 21,1%, Candida foi isolada de cateter; insuficiência renal crônica (p<0,001) e hemodiálise (p=0,027) foram mais freqüentes no grupo de candidemia comunitária do que no nosocomial; a distribuição das espécies de Candida foi semelhante entre os grupos. Comparadas aos adultos, as crianças com candidemia nosocomial foram mais expostas a antimicrobianos de amplo espectro (p<0,001), ventilação mecânica invasiva (p=0,002) e nutrição parenteral (p<0,001). Candidemia nosocomial por Candida parapsilosis foi mais freqüente em crianças (p=0,002), bem como o isolamento de Candida de cateteres (p=0,019); crianças foram mais freqüentemente tratadas com anfotericina B do que adultos (p<0,001), os quais receberam mais fluconazol (p=0,013). Entre os pacientes com câncer e candidemia nosocomial, tratamento prévio com corticosteróides (p=0,004), quimioterapia (p<0,001) e cefepima (p=0,004) foram mais comuns naqueles com malignidades hematológicas; cirurgias foram mais comuns em pacientes com tumores sólidos (p<0,001), principalmente do trato gastrointestinal (p=0,016); a distribuição das espécies de Candida foi semelhante entre os grupos. Candidemia breakthrough (“de escape”) ocorreu em 10,5% dos pacientes com candidemia nosocomial; a maioria destes vinha em uso de anfotericina B em doses terapêuticas, por período mediano de 6,5 dias; o isolamento de Candida de sítios outros que o sangue foi mais freqüente nestes pacientes (p=0,028). A mortalidade dos pacientes com candidemia foi 50,5%, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre pacientes com candidemia comunitária ou nosocomial, com câncer ou outros diagnósticos e com infecção breakthrough ou não-breakthrough; a mortalidade foi maior em adultos do que em crianças (p=0,005). Conclusões: espécies não-Candida albicans foram os principais agentes de candidemia; assim como em outros estudos brasileiros, a prevalência de espécies como Candida glabrata e Candida krusei foi baixa. Fatores de risco já descritos na literatura foram freqüentemente encontrados, e a distribuição dos mesmos variou de acordo com as diferentes características dos pacientes estudados. A mortalidade em pacientes com candidemia foi semelhante \à descrita na literatura.

Combinação dos efeitos da carga animal com métodos físicos e químicos para o controle de plantas indesejáveis em pastagem nativa da Serra do Sudeste do RS

O experimento foi conduzido no município de Cachoeira do Sul de out/2001 a out/2002, objetivando avaliar a dinâmica vegetacional e o desempenho animal (31/05/02 a 16/09/02), em uma pastagem nativa submetida a diferentes métodos de controle de plantas indesejáveis. O local corresponde à região fisiográfica denominada Serra do Sudeste, com predominância das espécies Paspalum notatum (grama forquilha), Andropogon lateralis (capim caninha), além de Arachis burkartii e Desmodium incanum. Como plantas classificadas como indesejáveis encontram-se Baccharis trimera (carqueja), Vernonia nudiflora (alecrim) e Psidium luridum (araçá do campo). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um fatorial em blocos (4 x 2), com duas repetições de campo. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: testemunha (T); roçada de primavera (P); roçada de primavera + outono (O) e roçada de primavera + controle químico (Q), todos em duas ofertas de forragem, média (8%) e alta (14%). Os animais testes foram três novilhas por repetição, mantidas em pastejo contínuo com lotação variável. A massa de forragem foi obtida através de avaliações visuais usando padrões de referência, o acúmulo de forragem através do uso de gaiolas de exclusão e a composição botânica pelo método do ponto. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de desempenho individual, carga animal, ganho de peso vivo por área e a dinâmica vegetacional. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância através do pacote estatístico SAS. O nível alto de oferta permitiu uma menor perda de peso vivo por área. Os tratamentos P e Q proporcionaram um melhor desempenho individual e menor perda de peso vivo por área, quando comparados a T. Os tratamentos P, O e Q foram eficientes no controle de Baccharis trimera. A. burkartii e Eriyngium horridum foram incrementados pela média intensidade de pastejo. Aristida laevis teve sua participação aumentada pela interação tratamento Q e baixa intensidade de pastejo.

Efeito sacietogênico de um novo inibidor de tripsina da paçoca do amendoim com aumento plasmático de colecistocinina (cck)

Obesity is increasing, reaching epidemic levels in many regions of the world. Studies have shown that consumption of peanuts influences on weight control and this influence may be due to the action of trypsin inhibitors sacietogênica that condition increased plasma colescistocinina (CCK). Moreover, the peanut has other health benefits, and these assignments are guaranteed to increase their production and consumption of several of its products, including the paçoca peanut. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of a trypsin inhibitor in paçoca peanut and evaluate its effect on food intake, weight gain and histomorphological changes in swiss mice (n = 8) and Wistar rats (n = 6). Experimental diets were prepared based on the AIN-93G and supplemented with tack or peanut trypsin inhibitor partially purified paçoca peanut (AHTI). After each treatment, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, their bloods were collected by cardiac puncture for the determination of CCK and other biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and albumin) and their pancreas removed for histologic and morphometric analysis. The supplementation with paçoca peanut and the AHTI showed a decrease of body weight gain and food intake in both mice and rats, due to the satiety, since the animals showed no evidence of impairment of nutritional status conditioned by consumption the AHTI. There were also observed biochemical or morphological important when compared with controls. However, AHTI led to increased secretion of CCK, a peptide sacietogênico. Thus, these results indicate that AHTI present in paçoca peanut, is able to enhance the secretion of plasma CCK and thereby reduce the weight gain associated with lower food intake of experimenta animals

