Shakespeare, the Middle Ages and the Luck of the British: Medievalism and National Identity in The Hollow Crown (2012)

Images of the medieval past have long been fertile soil for the identity politics of subsequent periods. Rather than “authentically” reproducing the Middle Ages, medievalism therefore usually tells us more about the concerns and ideological climate of its own time and place of origin. To dramatise the nascent nation, Shakespeare resorts to medievalism in his history plays. Centuries later, the BBC-produced television mini-serial The Hollow Crown – adapting Shakespeare’s second histories tetralogy – revamps this negotiation of national identity for the “Cultural Olympiad” in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics. In this context of celebratory introspection, The Hollow Crown weaves a genealogical narrative consisting of the increasingly “glorious” medieval history depicted and “national” Shakespearean heritage in order to valorise 21st-century “Britishness”. Encouraging a reading of the histories as medieval history, the films construct an ostensibly inclusive, liberal-minded national identity grounded in this history. Moreover, medieval kingship is represented in distinctly sentimentalising and humanising terms, fostering emotional identification especially with the no longer ambivalent Hal/Henry V and making him an apt model for present-day British grandeur. However, the fact that the films in return marginalise female, Scottish, Irish and Welsh characters gives rise to doubts as to whether this vision of Shakespeare’s Middle Ages really is, as the producers claimed, “for everybody”.

Eosinophilic oesophagitis and proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia have similar clinical, endoscopic and histological findings.

BACKGROUND Some patients with a phenotypic appearance of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) respond histologically to PPI, and are described as having PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE). It is unclear if PPI-REE is a GERD-related phenomenon, a subtype of EoE, or a completely unique entity. AIM To compare demographic, clinical and histological features of EoE and PPI-REE. METHODS Two databases were reviewed from the Walter Reed and Swiss EoE databases. Patients were stratified into two groups, EoE and PPI-REE, based on recent EoE consensus guidelines. Response to PPI was defined as achieving less than 15 eos/hpf and a 50% decrease from baseline following at least a 6-week course of treatment. RESULTS One hundred and three patients were identified (63 EoE and 40 PPI-REE; mean age 40.2 years, 75% male and 89% Caucasian). The two cohorts had similar dysphagia (97% vs. 100%, P = 0.520), food impaction (43% vs. 35%, P = 0.536), and heartburn (33% vs. 32%, P = 1.000) and a similar duration of symptoms (6.0 years vs. 5.8 years, P = 0.850). Endoscopic features were also similar between EoE and PPI-REE; rings (68% vs. 68%, P = 1.000), furrows (70% vs. 70%, P = 1.000), plaques (19% vs. 10%, P = 0.272), strictures (49% vs. 30%, P = 0.066). EoE and PPI-REE were similar in the number of proximal (39 eos/hpf vs. 38 eos/hpf, P = 0.919) and distal eosinophils (50 vs. 43 eos/hpf, P = 0.285). CONCLUSIONS EoE and PPI-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia are similar in clinical, histological and endoscopic features and therefore are indistinguishable without a PPI trial. Further studies are needed to determine why a subset of patients with oesophageal eosinophilia respond to PPI.

Anticoagulant vs. antiplatelet therapy in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale: an individual participant data meta-analysis.

AIMS The preferred antithrombotic strategy for secondary prevention in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) is unknown. We pooled multiple observational studies and used propensity score-based methods to estimate the comparative effectiveness of oral anticoagulation (OAC) compared with antiplatelet therapy (APT). METHODS AND RESULTS Individual participant data from 12 databases of medically treated patients with CS and PFO were analysed with Cox regression models, to estimate database-specific hazard ratios (HRs) comparing OAC with APT, for both the primary composite outcome [recurrent stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), or death] and stroke alone. Propensity scores were applied via inverse probability of treatment weighting to control for confounding. We synthesized database-specific HRs using random-effects meta-analysis models. This analysis included 2385 (OAC = 804 and APT = 1581) patients with 227 composite endpoints (stroke/TIA/death). The difference between OAC and APT was not statistically significant for the primary composite outcome [adjusted HR = 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-1.12] or for the secondary outcome of stroke alone (adjusted HR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.44-1.27). Results were consistent in analyses applying alternative weighting schemes, with the exception that OAC had a statistically significant beneficial effect on the composite outcome in analyses standardized to the patient population who actually received APT (adjusted HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.99). Subgroup analyses did not detect statistically significant heterogeneity of treatment effects across clinically important patient groups. CONCLUSION We did not find a statistically significant difference comparing OAC with APT; our results justify randomized trials comparing different antithrombotic approaches in these patients.

