991 resultados para AFFERENT-PROJECTIONS


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El Observatorio Demográfico 2013 contiene indicadores seleccionados de la revisión de 2013 de las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población analizada. Las cifras contenidas en esta publicación constituyen una revisión de las presentadas en el Observatorio 2012. En esta oportunidad, se actualizaron las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población urbana y rural desde 1950 hasta 2050, extendiéndose el período de estimación y de proyección. La metodología utilizada es la habitual, pero en esta oportunidad se ajustaron las tendencias observadas para lograr una proyección de más largo plazo en los países que no cuentan con censos de la década de 2010. En las próximas ediciones se irán incorporando las nuevas estimaciones y proyecciones de población en que se consideren los censos más recientes y otras fuentes a medida que estén disponibles. Como es habitual, se incluye un capítulo en el que se analizan las tendencias demográficas. En esta oportunidad, se examinan el crecimiento y la perspectiva de la población urbana en la región. En las notas técnicas de este Observatorio se enumeran las fuentes de datos consideradas para cada país. Cabe señalar que la información correspondiente a las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población nacional, urbana, rural y económicamente activa está disponible en formato de hojas de cálculo en el sitio web del CELADE-División de Población de la CEPAL (http://www.eclac.org/celade/).

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El Observatorio Demográfico 2014 contiene indicadores seleccionados de la revisión de 2014 de las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población analizada. Las cifras contenidas en esta publicación constituyen una revisión de las presentadas en el Observatorio 2013. En esta oportunidad, se actualizaron las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población a nivel nacional desde 1950 hasta 2100, considerando las nuevas fuentes de información disponibles. En las próximas ediciones se irán incorporando las nuevas estimaciones y proyecciones de población, elaboradas también con el método de los componentes, pero por edades simples y años calendario. Como es habitual, se incluye un capítulo en el que se analizan las tendencias demográficas. En esta ocasión, se examinan los avances en el descenso de la mortalidad infantil más allá de lo proyectado a fines de la década de 1980. Link a la base de datos de donde se obtiene esta información: http://www.cepal.org/es/estimaciones-proyecciones-poblacion-largo-plazo-1950-2100

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Publicación bilingüe (Español e inglés)

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El Observatorio Demográfico 2015 reúne indicadores seleccionados de la revisión de 2015 de las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población nacional, urbana, rural y económicamente activa. Las cifras contenidas en esta publicación constituyen una revisión de las presentadas en el Observatorio 2014. En esta oportunidad, se actualizaron las estimaciones y proyecciones de la población a nivel nacional desde 1950 hasta 2100, considerando las nuevas fuentes de información disponibles para Chile y Guatemala. En las próximas ediciones se irán incorporando las nuevas estimaciones y proyecciones de población, elaboradas con el método de los componentes, pero por edades simples y años calendario. Como es habitual, se incluye un capítulo en el que se analizan las tendencias demográficas. En esta oportunidad, se examinan los avances en el descenso de la fecundidad más allá de lo proyectado a fines de la década de 1980 y su impacto en el crecimiento de la población. En las notas técnicas de este Observatorio se enumeran las fuentes de datos consideradas para cada país.

