756 resultados para Aparell de Golgi
Resumo:
El estudio del tráfico intracelular en neuronas ha despertado gran interés en los últimos años, debido a que un gran número de enfermedades neurodegenerativas y neuropsiquiátricas parecen tener origen en en el transporte defectuoso de proteínas en estos tipos celulares. Mediante el uso de técnicas de biología celular y molecular, fuimos capaces de describir una de las vías que regula la fisión de las vesículas que llevan su cargo desde la última cisterna del Aparato de Golgi hacia la superficie celular en células epiteliales no polarizadas. Uno de los componentes clave de esa vía resultó ser la Proteina Kinasa D1 (PKD1), cuya actividad en el Aparato de Golgi es esencial para un normal transporte intracelular. Sorprendentemente, observamos que la PKD1 en neuronas con polaridad establecida no regula la fisión en el Golgi, pero si estaría involucrada en la selectividad y distribución (sorting) de vesículas cuyo cargo debe ser específicamente dirigido a las membranas dendríticas. El bloqueo de la actividad de la PKD1 no solamente cambia el destino final de estos cargos, que son enviados de esta forma a la membrana terminal del axón, sino que también es capaz de inducir defectos en el desarrollo y crecimiento de los procesos dendríticos a largo plazo. En este proyecto estudiaremos de que manera influye la perturbación del sorting, en ausencia de PKD1 activa y de otros componentes que la regulan, en la distribución de receptores de factores neurotróficos y de neurotransmisores glutamatérgicos, y cómo estos cambios en su distribución afectan el número, tamaño, y funcionalidad de los procesos neuronales (axones y dendritas). Estos resultados contribuirán a adquirir mayores conocimientos de los mecanismos dependientes del transporte y sorting de proteínas de membrana que participan en la regulación del crecimiento neuronal, los cuales a su vez aportarán información valiosa en la comprensión de un gran número de enfermedades neurológicas. The study of intracellular trafficking in neurons has arisen a great deal of interest in the last years, since a great number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders seem to be originated in abnormal protein transport in these type of cells. Using cell and molecular biology methodologies, we have been capable of describe one of the pathways that regulate the fission of vesicles that carry their cargo from the last Golgi Apparatus cisternae to the cell surface in non-polarized epithelial cells. One of the key components in this pathway is the Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1), whose activity in the Golgi Apparatus is essential for a normal intracelular transport. Surprisingly, we have observed that PKD1 does not regulate fission in neurons with established polarity, but it would be involved in vesicles' sorting at Golgi, particularly of those that carry specific dendritic cargo. Blocking PKD1 activity changes the final destination of these cargoes, which is now sent to the axons' terminal membranes, and also produces late dendritic development and growing defects. In this project we will study how sorting perturbation in absence of PKD1 and its regulators activities influences selectivity and distribution of neurotrophic and neurotransmitter receptors, and how these sorting changes affect number, size and functionality of neuronal processes (axons and dendrites). These results will help to acquire greater knowledge about transport and sorting mechanisms of neuronal growth regulatory membrane proteins. In addition, these studies will contribute with new valuable information necessary to understand numerous neurological diseases.
Resumo:
Los Desórdenes Congénitos de la Glicosilación (CDG), son un grupo creciente de enfermedades metabólicas hereditarias de herencia autosómica recesiva, salvo dos clases de CDG autosómicas dominantes, causadas por defectos en la síntesis o la remodelación de N-u O-glicanos, de glicoesfingolípidos o en anclajes de glycosylphosphatidylinositol. La formación de la porción glicano, se produce a través de etapas secuenciales y comienza la ruta biosintetica en citoplasma, pasando por retículo endoplasmático y posterior modificación del glicoconjugado en el aparato de Golgi. Los glicanos constituyen compuestos formados por diversos residuos de carbohidratos y han sido seleccionados en la evolución para transmitirle a las macromoléculas a las cuales se encuentran unidos, propiedades estructurales y funcionales, razón por la cual la síntesis correcta de los mismos y de sus glicoconjugados son esenciales para el funcionamiento normal. La caracterización molecular y clínica de más de 70 clases diferentes de CDG ha contribuido enormemente a comprender las funciones fisiológicas de los mecanismos de glicosilación y la importancia de los glicoconjugados en la célula. Mutaciones en genes de esta vía metabólica, ocasionan fenotipos multisistémicos con afectación neurológica severa y muerte temprana. Incluso algunos CDG tienen probabilidad de malignización por ej. osteocondromatosis múltiple (EXT1/EXT2-CDG). Respecto a las estrategias para el diagnóstico de CDG, debido a la gran heterogeneidad fenotípica de estos pacientes, hemos debido implementar el diagnóstico de los trastornos genéticos de N-glicosilación, basado en los cambios bioquímicos y estructurales que se expresan en las glicoproteínas anómalas, demostrados por diferentes metodologías. Existen técnicas de gran sensibilidad utilizadas para la búsqueda de pacientes CDG como electroforesis capilar, ionización por electrospray-espectrometría de masa y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC), sin embargo, el isoelectroenfocado (IEF) es la metodología mayormente utilizada para su diagnóstico.