Eosinophilic oesophagitis: relationship of quality of life with clinical, endoscopic and histological activity.

BACKGROUND Knowledge about determinants of quality of life (QoL) in eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoO) patients helps to identify patients at risk of experiencing poor QoL and to tailor therapeutic interventions accordingly. AIM To evaluate the impact of symptom severity, endoscopic and histological activity on EoE-specific QoL in adult EoE patients. METHODS Ninety-eight adult EoE patients were prospectively included (64% male, median age 39 years). Patients completed two validated instruments to assess EoE-specific QoL (EoO-QoL-A) and symptom severity (adult EoE activity index patient-reported outcome) and then underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy sampling. Physicians reported standardised information on EoE-associated endoscopic and histological alterations. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the relationship between QoL and symptom severity. Linear regression and analysis of variance was used to quantify the extent to which variations in severity of EoE symptoms, endoscopic and histological findings explain variations in QoL. RESULTS Quality of life strongly correlated with symptom severity (r = 0.610, P < 0.001). While the variation in severity of symptoms, endoscopic and histological findings alone explained 38%, 35% and 22% of the variability in EoE-related QoL, respectively, these together explained 60% of variation. Symptom severity explained 18-35% of the variation in each of the five QoL subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS Eosinophilic oesophagitis symptom severity and biological disease activity determine QoL in adult patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis. Therefore, reduction in both eosinophilic oesophagitis symptoms as well as biological disease activity is essential for improvement of QoL in adult patients. Clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT00939263.

Impact of the early use of immunomodulators or TNF antagonists on bowel damage and surgery in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND The impact of early treatment with immunomodulators (IM) and/or TNF antagonists on bowel damage in Crohn's disease (CD) patients is unknown. AIM To assess whether 'early treatment' with IM and/or TNF antagonists, defined as treatment within a 2-year period from the date of CD diagnosis, was associated with development of lesser number of disease complications when compared to 'late treatment', which was defined as treatment initiation after >2 years from the time of CD diagnosis. METHODS Data from the Swiss IBD Cohort Study were analysed. The following outcomes were assessed using Cox proportional hazard modelling: bowel strictures, perianal fistulas, internal fistulas, intestinal surgery, perianal surgery and any of the aforementioned complications. RESULTS The 'early treatment' group of 292 CD patients was compared to the 'late treatment' group of 248 CD patients. We found that 'early treatment' with IM or TNF antagonists alone was associated with reduced risk of bowel strictures [hazard ratio (HR) 0.496, P = 0.004 for IM; HR 0.276, P = 0.018 for TNF antagonists]. Furthermore, 'early treatment' with IM was associated with reduced risk of undergoing intestinal surgery (HR 0.322, P = 0.005), and perianal surgery (HR 0.361, P = 0.042), as well as developing any complication (HR 0.567, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with immunomodulators or TNF antagonists within the first 2 years of CD diagnosis was associated with reduced risk of developing bowel strictures, when compared to initiating these drugs >2 years after diagnosis. Furthermore, early immunomodulators treatment was associated with reduced risk of intestinal surgery, perianal surgery and any complication.

Systematic analysis of factors associated with progression and regression of ulcerative colitis in 918 patients.

