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Spectroscopic imaging of arteries and atherosclerotic plaques

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging using a focal plane array detector has been used to study atherosclerotic arteries with a spatial resolution of 3-4 mum, i.e., at a level that is comparable with cellular dimensions. Such high spatial resolution is made possible using a micro-attenuated total reflection (ATR) germanium objective with a high refractive index and therefore high numerical aperture. This micro-ATR approach has enabled small structures within the vessel wall to be imaged for the first time by FTIR. Structures observed include the elastic lamellae of the tunica media and a heterogeneous distribution of small clusters of cholesterol esters within an atherosclerotic lesion, which may correspond to foam cells. A macro-ATR imaging method was also applied, which involves the use of a diamond macro-ATR accessory. This study of atherosclerosis is presented as an illustrative example of the wider potential of these A TR imaging approaches for cardiovascular medicine and biomedical applications. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

CloudSat as a Global Radar Calibrator

The calibration of the CloudSat spaceborne cloud radar has been thoroughly assessed using very accurate internal link budgets before launch, comparisons with predicted ocean surface backscatter at 94 GHz, direct comparisons with airborne cloud radars, and statistical comparisons with ground-based cloud radars at different locations of the world. It is believed that the calibration of CloudSat is accurate to within 0.5–1 dB. In the present paper it is shown that an approach similar to that used for the statistical comparisons with ground-based radars can now be adopted the other way around to calibrate other ground-based or airborne radars against CloudSat and/or to detect anomalies in long time series of ground-based radar measurements, provided that the calibration of CloudSat is followed up closely (which is the case). The power of using CloudSat as a global radar calibrator is demonstrated using the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement cloud radar data taken at Barrow, Alaska, the cloud radar data from the Cabauw site, Netherlands, and airborne Doppler cloud radar measurements taken along the CloudSat track in the Arctic by the Radar System Airborne (RASTA) cloud radar installed in the French ATR-42 aircraft for the first time. It is found that the Barrow radar data in 2008 are calibrated too high by 9.8 dB, while the Cabauw radar data in 2008 are calibrated too low by 8.0 dB. The calibration of the RASTA airborne cloud radar using direct comparisons with CloudSat agrees well with the expected gains and losses resulting from the change in configuration that required verification of the RASTA calibration.

Ruminal dry matter and nitrogen degradation in relation to condensed tannin and protein molecular structures in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and lucerne (Medicago sativa).

Sainfoin is a temperate legume that contains condensed tannins (CT), i.e. polyphenols that are able to bind proteins and thus reduce protein degradation in the rumen. A reduction in protein degradation in the rumen can lead to a subsequent increase in amino acid flow to the small intestine. The effects of CT in the rumen and the intestine differ according to the amount and structure of CT and the nature of the protein molecular structure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the degradability in the rumen of three CT-containing sainfoin varieties and CT-free lucerne in relation to CT content and structure (mean degree of polymerization, proportion of prodelphinidins and cis-flavanol units) and protein structure (amide I and II bands, ratio of amide I-to-amide II, α-helix, β-sheet, ratio of α-helix-to-β-sheet). Protein molecular structures were identified using Fourier transform/infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FT/IR-ATR) spectroscopy. The in situ degradability of three sainfoin varieties (Ambra, Esparcette and Villahoz) was studied in 2008, during the first growth cycle at two harvest dates (P1 and P2, i.e. 5 May and 2 June, respectively) and at one date (P3) during the second growth cycle (2 June) and these were compared with a tannin-free legume, lucerne (Aubigny). Loss of dry matter (DMDeg) and nitrogen (NDeg) in polyester bags suspended in the rumen was measured using rumen-fistulated cows. The NDeg of lucerne compared with sainfoin was 0·80 v. 0·77 at P1, 0·78 v. 0·65 at P2 and 0·79 v. 0·70 at P3, respectively. NDeg was related to the rapidly disappearing fraction (‘a’) fraction (r=0·76), the rate of degradation (‘c’) (r=0·92), to the content (r=−0·81) and structure of CT. However, the relationship between NDeg and the slowly disappearing fraction (‘b’) was weak. There was a significant effect of date and species×date, for NDeg and ‘a’ fraction. The secondary protein structure varied with harvest date (species×date) and was correlated with the fraction ‘b’. Both tannin and protein structures influenced the NDeg degradation. CT content and structure were correlated to the ‘a’ fraction and to the ‘c’. Features of the protein molecular secondary structure were correlated to the ‘b’ fraction.