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In the present paper the behavior of the heterochromoso-mes in the course of the meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes in 15 species of Orthoptera belonging to 6 different families was studied. The species treated and their respective chromosome numbers were: Phaneropteridae: Anaulacomera sp. - 1 - 2n = 30 + X, n +15+ X and 15. Anaulacomera sp. - 2 - 2n - 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Stilpnochlora marginella - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15= X and 15. Scudderia sp. - 2n = 30 + X, n = 15+ X and 15. Posldippus citrifolius - 2n = 24 + X, n = 12+X and 12. Acrididae: Osmilia violacea - 2n = 22+X, n = 11 + X and 11. Tropinotus discoideus - 2n = 22+ X, n = 11 + X and 11. Leptysma dorsalis - 2n = 22 + X, n = 11-J-X and 11. Orphulella punctata - 2n = 22-f X, n = 11 + X and 11. Conocephalidae: Conocephalus sp. - 2n = 32 + X, n = 16 + X and 16. Proscopiidae: Cephalocoema zilkari - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+ X and 8. Tetanorhynchus mendesi - 2n = 16 + X, n = 8+X and 8. Gryliidae: Gryllus assimilis - 2n = 28 + X, n = 14+X and 14. Gryllodes sp. - 2n = 20 + X, n = 10- + and 10. Phalangopsitidae: Endecous cavernicola - 2n = 18 +X, n = 94-X and 9. It was pointed out by the present writer that in the Orthoptera similarly to what he observed in the Hemiptera the heterochromosome in the heterocinetic division shows in the same individual indifferently precession, synchronism or succession. This lack of specificity is therefore pointed here as constituting the rule and not the exception as formerly beleaved by the students of this problem, since it occurs in all the species referred to in the present paper and probably also m those hitherto investigated. The variability in the behavior of the heterochromosome which can have any position with regard to the autosomes even in the same follicle is attributed to the fact that being rather a stationary body it retains in anaphase the place it had in metaphase. When this place is in the equator of the cell the heterochromosome will be left behind as soon as anaphase begins (succession). When, on the contrary, laying out of this plane as generally happens (precession) it will sooner be reached (synchronism) or passed by the autosomes (succession). Due to the less kinetic activity of the heterochromosome it does not orient itself at metaphase remaining where it stands with the kinetochore looking indifferently to any direction. At the end of anaphase and sometimes earlier the heterochromosome begins to show mitotic activities revealed by the division of its body. Then, responding to the influence of the nearer pole it moves to it being enclosed with the autosomes in the nucleus formed there. The position of the heterochromosome in the cell is explained in the following manner: It is well known that the heterochromosome of the Orthoptera is always at the periphery of the nucleus, just beneath the nuclear membrane. This position may be any in regard of the axis of the dividing cell, so that if one of the poles of the spindle comes to coincide with it, the heterochromosome will appear at this pole in the metaphasic figures. If, on the other hand, the angle formed by the axis of the spindle with the ray reaching the heterochromosome increases the latter will appear in planes farther and farther apart from the nearer pole until it finishes by being in the equatorial plane. In this way it is not difficult to understand precession, synchronism or succession. In the species in which the heterochromosome is very large as it generally happens in the Phaneropteridae, the positions corresponding to precession are much more frequent. This is due to the fact that the probabilities for the heterochromosome taking an intermediary position between the equator and the poles at the time the spindle is set up are much greater than otherwise. Moreover, standing always outside the spindle area it searches for a place exactly where this area is larger, that is, in the vicinity of the poles. If it comes to enter the spindle area, what has very little probability, it would be, in virtue of its size, propelled toward the pole by the nearing anaphasic plate. The cases of succession are justly those in which the heterochromosome taking a position parallelly to the spindle axis it can adjust its large body also in the equator or in its proximity. In the species provided with small heterochromosome (Gryllidae, Conocephalidae, Acrididae) succession is found much more frequently because here as in the Hemiptera (PIZA 1945) the heterochromosome can equally take equatorial or subequatorial positions, and, furthermore, when in the spindle area it does offer no sereous obstacle to the passage of the autosomes. The position of the heterochromosome at the periphery of the nucleus at different stages may be as I suppose, at least in part a question of density. The less colourability and the surface irregularities characteristic of this element may well correspond to a less degree of condensation which may influence passive movements. In one of the species studied here (Anaulacomera sp.- 1) included in the Phaneropteridae it was observed that the plasmosome is left motionless in the spindle as the autosomes move toward the poles. It passes to one of the secondary spermatocytes being not included in its nucleus. In the second division it again passes to one of the cells being cast off when the spermatid is being transformed into spermatozoon. Thus it is regularly found among the tails of the spermatozoa in different stages of development. In the opinion of the present writer, at least in some cases, corpuscles described as Golgi body's remanents are nothing more than discarded plasmosomes.
