Mirada masculina en la representación del cuerpo femenino en los cuadros del artista visual ecuatoriano Pedro Herrera

El presente es un estudio de la mirada masculina sobre la representación del cuerpo femenino en los cuadros del artista visual ecuatoriano Pedro Herrera, en los cuales se realiza una reflexión en torno al rol protagónico de la mirada como una construcción discursiva, que puede ser codificada social y culturalmente, en un ambiente religioso. Se problematiza la mirada en la representación del cuerpo femenino, y se reconoce en la masculinidad jerarquías de poder inscritas socialmente, por cuanto el cuerpo femenino es el recipiente donde confluye un deseo masculino. Así, en el primer capítulo, se analiza la construcción de la mirada masculina en la representación del cuadro Ninfa delirante de los sueños 4; se considera lo homosocial, el deseo, la mirada hurtada, la vigilancia y la dominación como modelos culturales a los que se subordina el cuerpo femenino. Luego, en el segundo capítulo, se plantea el análisis de la mirada masculina en la representación del desnudo femenino en los cuadros Ninfa delirante de los sueños 1, Ninfa delirante de los sueños 2 y Persistencia Noctámbula 1, a partir de relaciones entre el erotismo y la religiosidad, para entender que en el espacio sagrado y el cuerpo profano se codifica una mirada social, que puede conllevar a la culpabilidad y la vergüenza dentro de un ámbito religioso.

Chicas chic: representación del cuerpo femenino en las revistas modernistas ecuatorianas (1917-1930)[Debates]

Este trabajo analiza cómo, entre 1917 y 1930, se inscribe en Ecuador un nuevo ideal de mujer a través de anuncios publicitarios en revistas de corte modernista. Los anuncios muestran mujeres bellas, elegantes, seductoras, de cuerpos esbeltos, promueven trabajo y entretenimiento, y, aunque se cuestionan los roles tradicionales y se genera una tensión entre lo público y lo privado, el cuerpo femenino sigue siendo objeto de la visión dominante, esta vez desde la normativa del mercado.

El troceado cuerpo femenino en el relato (Tema Central)

El presente artículo aborda la temática del cuerpo de la mujer y su troceamiento a partir del análisis de tres obras literarias latinoamericanas: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Octavio Paz 1997), La emancipada (Miguel Riofrío 1863), y La milagrosa (Carmen Boullosa 1993), con la finalidad de dar cuenta de los imaginarios y el tejido discursivo inmersos en las mismas, que presentan a la mujer en un estado de “recorte” y moraleja.

Ubicación de las mujeres en la estructura eclesial católica. Caso Parroquia “María Reina de la Paz”

Desentrañar los mecanismos de exclusión de las mujeres laicas como grupo subalternizado dentro de una estructura eclesial católica eminentemente patriarcal, es el tema central de esta investigación. A través de un acercamiento a la comunidad parroquial escogida como estudio de caso, se ha buscado conocer la magnitud del trabajo femenino dentro de ella, conocer la condición socio económica de las mujeres laicas que allí trabajan y establecer de qué manera esta condición influye o no en su participación dentro de la Iglesia; se ha intentado además, determinar en qué medida ellas han sido valoradas, incluidas o excluidas dentro de su comunidad eclesial, así como las formas en que se presentan esas exclusiones. El estudio se lo ha realizado con perspectiva de género y la novedad en él, es la utilización del aporte de la Teología Feminista como lugar de resistencia al discurso hegemónico eclesial. La fuente de recolección de datos para el análisis, ha sido el escuchar las voces de las mujeres agentes de pastoral, como principales actoras en el trabajo de la Iglesia, a través de las entrevistas a ellas realizadas. Como recurso metodológico, se ha adaptado el método pastoral propio de los católicos: ver, juzgar y actuar. En este método se parte de la realidad a investigar, se juzga esa realidad a la luz de la bibliografía escogida y se vuelve a ella con nuevos elementos para su transformación. Se analizan cuatro formas en las que se expresa el poder dentro de la Iglesia: la estructura jerárquica tanto a nivel de la Iglesia universal como de la parroquia en estudio, el discurso androcéntrico del aparato doctrinal católico que la legitima, la valoración del trabajo femenino en la comunidad eclesial y los espacios de poder (Diaconado, Sacerdocio, Episcopado y Pontificado) donde las mujeres no han sido incluidas. El resultado del estudio resumido en las conclusiones, gira en torno a la premisa confirmada: “una Iglesia sostenida con el trabajo de mujeres y gobernada por hombres”, se cierra con algunas recomendaciones recogidas de las propias entrevistadas durante el proceso de observación de la realidad, que se resumen en la necesidad de emprender con elementos de formación permanentes que hagan conciencia de la situación de marginación femenina en el campo eclesial, para lograr un real empoderamiento de las mujeres de la parroquia investigada.