Effects of aluminium chloride and aluminium chlorohydrate on DNA repair in MCF10A immortalised non-transformed human breast epithelial cells

Use of underarm aluminium (Al)-based antiperspirant salts may be a contributory factor in breast cancer development. At the 10th Keele meeting, Al was reported to cause anchorage-independent growth and double strand DNA breaks in MCF10A immortalised non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. We now report that exposure of MCF10A cells to Al chloride or Al chlorohydrate also compromised DNA repair systems. Longterm (19–21 weeks) exposure to Al chloride or Al chlorohydrate at a 10−4 M concentration resulted in reduced levels of BRCA1 mRNA as determined by real-time RT-PCR and BRCA1 protein as determined by Western immunoblotting. Reduced levels of mRNA for other DNA repair genes (BRCA2, CHK1, CHK2, Rad51, ATR) were also observed using real-time RT-PCR. Loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene function has long been associated with inherited susceptibility to breast cancer but these results suggest that exposure to aluminium-based antiperspirant salts may also reduce levels of these key components of DNA repair in breast epithelial cells. If Al can not only damage DNA but also compromise DNA repair systems, then there is the potential for Al to impact on breast carcinogenesis.

Evaluation of Postpolymerization as a Function of the Storage Time of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate/2,2-Bis[4-(2-Hydroxy-3-Methacryloxy-Prop-1-Oxy)-Phenyl]-propane Bisphenyl-alpha-Glycidyl Ether Dimethacrylate Copolymers Used in Dental Resins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the storage time on the thermal properties of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate/2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy-prop-1-oxy)-phenyl]propane bisphenyl-alpha-glycidyl ether dimethacrylate (TB) copolymers used in formulations of dental resins after photopolymerization. The TB copolymers were prepared by photopolymerization with an Ultrablue IS light-emitting diode, stored in the dark for 160 days at 37 degrees C, and characterized with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection. DSC curves indicated the presence of an exothermic peak, confirming that the reaction was not completed during the photopolymerization process. This exothermic peak became smaller as a function of the storage time and was shifted at higher temperatures. In DMA studies, a plot of the loss tangent versus the temperature initially showed the presence of two well-defined peaks. The presence of both peaks confirmed the presence of residual monomers that were not converted during the photopolymerization process. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 679-684, 2009

A comparative study of the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide using Vulcan and Printex carbon supports

A comparative study of two different conductive carbon-black pigments, Vulcan XC-72 R and Printex L6, for the electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) by reducing dissolved oxygen in an alkaline solution was performed. The materials were physically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD shows the presence of SO(2) and ATR-FTIR technique indicates a difference in NO and SO(2) functional groups between the two carbon pigments. XPS indicated presence of SO and NO and more oxygenated acid species on Printex L6. A rotating ring-disk electrode was used for electrochemical analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results showed that the Printex L6 was better than Vulcan XC-72 R for H(2)O(2) production. Results also indicate that the number of electrons transferred in the ORR for Printex L6 and Vulcan XC-72 R were 2.2 and 2.9, respectively, while the percentages of H(2)O(2) formed were 88% and 51%. Scanning electrochemistry microscopy images confirmed the higher amount of H(2)O(2) formed in the Printex L6 pigment. Printex L6 was shown to be a more promising for H(2)O(2) production than Vulcan XC-72 R, while the latter was shown to have more potential for fuel cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopic (SEIRAS) study of the oscillatory electro-oxidation of methanol on platinum

The oscillatory electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by means of in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration using a platinum film on a Si prism as working electrode. The surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effect considerably improves the spectroscopic resolution, allowing at following the coverage of some adsorbing species during the galvanostatic oscillations. Carbon monoxide was the main adsorbed specie observed in the induction period and within the oscillatory regime. The system was investigated at two distinct time-scales and its dynamics characterized accordingly. During the induction period the main transformation observed as the system move through the phase space towards the oscillatory region was the decrease of the coverage of adsorbed carbon, coupled to the increase of the electrode potential. Similar transition characterizes the evolution within the oscillatory region, but at a considerably slower rate. Experiments with higher time resolution revealed that the electrode potential oscillates in-phase with the frequency of the linearly adsorbed CO vibration and that the amount of adsorbed CO oscillates with small amplitude. Adsorbed formate was found to play, if any, a very small role. Results are discussed and compared with other systems. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estudo de acoplamento de luz a sistemas multicamadas : plasmons de superfícies e guias de onda