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de sistemas emulsionados contendo óleos naturais para o tratamento de infecções cutâneas

Natural oils have shown a scientific importance due to its pharmacological activity and renewable character. The copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) and Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw) oils are used in folk medicine particularly because the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Emulsion could be eligible systems to improve the palatability and fragrance, enhance the pharmacological activities and reduce the toxicological effects of these oils. The aim of this work was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of emulsions based on copaiba (resin-oil and essential-oil) and bullfrog oils against fungi and bacteria which cause skin diseases. Firstly, the essential oil was extracted from copaiba oil-resin and the oils were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Secondly, emulsion systems were produced. A microbiological screening test with all products was performed followed (the minimum inhibitory concentration, the bioautography method and the antibiofilm determination). Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical samples were used. The emulsions based on copaiba oil-resin and essential oil improved the antimicrobial activity of the pure oils, especially against Staphylococcus e Candida resistant to azoles. The bullfrog oil emulsion and the pure bullfrog oil showed a lower effect on the microorganisms when compared to the copaiba samples. All the emulsions showed a significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting the cell adhesion. Thus, it may be concluded that emulsions based on copaiba and bullfrog oils are promising candidates to treatment of fungal and bacterial skin infections

Adubação e o período anterior à interferência das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o efeito da adubação sobre a comunidade infestante e sobre o período anterior à interferência (PAI) das plantas daninhas na cultura do amendoim, cv. IAC Runner 886, em sistema convencional. Os períodos de convivência estudados foram: 0, 7, 15, 20, 30, 45, 55 e 126 dias após a emergência (DAE), totalizando oito tratamentos, dispostos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em dois níveis de adubação: 0 e 150 kg ha-1 da formulação 00-20-20 (N-P-K). A adubação não alterou a composição da comunidade infestante, destacando-se Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica, Indigofera hirsuta, Portulaca oleraceae e Sida rhombifolia como as espécies de maior importância relativa. Contudo, a densidade de plantas daninhas foi maior na área não adubada, mas sem afetar de modo diferenciado a massa seca acumulada por elas. O cultivar de amendoim IAC Runner 886 pode conviver com essa comunidade com e sem adubação por até 15 e 17 DAE (PAI), respectivamente, sem sofrer perdas significativas na produção. A interferência das plantas daninhas reduziu entre 31 e 34% a produtividade do amendoim para as áreas sem adubação e com adubação, respectivamente.

Efeito do espaçamento entre fileiras de amendoim rasteiro na interferência de plantas daninhas na cultura

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da redução do espaçamento entre fileiras nos períodos de interferência e na produtividade do amendoim rasteiro (Arachis hypogaea). O experimento foi instalado no município de Jaboticabal-SP. Os tratamentos constaram de dois espaçamentos entre fileiras (80 e 90 cm), divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro, as plantas daninhas foram controladas desde a emergência até 0 (interferência constante), 30, 45, 60, 82, 97 e 112 dias depois. No segundo, as plantas daninhas conviveram com a cultura pelos mesmos períodos do grupo anterior. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As principais plantas daninhas presentes na área foram Digitaria sp., Xanthium strumarium, Acanthospermum hispidum e Cenchrus echinatus. Para uma perda tolerável de 5% de produtividade, o período crítico de prevenção à interferência foi dos 27 aos 76 e dos 35 aos 96 dias após a emergência para os espaçamentos de 80 e 90 cm, respectivamente; a queda de produtividade das parcelas mantidas com interferência de plantas daninhas em relação àquelas no limpo foi superior a 80%, independentemente do espaçamento.

Técnica de criação e parâmetros biológicos de Stegasta bosquella em amendoim

Studies with Stegasta bosquella in peanut crop are little explored by researchers, mainly by the need of obtaining, in the field, a large quantity of closed leaflets. Therefore, it was sought a way of rearing in a natural diet that facilitates the attainment of the insect. The research was developed at the Laboratorio de Resistencia de Plantas a Insetos (FCAV/Jaboticabal) (T: 25 +/- 2 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase: 12 hours) (Runner IAC 886). The rearing stock of was carried out by collecting caterpillars from the field and keeping them in flat bottom glass tubes until adult emergence and test performance. Caterpillars were individualized in Petri dish plates, lined with moistened filter paper, which contained closed and early opened leaflets, but closed with paper clips (imitating the closed leaflet). A randomized design with two treatments and 36 repetitions was used. After the pupae formation, they were separated into five couples and the adults were kept in transparent plastic cages containing a peanut stem with leaves for oviposition, and fed with a 10% honey solution. The duration and viability of the larval and pupal periods, male and female longevity with and without food, and fertility were evaluated. The two forms of larvae rearing (closed leaflet and leaflet closed with clips) did not influence on any of the studied parameters. Therefore, the rearing of S. bosquella becomes feasible in natural diet, which means there is no need to use the enclosed leaflets for this purpose, and implies the easiness for rearing.

Avaliação de espécies silvestres e cultivares de amendoim para resistência a Enneothrips flavens Moulton

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação de cultivares de amendoim para resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)