BACKGROUND Studies that systematically assess change in ulcerative colitis (UC) extent over time in adult patients are scarce. AIM To assess changes in disease extent over time and to evaluate clinical parameters associated with this change. METHODS Data from the Swiss IBD cohort study were analysed. We used logistic regression modelling to identify factors associated with a change in disease extent. RESULTS A total of 918 UC patients (45.3% females) were included. At diagnosis, UC patients presented with the following disease extent: proctitis [199 patients (21.7%)], left-sided colitis [338 patients (36.8%)] and extensive colitis/pancolitis [381 (41.5%)]. During a median disease duration of 9 [4-16] years, progression and regression was documented in 145 patients (15.8%) and 149 patients (16.2%) respectively. In addition, 624 patients (68.0%) had a stable disease extent. The following factors were identified to be associated with disease progression: treatment with systemic glucocorticoids [odds ratio (OR) 1.704, P = 0.025] and calcineurin inhibitors (OR: 2.716, P = 0.005). No specific factors were found to be associated with disease regression. CONCLUSIONS Over a median disease duration of 9 [4-16] years, about two-thirds of UC patients maintained the initial disease extent; the remaining one-third had experienced either progression or regression of the disease extent.

Islamophobia as Reactive Co-Radicalization

Since 9/11, 2001, a new form of religious extremism has arguably emerged, one which paradoxically portrays itself as a counter to another perceived extremism regarded as a real and imminent threat. Within North America and Western Europe, as elsewhere, there is an upsurge of various forms of reactionary rhetoric and opposition expressed towards Islam and Muslims. An increase in extremist behaviour, even violence, is appearing from quarters opposed to, or varyingly fearful of, Islamic extremism if not Islam or Muslims. Islamophobia, as a manifestation of fear of an exclusionary Islam, manifests as exclusionary or negatively reactive behaviours with Muslims and Islam as the target. This article explores the idea that Islamophobia can be regarded as a manifestation of religious extremism and, further, that such extremism is construable as “reactive co-radicalization.” It focuses on two European cases – the 2009 Swiss ban on the building of minarets and the 2011 Norwegian massacre carried out by Anders Breivik – as examples of this “reactive co-radicalization.” This term, I suggest, is an apt denominator for the exclusionary reaction to the rising presence of Islam within otherwise secular, albeit nominally Christian, Western European and North American societies, among others.

THE CLINICAL AND PARASITOLOGIC COURSES OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND PLASMODIUM VIVAX INFECTIONS IN HUMANS: AN ANALYSIS OF 432 EPISODES OF INDUCED MALARIA IN THE JESSUP VOLUNTEER STUDIES, 1966-1975

The clinical records of 432 P. falciparum and P. vivax infected volunteer male inmates of the Maryland House of Corrections in Jessup, Maryland, were studied to determine (1) the clinical and parasitologic courses of infections in both parasite species, and (2) the influence of previous homologous and/or heterologous strain exposures on subsequent infections. The clinical and parasitologic courses of infection with both P. falciparum and P. vivax species indicated that: (a) there were characteristic strain related differences between P. falciparum and P. vivax. P. falciparum strains were more apt to cause severe infections than P. vivax strains. (b) Blood-induced infections produced significantly shorter prepatent and incubation periods than mosquito-induced. (c) Blacks tolerated the infections better than whites and, (d) homologous and heterologous strain immunities persisted with previous malaria history. In previously exposed cases, clinical manifestations were moderate, peak fever lowered, and peak parasitemias limited. (e) Anti-malarial drugs were effective in reducing sexual and asexual forms of the malaria parasite, and limiting peak fevers, irrespective of method of induction, race, parasite strain and species, and drug type used.^ Given these findings, and the current worldwide resurgence of malaria, this study has major implications in terms of setting malaria control and public health policies in both developed and developing countries.^

Modelos digitales de elevación generados por captura directa e indirecta de datos fuente : evaluación de su calidad