O acoplamento de radiação óptica em sistemas multicamadas tem sido objeto de diversas pesquisas, não somente acadêmicas, mas também para aplicações industriais, tanto na área de sensores ópticos, como na de processadores ópticos e na de comunicações ópticas. Existe uma variedade de técnicas que são exploradas nestes estudos. Nesta tese, focalizamos nossa atenção no acoplamento de radiação laser ou mesmo de luz branca incoerente a um filme tipo multicamadas e estudamos os mecanismos físicos que governam as reflexões e as perdas por absorção nas multicamadas, efeitos que normalmente não parecem quando a incidência ocorre diretamente do ar para o filme. A técnica que exploramos é conhecida como reflexão interna total atenuada, ATR. A presença de um filme fino metálico permite o estudo experimental de plasmons de superfície e do acoplamento a modos guiados do sistema multicamadas. Além dos estudos experimentais, apresentamos um cálculo teórico iterativo para a refletividade dos filmes do tipo multicamadas para um número qualquer de camadas, que apresenta vantagens computacionais no ajuste dos dados experimentais ou em simulações. Esta contribuição não necessita as aproximações encontradas em um grande número de trabalhos que envolvem sistemas mais simples. Apresentamos também o cálculo do fluxo de energia dentro de cada camada individual do sistema, o que nos permite determinar o tipo de modo acoplado e a sua localização. O método foi aplicado a diversos sistemas, quando uma das camadas foi modificada. Estes estudos foram realizados como função do ângulo de incidência e do comprimento de onda da radiação incidente para uma variedade de sistemas multicamadas. Nossa simulação teórica se mostra bastante adequada e útil para a projeção de sistemas multicamadas complexos com camadas metálicas e dielétricas para sensores óticos.

Os impactos da agroenergia no mercado de terras: dinâmica de preço e elasticidade de uso

Este trabalho tem como objetivo construir um referencial teórico que auxilie no entendimento de como a Agroenergia poderá impactar o mercado de terras no Brasil. Posteriormente, analisar os reflexos desta nova conjuntura no coeficiente de elasticidade de uso da terra, para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, no Estado de São Paulo, após a introdução dos veículos flex-fuel no mercado brasileiro. Os aspectos relacionados ao mercado de terras, suas definições e características de uso, têm sido objeto de estudo de muitos pensadores e economistas, desde o final do século XIX. Motivado por esta afirmação, procurou-se realizar uma revisão de literatura para entender as diferentes linhas do pensamento econômico em relação às principais variáveis que compõem a formação de preço e a dinâmica do mercado de terras. Segundo a teoria neoclássica, o valor da terra está intrinsecamente associado à sua capacidade de produção. Aliado a esta característica, também é fundamental entender os atributos da terra como ativo real, seja na expectativa de ganhos de capital ou reserva de valor. Com o intuito de contribuir para esta discussão, foi proposto um fluxograma, que identificou como as variáveis deveriam se correlacionar e impactar na formação do preço das terras agrícolas. É possível afirmar que, no curto prazo, a Agroenergia impactará o valor das terras agrícolas, via preço das commodities, características de ativo real, especialmente na aposta de ganhos de capital e devido ao aumento das políticas governamentais relacionados à produção de biocombustíveis. Em relação ao coeficiente de elasticidade da área de cana-de-açúcar, em São Paulo, em relação a expectativa de preço da tonelada equivalente de ATR, para o açúcar e o etanol, observou-se que a cultura de cana-de-açúcar se tornou mais sensível às variações no preço da tonelada de ATR, expandindo a área cultivada com uma menor variação na expectativa de preço, após a introdução dos veículos flex-fuel no mercado nacional.