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Metric features and modular and laminar distributions of intrinsic projections of area 17 were studied in Cebus apella. Anterogradely and retrogradely labeled cell appendages were obtained using both saturated pellets and iontophoretic injections of biocytin into the operculum. Laminar and modular distributions of the labeled processes were analyzed using Nissl counterstaining, and/or cytochrome oxidase and/or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. We distinguished three labeled cell types: pyramidal, star pyramidal and stellate cells located in supragranular cortical layers (principally in layers IIIa, IIIb α, IIIb ß and IIIc). Three distinct axon terminal morphologies were found, i.e., Ia, Ib and II located in granular and supragranular layers. Both complete and partial segregation of group I axon terminals relative to the limits of the blobs of V1 were found. The results are compatible with recent evidence of incomplete segregation of visual information flow in V1 of Old and New World primates.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Long-term synaptic plasticity has been recently described in brainstem areas associated to visceral afferent sensory integration. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), an animal model for studying obstructive sleep apnea in humans, depresses the afferent neurotransmission in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurons, which affect respiratory and autonomic regulation. Here we identified the synaptic mechanisms of CIH-induced depression of the afferent neurotransmission in NTS neurons in juvenile rats. We verified that CIH reduced the amplitude of both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamatergic excitatory currents (eEPSCs) evoked by tractus solitarii stimulation (TS-eEPSC) of second-order neurons in the NTS. No changes were observed in release probability, evidenced by absence of any CIH-elicited effects on short-term depression and failures in EPSCs evoked in low calcium. CIH also produced no changes in TS-eEPSC quantal size, since the amplitudes of both low calcium-evoked EPSCs and asynchronous TS-eEPSCs (evoked in the presence of Sr2+) were unchanged. Using single TS afferent fiber stimulation in slices from control and CIH rats we clearly show that CIH reduced the quantal content of the TS-eEPSCs without affecting the quantal size or release probability, suggesting a reduction in the number of active synapses as the mechanism of CIH induced TS-eEPSC depression. In accordance with this concept, the input-output relationship of stimulus intensity and TS-eEPSC amplitude shows an early saturation in CIH animals. These findings open new perspectives for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the synaptic plasticity in the brainstem sensory neurons under challenges such as those produced by CIH in experimental and pathological conditions.

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The mesopontine rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) is a mostly ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic structure believed to be a node for signaling aversive events to dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The RMTg receives glutamatergic inputs from the lateral habenula (LHb) and sends substantial GABAergic projections to the VTA, which also receives direct projections from the LHb. To further specify the topography of LHb projections to the RMTg and VTA, small focal injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were aimed at different subdivisions of the LHb. The subnuclear origin of LHb inputs to the VTA and RMTg was then confirmed by injections of the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit b into the VTA or RMTg. Furthermore, we compared the topographic position of retrogradely labeled neurons in the RMTg resulting from VTA injections with that of anterogradely labeled axons emerging from the LHb. As revealed by anterograde and retrograde tracing, LHb projections were organized in a strikingly topographic manner, with inputs to the RMTg mostly arising from the lateral division of the LHb (LHbL), whereas inputs to the VTA mainly emerged from the medial division of the LHb (LHbM). In the RMTg, profusely branched LHb axons were found in close register with VTA projecting neurons and were frequently apposed to the latter. Overall, our findings demonstrate that LHb inputs to the RMTg and VTA arise from different divisions of the LHb and provide direct evidence for a disynaptic pathway that links the LHbL to the VTA via the RMTg. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:12781300, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Visual analysis of social networks is usually based on graph drawing algorithms and tools. However, social networks are a special kind of graph in the sense that interpretation of displayed relationships is heavily dependent on context. Context, in its turn, is given by attributes associated with graph elements, such as individual nodes, edges, and groups of edges, as well as by the nature of the connections between individuals. In most systems, attributes of individuals and communities are not taken into consideration during graph layout, except to derive weights for force-based placement strategies. This paper proposes a set of novel tools for displaying and exploring social networks based on attribute and connectivity mappings. These properties are employed to layout nodes on the plane via multidimensional projection techniques. For the attribute mapping, we show that node proximity in the layout corresponds to similarity in attribute, leading to easiness in locating similar groups of nodes. The projection based on connectivity yields an initial placement that forgoes force-based or graph analysis algorithm, reaching a meaningful layout in one pass. When a force algorithm is then applied to this initial mapping, the final layout presents better properties than conventional force-based approaches. Numerical evaluations show a number of advantages of pre-mapping points via projections. User evaluation demonstrates that these tools promote ease of manipulation as well as fast identification of concepts and associations which cannot be easily expressed by conventional graph visualization alone. In order to allow better space usage for complex networks, a graph mapping on the surface of a sphere is also implemented.