"Porque quiero casarme con un varón hermoso de la orilla del mar" Un análisis de lo grotesco femenino de María Josefa en La casa de Bernarda Alba

This essay is an analysis of the character María Josefa in the play 'The House of Bernarda Alba' (1936) by Federico García Lorca. It is hypothesized that the character of María Josefa can be considered a distorting mirror of the femininity presented in the play, and that through María Josefa this femininity is both revealed and problematized. The analysis adopts theories from the field of the (female) grotesque, using terminology both from Mikhail Bakhtin and Mary Russo. Throughout the analysis it is demonstrated how the character of María Josefa challenges the boundaries and norms which are dictated by Bernarda to control the women of the house. These conventions are challenged by María Josefa with the use of her loud speech, her dressed up appearance, and in her physical resistance. In this manner María Josefa is creating and embodying an alternate feminine view that is uncovered through her consistent provocation and by making herself into "a spectacle", a transboundary behaviour that is well interpreted within the theories of carnival, the grotesque body, and the spectacle of the female grotesque.

Sexual blinging of women : Alice Walker's african character tashi and issue of female genital cutting

This thesis provides a reading of the different forms of representation that can be attributed to the character Tashi, the protagonist of the novel Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992), written by the African American writer Alice Walker. Before this work Tashi had already appeared in two previous novels by Walker, first, in The Color Purple (1982) and then, as a mention, in The Temple of My Familiar (1989). With Tashi, the author introduces the issue of female circumcision, a ritual Tashi submits herself to at the beginning of her adult life. The focus of observation lies in the ways in which the author’s anger is transformed into a means of creative representation. Walker uses her novel Possessing the Secret of Joy openly as a political instrument so that the expression “female mutilation” (term used by the author) receives ample attention from the media and critics in general. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate to what extent Walker’s social engagement contributes to the development of her work and to what extent it undermines it. For the analysis of the different issues related to “female genital cutting”, the term I use in this thesis, the works of feminist critics and writers such as Ellen Gruenbaum, Lightfoot-Klein, Nancy Hartsock, Linda Nicholson, Efrat Tseëlon and the Egyptian writer and doctor Nawal El Saadawi will be consulted. I hope that this thesis can contribute as an observation about Alice Walker’s use of her social engagement in the creation of her fictional world.

Meios de comunicação de massa e aparato policial: a ação da mídia em questões de segurança pública

O presente estudo foi concebido com o intuito de levantar e compilar informações, do ponto de vista conceitual, para a fundamentação da crítica quanto à influência e interferência dos meios de comunicação de massa nos assuntos de segurança pública, uma dupla temática real, mas não problematizada. Abordam-se os aspectos relativos ao histórico da instituição policial e sua estrutura permanente em contextos diferenciados, bem como a premência por um modelo que melhor se adapte ao sistema democrático, ao Estado de Direito. Enfocam-se questões referentes à visão dos meios de comunicação enquanto agentes econômicos e políticos, à liberdade de imprensa, às responsabilidades da mídia e à ética na comunicação. Constata-se, na pesquisa, que a conjunção dos temas 'meios de comunicação e aparato policial' carece de tratamento sistematizado, no meio literário, acadêmico. Busca-se, portanto, trazê-la à discussão, considerando o poder adquirido pela mídia nos últimos tempos e sua penetração na dinâmica social e no próprio aparato policial. Evidencia-se, ainda, a resultante dessa relação para o trato dos assuntos de segurança pública, relegados ao plano comercial da notícia e tratados sob a ótica de mercadoria com potencial gerador de altos índices de audiência.