Resumo:
The sternal glands of the abdomen of Oxaea flavescens (Klug, 1807) consist of class III glandular cells around a reservoir constituted by branched folds of the intersegmental membrane of segments III, IV and V. The gland cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and produce a secretion with mucous aspect. The treatment with oxidated osmium and ruthenium red showed numerous Golgi regions in the cell and carbohydrates absorption from the haemolymph, respectively. The high degree of development of the glands suggests an important function to the species, although still unknown.
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No trabalho apresentado, descrevemos a evolução do espérmio maduro de triatoma infestans, iniciando-se a observação das transformações a partir dos espermídeos. Destacamos, em seguida, os principais resultados: 1. A histogênese dos espérmios é subdividida em 6 fases que se superpõem, parcialmente, a respeito do cronismo dos acontecimentos celulares: a) fase de translações (translações dos centríolos, mitocôndrios e do aparelho de GoLGI do pólo apical o pòlo basal da célula). b) Alongamento dos centríolos (formação do filamento axial). c) Alongamento da massa mitocondrial (formação dos fios periféricos). d) Formação do acrosoma (divisão do aparelho de GOLGI em acrosoma e corpo restante, que é eliminado da célula; além disto, translação do acrosoma para o pólo apical). e) Primeira fase de alongamento do núcleo (alongamento do núcleo e condensação da cromatina). f) Segunda fase de alongamento do núcleo (alongamento definitivo do núcleo para formar a cabeça do espérmio). 2. Os centríolos, em Triatoma infestans, podem ser observados, contînuamente, dos estádios da profase (estádio dos cromosomas difusos) até o fim da formação do espérmio. Para esta observação precisamos de cortes finos com, aproximadamente, um micron de espessura. 3. Os centríolos, depois da última divisão de maturação, ficam escondidos no interior do corpo dos restos dos fusos. 4. Não se pode distinguir o centríolo distal do proximal. os dois justapõem-se, um ao lado do outro, sôbre a parede do núcleo. 5. O fio axial tem origem dos dois centríolos, sendo êste um fio duplo. 6. Observamos a transformação dos mitocôndrios em microfibrilas da cauda bem como a de uma parte do aparelho de GOLGI em acrosoma. 7. Depois da condensação da cromatina sôbre a parede do núcleo, formam-se duas saliências longitudinais cromáticas, que são orientadas em espiral com torsão em sentido inverso do relógio. Por isso, o corte transversal do núcleo, fortemente alongado, tem o aspecto de ferradura. 8. O espérmio maduro é composto pelos seguintes elementos, cuja existência é provada, no microscópio eletrônico, por intermédio de cortes e dilacerações: a) Acrosoma (em forma de um cone, ligeiramente curvado). b) Núcleo, formado a "cabeça" do espérmio, sem qualquer estrutura vísivel no seu interior. c) Cone basal do núcleo, formado pelos centríolos. d) Fio axial, composto de duas microfibrilas dos centríolos. e) Oito fios longitudinais mitocondriais, unidos em dois grupos (corpos em forma de vírgula), e incluídos em uma massa homogênea. Cada um dos corpos em forma de vírgula...
