Detecting acronyms from capital letter sequences in Spanish

This paper presents an automatic strategy to decide how to pronounce a Capital Letter Sequence (CLS) in a Text to Speech system (TTS). If CLS is well known by the TTS, it can be expanded in several words. But when the CLS is unknown, the system has two alternatives: spelling it (abbreviation) or pronouncing it as a new word (acronym). In Spanish, there is a high relationship between letters and phonemes. Because of this, when a CLS is similar to other words in Spanish, there is a high tendency to pronounce it as a standard word. This paper proposes an automatic method for detecting acronyms. Additionaly, this paper analyses the discrimination capability of some features, and several strategies for combining them in order to obtain the best classifier. For the best classifier, the classification error is 8.45%. About the feature analysis, the best features have been the Letter Sequence Perplexity and the Average N-gram order.

Cerebral cortical hyperactivation in response to mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease

The central nervous system (CNS) effects of mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are unexplored. The present study used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure brain correlates of mental stress induced by an arithmetic serial subtraction task in CAD and healthy subjects. Mental stress resulted in hyperactivation in CAD patients compared with healthy subjects in several brain areas including the left parietal cortex [angular gyrus/parallel sulcus (area 39)], left anterior cingulate (area 32), right visual association cortex (area 18), left fusiform gyrus, and cerebellum. These same regions were activated within the CAD patient group during mental stress versus control conditions. In the group of healthy subjects, activation was significant only in the left inferior frontal gyrus during mental stress compared with counting control. Decreases in blood flow also were produced by mental stress in CAD versus healthy subjects in right thalamus (lateral dorsal, lateral posterior), right superior frontal gyrus (areas 32, 24, and 10), and right middle temporal gyrus (area 21) (in the region of the auditory association cortex). Of particular interest, a subgroup of CAD patients that developed painless myocardial ischemia during mental stress had hyperactivation in the left hippocampus and inferior parietal lobule (area 40), left middle (area 10) and superior frontal gyrus (area 8), temporal pole, and visual association cortex (area 18), and a concomitant decrease in activation observed in the anterior cingulate bilaterally, right middle and superior frontal gyri, and right visual association cortex (area 18) compared with CAD patients without myocardial ischemia. These findings demonstrate an exaggerated cerebral cortical response and exaggerated asymmetry to mental stress in individuals with CAD.

Estudo da hidrogenação para pulverização de ligas à base de terras raras com Nb para eletrodos de hidreto metálico

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as series de ligas La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co(0,5-x)NbxNi3,8 (x =0 a 0,5) e La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Nb(0,5-x)Ni(3,8-x) (x =0,3; 0,5 e 1,3), como eletrodo negativo de baterias de Níquel Hidreto Metálico. A pulverização das ligas foi realizada com duas pressões de H2 (2 bar e 9 bar). A capacidade de descarga das baterias de níquel hidreto metálico foi analisada pelo equipamento de testes elétricos Arbin BT-4. As ligas, no estado bruto de fusão, foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) e difração de raios-X. Com o aumento da concentração de nióbio nas ligas nota-se a diminuição da estabilidade cíclica das baterias e da capacidade máxima de descarga. A capacidade de descarga máxima obtida foi para a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,5Ni3,8 (45,36 mAh) e a bateria que apresentou a melhor performance foi a liga La0,7Mg0,3Al0,3Mn0,4Co0,4Nb0,1Ni3,8 (44,94 mAh).

Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle,

Marbled papers and endpapers; spine decorated in gilt; title in gilt.

Thomæ Bartholini Historiarum anatomicarum rariorum. Centuria I et II-[V & VI]

Vol. [2-3] and special title-pages have title vignettes. Title-pages of v. [2-3] are in red and black.

Stratigraphic analysis of the southwestern quadrant of the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill: Incorporating recent borehole explorations and radiometric dating with previous investigations.