A relação entre o aparato institucional, setor privado e desenvolvimento econômico: o caso do japão

O trabalho apresenta uma nova perspectiva de análise na área da economia do desenvolvimento, representada pela Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e por um de seus mais destacados representantes, Douglass C. North (prêmio Nobel, 1993). Esta corrente enfatiza a relação entre regras formais e informais (leis de comércio, constituição federal, normas culturais) e crescimento econômico no longo prazo, destacando a relevância do ambiente em que as mesmas são criadas e no qual têm sua aplicação garantida, o que inclui o governo e os papéis por ele assumidos. A elaboração de tais regras é ainda afetada pelos modelos mentais dos agentes e por falhas do processo político. O resultado final do aparato institucional será um país com altos ou baixos custos de transação, os quais influenciam a organização dos mercados e o crescimento de longo prazo. Utilizando estes conceitos teóricos, este trabalho analisa a política industrial do Japão no período 1945-1990, defendendo a idéia de que o aparato institucional promoveu a eficiôncia econômica e uma trajetória de longo prazo "favorável ao mercado", mesmo quando o governo praticava medidas protecionistas. Havia uma preocupação central com práticas de mercado e competição, mesmo dentro do aparato governamental. A conclusão a que chega a pesquisa a partir do estudo de caso escolhido é que o governo foi extremamente importante em países de industrialização recente, mas o aparato institucional determinou a trajetória de longo prazo da relação entre setor privado e mercado em cada um deles. Para que possa regular ou interferir no mercado, o governo deve ser severamente limitado

Construção de um aparato experimental para monitoramento in situ da deposição de filmes finos de titânio por magnetron sputtering

The technique of surface coating using magnetron sputtering is one of the most widely used in the surface engineering, for its versatility in obtaining different films as well as in the micro / nanometric thickness control. Among the various process parameters, those related to the active species of the plasma are of the most fundamental importance in the mechanism and kinetics of deposition. In order to identify the active species of the plasma, parameters such as gas flow, pressure and density of electric power were varied during titanium coating on glass substrate. By flowing argon gas of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 sccm (cubic centimeters per minute) for each gas flow a sequential scan of the electric current of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 , 0.50 A. The maximum value of 0.50 A was chosen based both on literature data and on limitations of the equipment. The monitoring of plasma species present during the deposition was carried out in situ by the technique of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) through the spectrometer Ocean Optics USB2000 Series. For this purpose, an apparatus was developed to adapt the OES inside the plasma reactor to stay positioned closest to the target. The radiations emitted by the species were detected by an optical fiber placed behind the glass substrate and their intensities as a function of wavelength were, displayed on a monitor screen. The acquisition time for each condition of the plain parameters was related to the minima of spectral lines intensities due to the film formed on the substrate. The intensities of different emission lines of argon and titanium were then analyzed as a function of time, to determine the active species and estimate the thickness of the deposited films. After the deposition, the coated glasses thin films were characterized by optical transmittance through an infrared laser. It was found that the thickness and deposition rate determined by in situ analysis were consistent with the results obtained by laser transmittance

Prevalência da infecção genital pelo vírus herpes simples tipo 1 e 2 em mulheres grávidas e não grávidas de Natal/RN