Resumo:
Zur Klaerung der Frage, ob der Begriff "Kinoplasma" fuer gewisse, von MERTON (1924,1926, 1930) beobachtete Bildungen an den reifenden Spermiden von pulmonaten Mollusken oder fuer Bestandteile des Cytoplasmas im Sinne von STRASBURGER und SCARTH zu verwenden ist, werden in der vorliegenden Mitteilung die Vorgaenge bei der Spermiohistogenese von Australorbis glabratus olivaceus untersucht. Es ergibt sich: 1. Das von MERTON bezeichnete "Kinoplasma" existiert nicht als solches, es handelt sich bei den von ihm dargestellten Protoplasmabildungen um kugelige, von den Spermiden abgeschnuerte Restkoerper nicht verwendeten Baumaterials, bestehend aus Protoplasma und einigen Mitochondrien. Sie werden von den Naehr- oder Bazalzellen phagozytiert. Der Ausdruck "Kinoplasma" kann nur fuer die submikroskopischen, geformten, faedigen Elemente des Cytoplasmas reserviert bleiben, die den geradlinigen Fall der uebrigen nicht geformten Komponenten bremst oder ablenkt; damit muss das Kinoplasma aber aus dem Begriff des Cytoplasmas herausgenommen werden, da es, wenn auch vermutlich reversibel, eine Differenzierung darstellt. 2. Der Spermienfaden wird von den Centriolen (Axialfilament) und den Mitochondrien (zwei peripher gelegene Spiralfilamente), sowie einem Plasmamantel gebildet. 3. Nach Beendigung des Auswachsens der Spermiengeissel, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt nur aus dem Achsenfaden und dem Protoplasmazylinder besteht, setzt sich eine Protoplasmamasse vom Kopf in Richtung zum Geisselende in Bewegung. Sie fuehrt den Golgi-Koerper und sehr viele Mitochondrien mit sich. Aus diesen entwickeln sich Fibrillen, die sich zu den beiden Spiralfilamenten zusammenfuegen. Diese Masse entspricht der von MERTON in seiner Theorie als Kinoplasma bezeichneten Komponente. 4. Die Bewegung dieses Protoplasmateils wird auf den Schub zurueckgefuehrt, den die sich bildenden Fibrillen auf die Mitochondrien ausueben. 5. Die Rueckwaertsbewegung dieses Protoplasmakoerpers beruht wahrscheinlich auf Elastizitaet und Kontraktilitaet des Plasmalemmas. 6. Das zum Kopf zurueckgekehrte Protoplasma wird mit restlichen Mitochondrien als Kugel ausgeschieden und von den Naehrzellen phagocytiert. 7. Der Golgi-Koerper wird vor Beendigung der Protoplasmawanderung bereits in der letzten Haelfte der Geissel eliminiert.
Resumo:
1 - Indivíduos de Stenophora juli (Frantzius, 1848) Labbé, 1899, parasitos de um Diplopoda, Rhinochricus padbergi Schubart. 1930 foram examinados em microscópia óptica e eletrônica. 2 - Os resultados do estudo citoquímico confirmam os dados obtidos por outros autores em outras espécies de gregarinas. 3 - Quanto à estrutura fina da morfologia celular foi examinada detalhadamente a película a qual apresenta cristas longitudinais de forma e estrutura complexas. 4 - No sulcos da película, entre as cristas, foram encontrados poros na membrana, por onde é realizada a secreção de muco. 5 - Aderente à película, pròpriamente dita foi encontrada, no deutomerito, uma camada homogênea de natureza desconhecida, abaixo da qual encontra-se o mionema. 6 - O septo que separa o proto do deutomerito é constituído por espêssa camada de mionemas incluindo numerosas mitocôndrias. 7 - O endoplasma é extremamente rico em granulações de paraglicogênio, aparecendo em menor quantidade os lipídeos. Observamos também mitocôndrias, retículo endoplasmático e o complexo de Golgi.
