济阳坳陷非烃气藏成因研究－来自气体地球化学和火成岩方解石脉碳氧同位素的证据

济阳坳陷是自三叠纪以来欧亚板块、印度洋板块和库拉－太平洋板块相互作用形成的一个叠置在华北板块上的中、新生代坳陷，位于华北板块东部，东临著名的郯庐大断裂。在坳陷中部的高青－平南断裂地区和西部惠民凹陷发现了大量的CO2气藏，近年来受到很多地质学家和地学工作者的注意。本文在前人资料和自己研究成果的基础上，详细分析了济阳坳陷CO2气藏的气体地球化学特征和惠民凹陷地区火成岩中方解石脉的碳氧同位素特征，为厘定区域内二氧化碳气的来源提供理论依据。通过系统的研究，获得了以下成果和结论： 济阳坳陷CO2气藏中，13CCO2值为-5.67～-3.35‰，主频率段为-4.76～-4.32‰，指示CO2气的主体为无机成因；而气藏中CH4的13C为-54.39～-35.00‰，主频率段为-54.39～-51.55‰，显示以有机成因为主。 济阳坳陷CO2气藏中3He/4He比值为2.80～4.49×10-6，主频率段为3.55～4.49×10-6；40Ar/36Ar值为317～1791，变化较大，主要分布在770～1791；13CCO2值与3He/4He成正相关关系；CO2/3Hem值介于0.769～10.2×109之间，主体为1.86～3.51×109，且CO2/3Hem值与CO2含量一定程度地正相关；CH4/3He比值介于1.01～5.65×108之间，接近于幔源流体值，而远低于壳源特征值，且CH4/3He比值随3He/4He比值减少而增加。以上种种特征都说明，济阳坳陷非烃类气藏中气体具有多来源的特征，但CO2主体是无机成因，并主要来自地幔，少量来自有机成因；在成藏过程，幔源CO2通过转变为CH4或者碳酸盐岩而丢失了部分CO2，壳源CO2和其它烃类加入到气藏中；花沟地区的气体地球化学特征与众不同，可能存在碳酸盐地层变质脱气产生的CO2的混入，但具体原因尚待进一步研究。 济阳坳陷惠民凹陷地区火成岩中方解石脉的碳同位素数据-3.30～3.14‰，氧同位素数据12.64～16.97‰，二者成正相关关系，同时也位于前人所说的沉积混染趋势线上，具有较为典型的壳幔混合特征。这些方解石脉的碳同位素又明显的位于海相碳酸盐岩范围之内，说明脉体的主要碳源不是深源的，而是来自于海相底层。

Constitution, laws and regulations of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

http://www.archive.org/details/constitutionlaws00ameriala

A functional polymorphism in the 5HTR2C gene associated with stress responses also predicts incident cardiovascular events.

Previously we have shown that a functional nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6318) of the 5HTR2C gene located on the X-chromosome is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to a stress recall task, and with endophenotypes associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). These findings suggest that individuals carrying the rs6318 Ser23 C allele will be at higher risk for CVD compared to Cys23 G allele carriers. The present study examined allelic variation in rs6318 as a predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and a composite endpoint of all-cause mortality or myocardial infarction (MI) among Caucasian participants consecutively recruited through the cardiac catheterization laboratory at Duke University Hospital (Durham, NC) as part of the CATHGEN biorepository. Study population consisted of 6,126 Caucasian participants (4,036 [65.9%] males and 2,090 [34.1%] females). A total of 1,769 events occurred (1,544 deaths and 225 MIs; median follow-up time = 5.3 years, interquartile range = 3.3-8.2). Unadjusted Cox time-to-event regression models showed, compared to Cys23 G carriers, males hemizygous for Ser23 C and females homozygous for Ser23C were at increased risk for the composite endpoint of all-cause death or MI: Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17, 1.84, p = .0008. Adjusting for age, rs6318 genotype was not related to body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking history, number of diseased coronary arteries, or left ventricular ejection fraction in either males or females. After adjustment for these covariates the estimate for the two Ser23 C groups was modestly attenuated, but remained statistically significant: HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.73, p = .005. These findings suggest that this functional polymorphism of the 5HTR2C gene is associated with increased risk for CVD mortality and morbidity, but this association is apparently not explained by the association of rs6318 with traditional risk factors or conventional markers of atherosclerotic disease.

Dopamine receptors in a songbird brain.