Herpes simplex is a virus that can be transmitted sexually and is potentially associated with vertical transmission. This study evaluated the prevalence of genital infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 in pregnant and nonpregnant care in the city of Natal / RN, including a total of 222 women, 92 pregnant and 130 nonpregnant. The participants answered a questionnaire to obtain data and socio-demographic characteristics, as well as potential risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases. After the interview, we collected two cervical specimens, one for the Pap test and the other for DNA extraction and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect both virus serotypes. Then the women underwent a clinical examination by colposcopy. For statistical analysis, we used the chi-square and logistic regression by SSPS 17.0 Statistic. Most women were up to 30 years of age, nonwhite ethnicity, married, elementary education, family income below the poverty level; initiated sexual activity with age up to 18 years; had more than one sexual partner lifelong and was not pregnant, but has had at least one child. The HSV-1 showed a prevalence of 26.1% among pregnant women and 30.0% in non-pregnant women. While HSV-2 prevalence was found with 10.9% and 19.2% in pregnant and nonpregnant women, respectively. The largest proportion of morphological changes of the uterine cervix was detected among nonpregnant women, both in cytology and in colposcopy. The women were nonwhite ethnicity, married, became pregnant aged less than or equal to 18 years and who had one to two pregnancies had a lower risk of acquiring genital HSV infection. There was a high prevalence of genital HSV infection, HSV-1 is more prevalent than HSV-2. No association was found between morphological changes of the uterine cervix and the presence of the virus in pregnant and nonpregnant women, nor between genital HSV infection and the classic risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases

Correlação entre a infecção genital pelo vírus do papiloma humano, a resposta imune e os achados colpocitológicos em mulheres grávidas e não grávidas

The genital HPV infection is very common between men and women worldwide, affecting particularly young women, constituting a serious public health problem in less developed regions, favored by the poor living conditions of population. The cytology and colposcopy have notorious importance in the diagnosis of precursor lesions of cervical cancer and therefore its prevention. However, even with such diagnostic tools, the number of women who develop cervical cancer is still high. This study aims to assess the prevalence of genital tract infection by HPV in pregnant and nonpregnant women, evaluating the profile of the immune response presented by the women of these two groups in order to establish correlations among profile of immune response, presence of virus and occurrence of lesions of the uterine cervix. We analyzed specimens obtained from the cervix of 221 patients, 91 pregnant and 130 non-pregnant, aged 14-72 years. The women were subjected to colposcopic and cytologic evaluation detect possible changes in the cervix and then samples were collected in order to perform HPV detection by PCR and real-time PCR for detection of mRNA of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, the overall prevalence of HPV genital infection was 28.1%; of which 31.9% were pregnant patients and 25.4% in non-pregnant women. Young women under 30 years and those with low educational level education showed a higher risk of HPV infection. Colposcopy showed better correlation with detection of HPV DNA by PCR, when compared to cytology. Generally, HPV infected patients, pregnant or not, exhibited reduced mRNA expression of both pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL -10) cytokines, when compared to patients not infected by HPV. Nonpregnant patients infected presented increase mRNA expression of IL-17 in patients without injury, whereas those with lesion showed higher mRNA expression of TGF-β. Pregnant women without injury infected exhibited increased mRNA expression of TGF-β. There was no difference in HPV prevalence between pregnant and nonpregnant women. There was a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, except IL-17, in all women infected by HPV. Moreover, we observed an increase of TGF-β in HPV-infected women who are pregnant or not. The results suggest that, in women in this study, HPV infection promoted changes in the profile of cytokines necessary for activation of effective immune response, possibly favoring viral persistence

Sexagem histológica e desempenho de Oreochromis niloticus testando diâmetros de ração de acordo com o aparato bucal

Estudou-se o tamanho da boca de larvas de tilápia-do-nilo e testou-se o efeito de diferentes granulometrias da ração sobre o ganho de peso, comprimento e sobrevivência das larvas aos 30 e 60 dias de arraçoamento. Avaliou-se também o método de sexagem por meio de microscopia de luz aos 35 dias de idade. A medida da boca das larvas apresentou valores médios de 918,2±152,9μm aos cinco dias de idade. de acordo com esse dado, testaram-se três granulometrias: 0,25, 0,35 e 0,50mm. Aos 30 e aos 60 dias de arraçoamento, 10% das larvas foram medidas, pesadas e contadas para cálculo da taxa de sobrevivência. O tamanho dos grânulos testados não afetou o desempenho das larvas de tilápia nilótica com alimentação iniciada aos cinco dias pós-eclosão. Quanto à sexagem histológica aos 35 dias de idade, as gônadas apresentaram-se, em sua maioria, indiferenciadas. Recomenda-se que essa análise deva ser realizada de acordo com o tamanho dos animais e não com a idade.