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Els dominis d’activació (ADs) de les procarboxipeptidases de la subfamília A/B sempre han sorprès ja que representen una quarta part del proenzim. S’han realitzat alguns estudis per intentar descobrir-ne alguna possible funció alternativa, però no han estat fructífers. El descobriment de l’elevada velocitat de plegament del domini d’activació de la procarboxipeptidasa A2 humana, (ADA2h), emperò, va portar a proposar la possibilitat de que realitzessin una funció d’assistència al plegament del domini enzimàtic. Posteriorment, l’anàlisi del plegament d’ADA2h a pH baix va revelar la capacitat d’aquest domini per formar fibres amiloides, a més de demostrar que un increment de l’estabilitat proteica podia prevenir la formació d’aquests agregats. La profunda caracterització del plegament d’ADA2h va fer que aquesta proteïna fos un bon model amiloidogènic, de manera que es van proposar un seguit d’experiments que s’han desenvolupat en el present treball per tal de conèixer millor aquest procés. S’han dut a terme estudis cinètics d’agregació per tal de valorar la contribució dels diferents aminoàcids de la seqüència polipeptídica, utilitzant 29 variants puntuals d’ADA2h. Es va eliminar la contribució de l’estabilitat mitjançant la utilització d’urea, i per dicroïsme circular conjuntament amb un aparell de flux detingut, es van obtenir dues velocitats diferents, v1 i v2, que corresponen a la formació d’un intermediari i a la seva reorganització, respectivament. Experiments complementaris utilitzant espectroscòpia d’infraroig (IR) revelaren la reorganització de l’estat natiu (en aquest cas) per a donar la forma agregada. Les cinètiques d’IR van mostrar que ADA2h forma l’estructura _ típica de les fibres amiloides, previ desplegament les seves hèlixs-_. Finalment, s’han realitzat estudis de biocomputació per tal d’esbrinar possibles funcions alternatives dels ADs. Les superposicions estructurals semblen mostrar similaritat dels ADs amb dominis de reconeixement d’RNA (RRM). Aquesta hipòtesi s’ha comprovat experimentalment amb ADA4h, mostrant una dèbil, però existent, unió a RNA.
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Treball de recerca realitzat per una alumna d’ensenyament secundari i guardonat amb un Premi CIRIT per fomentar l'esperit científic del Jovent l’any 2008. La recerca aeroespacial avui forma part d’un complex aparell productiu i institucional. Però, quin paper ha de jugar aquesta activitat aristocràtica en un món de desigualtats i d’injustícies socials? Quin paper hi juga, de fet? Quins mecanismes i quins criteris hi ha darrere les decisions en aquest àmbit? Disposem de criteris ètics per avaluar-ne l’oportunitat? En la mesura que un pressupost implica una quantificació en diners de les prioritats d’una societat, és necessari avaluar èticament les inversions en aquest àmbit. Per poder respondre sense simplificar els interrogants plantejats, calia dividir la recerca en tres parts: investigació sobre els organismes públics i els programes concrets que s’encarreguen de gestionar la recerca en matèria aeroespacial; a partir d’aquí, determinació de les justificacions de la recerca que oferien aquestes institucions i anàlisi d’aquestes justificacions a la llum de les dades històriques de què disposem, i, finalment, després d’una consulta prèvia amb especialistes en la matèria, avaluació ètica de les qüestions plantejades a partir dels criteris d’alguns dels filòsofs principals en l’àmbit de l’ètica. L’anàlisi ètica de les dades assolides s’ha desenvolupat considerant, entre altres, criteris d’utilitat, de responsabilitat, de prudència i de justícia. Finalment, s’ha cregut oportú cedir la paraula al criteri aristotèlic de prudència, segons el qual és impossible i indesitjable establir a priori una avaluació d’allò que està bé o malament, ja que l’encert ètic sempre restarà pendent d’una valoració molt acurada de les circumstàncies de l’acció, valoració que, d’altra banda, caldrà actualitzar constantment en funció dels canvis històrics, socials i econòmics.
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El treball presentat suposa una visió general de l'"Endoscopia amb Càpsula de Vídeo Wireless" i la inspecció de sequències de contraccions intestinals amb les últimes tecnologies de visió per computador. Després de la observació preliminar dels fonaments mèdics requerits, la aplicació de visió per computador es presenta en aquestos termes. En essència, aquest treball proveïx una exhaustiva selecció, descripció i avaluació de cert conjunt de mètodes de processament d'imatges respecte a l'anàlisi de moviment, en el entorn de seqüències d'imatges preses amb una càpsula endoscòpica. Finalment, es presenta una aplicació de software per configurar i emprar de forma ràpida i fàcil un entorn experimental.
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Aquest treball és una proposta metodològica per l’elaboració d’un estudi històric d’oients de ràdio. La proposta fa un estudi de cas, centrat en la ciutat de Girona entre 1937 i 1939, per tal de demostrar que la metodologia aplicada ha funcionat. És el primer que es fa amb dades completament objectives per aproximar-se a la audiència històrica de la ràdio. A partir d’aquest treball que troba, prova i valida les eines que han de servir per poder fer un “EGM històric”, es pot concloure per exemple que a Girona l’any 1937, en plena Guerra Civil, hi havia almenys 7.380 persones que podien escoltar diàriament la ràdio, o que un 7% de la població tenia un aparell de ràdio a casa seva.