This report presents the results of stratigraphic analysis of the southwestern quadrant of the Cedar Hills Regional Landfill (CHRLF). My report was intended to incorporate the recent Area 8 borehole data into the pre-existing analyses. This analysis was conducted during the preparation of the Area 8 Hydrogeologic Report, but is my independent investigation and does not represent the opinion of UEC or their associates. The CHRLF, in Maple Valley, WA, south of Squak Mountain, is a municipal solid waste landfill that has been in operation since the 1960s. A network of borings, the product of previous investigations, exists for the study area. I utilized the compiled boring logs, previous investigations, and the recently acquired data to produce a series of interpretative cross-sections for the study area. I recognized 9 distinct stratigraphic units, including fill. My interpreted stratigraphic units are similar to those identified in previous investigations such as the Area 7 Hydrogeologic investigation (HDR Engineering and Associates, 2008). These units include pre-Olympia aged non-glacial alluvium, glacial alluvium, and glacial till. Additionally, younger, Vashon-aged deposits of glacial till, recessional outwash, recessional lacustrine, and ice-contact were observed. An isolated “till-like” deposit was observed below the Vashon till. This could possibly represent an older till as mapped by Sweet Edwards (1985) and Booth (1995). I cite the continuity of the lower contact of the Vashon till (Unit 5, Table 2) and the upper contact pre-Vashon non-glacial fluvial deposits (Unit 9, Table 2) as evidence that faults or other structural features do not offset the deposits in the study area. This conclusion supports the findings of the pre-existing body of work within the landfill property and the nearby Queen City Farms property.

Studies of the nature of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis

Burkholderia cepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that colonises of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, with a frequently fatal outcome. Antibiotic resistance is common and highly transmissible epidemic strains have been described in the UK. 37 B. cepacia isolates from clinical and botanical sources were characterised via metabolic capabilities, antibiotic sensitivity, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles restriction digest analysis of chromosomal DNA by pulsed-gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (with the use of two separate restriction enzymes) and outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. This revealed isolates of the UK CF epidemic strain to form a distinct group with a specific OMP profile. Cluster analysis of PFGE and FAME profiles revealed the species Burkholderia gladioli and Burkholderia vietnamiensis to be more closely related to each other and to laboratory strains of B. cepacia than to the CF epidemic strain considered a member of the latter species. The epidemic strain of B. cepacia may therefore be worthy of species definition in its own right. All the strains studied showed a high level of resistance to antibiotics, including the carbapenems. Considering this, carbapenemase production by isolates of B. cepacia was investigated. A metallo-β-lactamase from a clinical strain of B. cepacia was isolated and partially purified of using Cibacron blue F3GA-coupled agarose. The resulting preparation showed a single band of β-lactamase activity (pI 8.45) after analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was particularly effective in the hydrolysis of imipenem. Meropenem, biapenem, cephaloridine, ceftazidime, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and carbenicillin were hydrolysed at a lower rate. An unusual inhibition profile was noted. Inhibition by the metal ion chelators ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid and o-phenanthroline was reversed by addition of zinc, indicating a metallo-enzyme, whilst >90% inhibition was attainable with 0.1mM concentrations of tazobactam and clavulanic acid. A study of 8 other clinical isolates showed an enzyme of pI 8.45 to be present and inducible by imipenem in each case. This enzyme was assigned PCM-I (Pseudomonas cepacia metalloenzyme I).

Application of a new method in the study of pelvic floor muscle passive properties in continent women

The aim of this study was to present a new methodology for evaluating the pelvic floor muscle (PFM) passive properties. The properties were assessed in 13 continent women using an intra-vaginal dynamometric speculum and EMG (to ensure the subjects were relaxed) in four different conditions: (1) forces recorded at minimal aperture (initial passive resistance); (2) passive resistance at maximal aperture; (3) forces and passive elastic stiffness (PES) evaluated during five lengthening and shortening cycles; and (4) percentage loss of resistance after 1 min of sustained stretch. The PFMs and surrounding tissues were stretched, at constant speed, by increasing the vaginal antero-posterior diameter; different apertures were considered. Hysteresis was also calculated. The procedure was deemed acceptable by all participants. The median passive forces recorded ranged from 0.54 N (interquartile range 1.52) for minimal aperture to 8.45 N (interquartile range 7.10) for maximal aperture while the corresponding median PES values were 0.17 N/mm (interquartile range 0.28) and 0.67 N/mm (interquartile range 0.60). Median hysteresis was 17.24 N∗mm (interquartile range 35.60) and the median percentage of force losses was 11.17% (interquartile range 13.33). This original approach to evaluating the PFM passive properties is very promising for providing better insight into the patho-physiology of stress urinary incontinence and pinpointing conservative treatment mechanisms.