Empresa estatal multinacional - paradoxo ou paradigma? : um estudo de caso

O Banco do Brasil tem participado de atividades internacionais desde o final do século XIX. Sua atuação no setor se inicia, como agente do Governo, com atividades relativas a normas, controle e operações cambiais, passando mais tarde a trabalhar no controle e coordenação do comércio exterior e mais recentemente tornando-se um banco internacional com agências na América Latina, Europa, América do Norte, Ásia, África e Oriente Médio. Este fato, ue capital relevância, tanto para a própria instituiçã.o como para a economia brasileira, é o tema deste trabalho que procura investigar como o Banco do Brasil internacional concilia a lógica da entidade pública com a racionalidade empresarial multi nacional. Sob a orientação do pensamento de alguns autor(,f; que têm se preocupado em estudar o fenômeno "Empresas Estatais Multinacionais", é feita uma análise desta instituição em que é observada a coerência entre flua prática como empresa internacional e a teoria levantada. Resultados obtidos atr~vés de pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas aos dirigentes da organização possibilitaram que se chegasse a importantes conclusões que permitem compreender e explicar a função de uma empresa estatal brasileira como meio de articulação entre a economia nacional e a internacional.

Influência das espécies do plasma de N2 + O2 nas propriedades físicoquímicas das superfícies do pet

This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

Modificação superficial de filmes de poliéster usando plasma a baixa temperatura

A polyester film has a vast application field, due some properties that are inherent of this kind of material such as, good mechanical resistance, chemical resistance to acids and bases and low production cost. However, this material has some limitations as low superficial tension, flat surface, low affinity to dyers, and poor adhesion which impede the use of the same ones for some finality as good wettability. Among the existent techniques to increase the superficial tension, plasma as energy source is the more promising technique, because of their versatility and for not polluting the environment. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchers, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, polyester films were treated with oxygen plasma varying the treatment time from 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) varying the percentage of each gas the mixture from 0 to 100%, the treatment time remaining constant to all treatments (10 min). After plasma treatment the samples were characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, with the aim to study the wettability increase of treated polyester films as its variables. In the (O2/N2) plasma treatment of polyester films can be observed an increase of superficial roughness superior to those treated by O2 plasma. By the other hand, the chemical modification through the implantation of polar groups at the surface is obtained more easily using O2 plasma treatment

Síntese e caracterização do líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-metil-3-(2,6-(S)-dimetiloct-2-eno)-imidazol como eletrólito para produção de hidrogênio via eletrólise da água

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic compounds liquid at room temperature, good electrical conductors, with the potential to form as a means for electrolyte on electrolysis of water, in which the electrodes would not be subjected to such extreme conditions demanding chemistry [1]. This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and study of the feasibility of ionic liquid ionic liquid 1-methyl-3(2,6-(S)-dimethyloct-2-ene)-imidazole tetrafluoroborate (MDI-BF4) as electrolyte to produce hydrogen through electrolysis of water. The MDI-BF4 synthesized was characterized by thermal methods of analysis (Thermogravimetric Analysis - TG and Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC), mid-infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform by method of attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hydrogen (NMR 1H) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Where thermal methods were used to calculate the yield of the synthesis of MDI-BF4 which was 88.84%, characterized infrared spectroscopy functional groups of the compound and the binding B-F 1053 cm-1; the NMR 1H analyzed and compared with literature data defines the structure of MDI-BF4 and the current density achieved by MDI-BF4 in the voltammogram shows that the LI can conduct electrical current indicating that the MDI-BF4 is a good electrolyte, and that their behavior does not change with the increasing concentration of water

Interferência de uma comunidade de plantas daninhas com predominância de Ipomoea hederifolia na cana-soca

Levantamentos recentes da flora de plantas daninhas associada à cultura da cana-de-açúcar apontaram Ipomoea hederifolia como uma das espécies mais importantes. em virtude disso, objetivou-se determinar o potencial de redução da produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e da qualidade do caldo em resposta à interferência de uma comunidade de plantas daninhas com predomínio de I. hederifolia, bem como o período anterior à interferência (PAI). Foi instalado um experimento em Pitangueiras, SP, em que constituíram tratamentos nove períodos crescentes de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 16, 30, 44, 69, 97, 135, 160, 188 e 229 dias após o cultivo e adubação e início da brotação - DAB). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cada tratamento em quatro repetições. Concluiu-se que o potencial de redução do número final de colmos e de produtividade foi de 34% e 46%, respectivamente. O PAI foi do início da brotação e se estendeu por 33 dias. Com o aumento do período de convivência com a comunidade infestante, houve antecipação do processo de maturação dos colmos, cujo caldo tendeu a apresentar maior valor de açúcar total recuperável (ATR). Com a redução de produtividade devido à interferência, o valor de ATR ha-1 tendeu a ser negativamente afetado.