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This work covers two aspects. First, it generally compares and summarizes the similarities and differences of state of the art feature detector and descriptor and second it presents a novel approach of detecting intestinal content (in particular bubbles) in capsule endoscopy images. Feature detectors and descriptors providing invariance to change of perspective, scale, signal-noise-ratio and lighting conditions are important and interesting topics in current research and the number of possible applications seems to be numberless. After analysing a selection of in the literature presented approaches, this work investigates in their suitability for applications information extraction in capsule endoscopy images. Eventually, a very good performing detector of intestinal content in capsule endoscopy images is presented. A accurate detection of intestinal content is crucial for all kinds of machine learning approaches and other analysis on capsule endoscopy studies because they occlude the field of view of the capsule camera and therefore those frames need to be excluded from analysis. As a so called “byproduct” of this investigation a graphical user interface supported Feature Analysis Tool is presented to execute and compare the discussed feature detectors and descriptor on arbitrary images, with configurable parameters and visualized their output. As well the presented bubble classifier is part of this tool and if a ground truth is available (or can also be generated using this tool) a detailed visualization of the validation result will be performed.
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Mosquito cell cultures infected with human sera from dengue-1 and dengue-2 outbreaks, started in Rio de Janeiro by 1986 and 1990 respectively, were examined by electron microscopy at different times post the infection of cell cultures. More information was obtained about cell penetration of virus particles in the presence or not of antibodies, their pathway inside the cells, replication mode and exit. Infectiveness of the virus at those different stages can only be attributed to the particles appearing inside the trans-Golgi vesicles; most of all newly formed virus particles remain inside the RER-derived cell vesicles or inside lysosomes, even during cell lysis. Groups of larges particles, 65-75 nm in diameter at dengue-2 infections, persist during cell passage. The large amounts of smooth membrane structures, as vesicles or tabules inside the RER are attributed to a cell response to viral infection.
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PPARβ/δ protects against obesity by reducing dyslipidemia and insulin resistance via effects in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver. However, its function in pancreas remains ill defined. To gain insight into its hypothesized role in β cell function, we specifically deleted Pparb/d in the epithelial compartment of the mouse pancreas. Mutant animals presented increased numbers of islets and, more importantly, enhanced insulin secretion, causing hyperinsulinemia. Gene expression profiling of pancreatic β cells indicated a broad repressive function of PPARβ/δ affecting the vesicular and granular compartment as well as the actin cytoskeleton. Analyses of insulin release from isolated PPARβ/δ-deficient islets revealed an accelerated second phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These effects in PPARβ/δ-deficient islets correlated with increased filamentous actin (F-actin) disassembly and an elevation in protein kinase D activity that altered Golgi organization. Taken together, these results provide evidence for a repressive role for PPARβ/δ in β cell mass and insulin exocytosis, and shed a new light on PPARβ/δ metabolic action.
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Plant membrane compartments and trafficking pathways are highly complex, and are often distinct from those of animals and fungi. Progress has been made in defining trafficking in plants using transient expression systems. However, many processes require a precise understanding of plant membrane trafficking in a developmental context, and in diverse, specialized cell types. These include defense responses to pathogens, regulation of transporter accumulation in plant nutrition or polar auxin transport in development. In all of these cases a central role is played by the endosomal membrane system, which, however, is the most divergent and ill-defined aspect of plant cell compartmentation. We have designed a new vector series, and have generated a large number of stably transformed plants expressing membrane protein fusions to spectrally distinct, fluorescent tags. We selected lines with distinct subcellular localization patterns, and stable, non-toxic expression. We demonstrate the power of this multicolor 'Wave' marker set for rapid, combinatorial analysis of plant cell membrane compartments, both in live-imaging and immunoelectron microscopy. Among other findings, our systematic co-localization analysis revealed that a class of plant Rab1-homologs has a much more extended localization than was previously assumed, and also localizes to trans-Golgi/endosomal compartments. Constructs that can be transformed into any genetic background or species, as well as seeds from transgenic Arabidopsis plants, will be freely available, and will promote rapid progress in diverse areas of plant cell biology.