La información básica sobre el relieve de una cuenca hidrográfica, mediante metodologías analítico-descriptivas, permite a quienes evalúan proyectos relacionados con el uso de los recursos naturales, tales como el manejo integrado de cuencas, estudios sobre impacto ambiental, degradación de suelos, deforestación, conservación de los recursos hídricos, entre otros, contar para su análisis con los parámetros físicos necesarios. Estos procesos mencionados tienen un fuerte componente espacial y el empleo de Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) son de suma utilidad, siendo los Modelos Digitales de Elevación (DEM) y sus derivados un componente relevante de esta base de datos. Los productos derivados de estos modelos, como pendiente, orientación o curvatura, resultarán tan precisos como el DEM usado para derivarlos. Por otra parte, es fundamental maximizar la habilidad del modelo para representar las variaciones del terreno; para ello se debe seleccionar una adecuada resolución (grilla) de acuerdo con los datos disponibles para su generación. En este trabajo se evalúa la calidad altimétrica de seis DEMs generados a partir de dos sistemas diferentes de captura de datos fuente y de distintas resoluciones de grilla. Para determinar la exactitud de los DEMs habitualmente se utiliza un grupo de puntos de control considerados como "verdad de campo" que se comparan con los generados por el modelo en la misma posición geográfica. El área seleccionada para realizar el estudio está ubicada en la localidad de Arrecifes, provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y tiene una superficie de aproximadamente 120 ha. Los resultados obtenidos para los dos algoritmos y para los tres tamaños de grilla analizados presentaron los siguientes resultados: el algoritmo DEM from contourn, un RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) de ± 0,11 m (para grilla de 1 m), ± 0,11 m (para grilla de 5 m) y de ± 0,15 m (para grilla de 10 m). Para el algoritmo DEM from vector/points, un RMSE de ± 0,09 m (para grilla de 1 m), ± 0,11 m (para grilla de 5 m) y de ± 0,11 m (para grilla de 10 m). Los resultados permiten concluir que el DEM generado a partir de puntos acotados del terreno como datos fuente y con el menor tamaño de grilla es el único que satisface los valores enumerados en la bibliografía, tanto nacional como internacional, lo que lo hace apto para proyectos relacionados con recursos naturales a nivel de ecotopo (predial). El resto de los DEMs generados presentan un RMSE que permite asegurar su aptitud para la evaluación de proyectos relacionados con el uso de los recursos naturales a nivel de unidad de paisaje (conjunto de ecotopos).

Primeras aproximaciones para el estudio de los procesos de estratificación en los aglomerados urbanos en Argentina

El presente artículo se propone explorar las estratificaciones sociales en los grandes aglomerados urbanos en Argentina en el período 2003-2011. Los alcances y objetivos de este artículo son descriptivos. En este sentido, propone un esquema de clases apto para instrumentos como la EPH y describe los procesos de asalarización de los cuadros más capacitados, el crecimiento espurio de la clase media y la persistencia de una clase baja marginal a pesar del crecimiento económico. El aglomerado Gran Mendoza es analizado por separado ya que parece exhibir tendencias diferenciales.

A modo de capítulo introductorio. Prensa, novela, medios, autoficción : Entornos de Manuel Vicent

El presente trabajo presentará un panorama de la producción literaria de Manuel Vicent en forma articulada con un esbozo de los temas teóricos y críticos que se desarrollan en el presente volumen monográfico de Olivar: la intermedialidad, la hibridez genérica, la diversidad del soporte y las transformaciones en la cultura escrita son los núcleos de reflexión que se ha considerado más aptos para tratar cuestiones centrales de la obra del escritor valenciano. Por tanto, se describirán brevemente las aportaciones de los especialistas invitados al hilo del análisis de los rasgos sobresalientes de su escritura

A modo de capítulo introductorio. Prensa, novela, medios, autoficción : Entornos de Manuel Vicent

El presente trabajo presentará un panorama de la producción literaria de Manuel Vicent en forma articulada con un esbozo de los temas teóricos y críticos que se desarrollan en el presente volumen monográfico de Olivar: la intermedialidad, la hibridez genérica, la diversidad del soporte y las transformaciones en la cultura escrita son los núcleos de reflexión que se ha considerado más aptos para tratar cuestiones centrales de la obra del escritor valenciano. Por tanto, se describirán brevemente las aportaciones de los especialistas invitados al hilo del análisis de los rasgos sobresalientes de su escritura

A modo de capítulo introductorio. Prensa, novela, medios, autoficción : Entornos de Manuel Vicent

El presente trabajo presentará un panorama de la producción literaria de Manuel Vicent en forma articulada con un esbozo de los temas teóricos y críticos que se desarrollan en el presente volumen monográfico de Olivar: la intermedialidad, la hibridez genérica, la diversidad del soporte y las transformaciones en la cultura escrita son los núcleos de reflexión que se ha considerado más aptos para tratar cuestiones centrales de la obra del escritor valenciano. Por tanto, se describirán brevemente las aportaciones de los especialistas invitados al hilo del análisis de los rasgos sobresalientes de su escritura