Dopamine is a key neuromodulatory transmitter in the brain. It acts through dopamine receptors to affect changes in neural activity, gene expression, and behavior. In songbirds, dopamine is released into the striatal song nucleus Area X, and the levels depend on social contexts of undirected and directed singing. This differential release is associated with differential expression of activity-dependent genes, such as egr1 (avian zenk), which in mammalian brain are modulated by dopamine receptors. Here we cloned from zebra finch brain cDNAs of all avian dopamine receptors: the D1 (D1A, D1B, D1D) and D2 (D2, D3, D4) families. Comparative sequence analyses of predicted proteins revealed expected phylogenetic relationships, in which the D1 family exists as single exon and the D2 family exists as spliced exon genes. In both zebra finch and chicken, the D1A, D1B, and D2 receptors were highly expressed in the striatum, the D1D and D3 throughout the pallium and within the mesopallium, respectively, and the D4 mainly in the cerebellum. Furthermore, within the zebra finch, all receptors, except for D4, showed differential expression in song nuclei relative to the surrounding regions and developmentally regulated expression that decreased for most receptors during the sensory acquisition and sensorimotor phases of song learning. Within Area X, half of the cells expressed both D1A and D2 receptors, and a higher proportion of the D1A-only-containing neurons expressed egr1 during undirected but not during directed singing. Our findings are consistent with hypotheses that dopamine receptors may be involved in song development and social context-dependent behaviors.

Puzzling thoughts for H. M.: can new semantic information be anchored to old semantic memories?

Researchers currently debate whether new semantic knowledge can be learned and retrieved despite extensive damage to medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. The authors explored whether H. M., a patient with amnesia, could acquire new semantic information in the context of his lifelong hobby of solving crossword puzzles. First, H. M. was tested on a series of word-skills tests believed important in solving crosswords. He also completed 3 new crosswords: 1 puzzle testing pre-1953 knowledge, another testing post-1953 knowledge, and another combining the 2 by giving postoperative semantic clues for preoperative answers. From the results, the authors concluded that H. M. can acquire new semantic knowledge, at least temporarily, when he can anchor it to mental representations established preoperatively.

Construcción de actividades basadas en los acercamientos de la civilización China a la noción de aproximación

A partir de la historia de la matemática se pueden diseñar actividades que favorezcan la formación humanística y matemática de nuestros estudiantes. En este caso se presentan algunos acercamientos de la civilización China a la noción de aproximación, y con base en estos se muestra parte de una actividad que busca fortalecer la comprensión de esta noción básica del cálculo. Este trabajo es un producto parcial del grupo de estudio en Historia de la Matemática del Departamento de Matemáticas del Colegio Gimnasio Moderno. En este momento el grupo centra su atención en el estudio de desarrollos históricos que estén relacionados con nociones básicas del Cálculo como aproximación, variación, optimización y predicción; así como en el diseño de actividades que favorezcan la comprensión de estas nociones. La razón por la cual nos interesa el Cálculo, es porque es una de las áreas de la matemática que mayor dificultad presenta a los estudiantes, ya que sus conceptos se basan en nociones de inexactitud y cambio que evidentemente chocan con la concepción tradicional de la matemática como una ciencia exacta. Por ejemplo, la comprensión del concepto de límite en un sentido riguroso es extremadamente difícil y casi imposible para los estudiantes debido a que la noción en la que se sustenta, la aproximación, produce tal incertidumbre que los mismos profesores la han expulsado de aquella variedad de nociones básicas que deben ser enseñadas en la escuela. Pero además, la estructura conceptual de ésta noción es tan compleja, que requiere de un tiempo prolongado y del uso de diferentes vías didácticas para ser plenamente comprendida (García et al., 2002). Haciendo un estudio de los desarrollos matemáticos de la civilización China nos encontramos con que en ella se establecieron algunos procedimientos de aproximación para calcular áreas de regiones curvilíneas, así como un método para aproximar tanto como se quiera la raíz cuadrada de un número; también obtuvieron la fórmula del volumen de la esfera por un método que antecede a la técnica de Cavalieri en doce siglos aproximadamente. Este taller pretende por una parte, mostrar los acercamientos de la civilización China a algunas nociones básicas del cálculo, específicamente la aproximación y la variación; así como hacer evidente la presencia de procesos infinitos en algunos desarrollos matemáticos de esta civilización. Por otra parte, busca presentar algunas actividades diseñadas desde una perspectiva histórica, es decir, un diseño que resalta la dimensión humana del conocimiento matemático, sus conexiones con otros ámbitos de la cultura, el contexto en el que nace y evoluciona, y por supuesto, que busca fortalecer la formación matemática de nuestros estudiantes. En la primera sesión, mostraremos los acercamientos a las nociones básicas de aproximación y/o variación de la civilización China. En la segunda sesión presentaremos algunas actividades inspiradas en los desarrollos de las civilizaciones anteriormente mencionadas.

Optimisation modelling for flip-chip solder joint reliability

This paper details and demonstrates integrated optimisation-reliability modelling for predicting the performance of solder joints in electronic packaging. This integrated modelling approach is used to identify efficiently and quickly the most suitable design parameters for solder joint performance during thermal cycling and is demonstrated on flip-chip components using “no-flow” underfills. To implement “optimisation in reliability” approach, the finite element simulation tool – PHYSICA, is coupled with optimisation and statistical tools. This resulting framework is capable of performing design optimisation procedures in an entirely automated and systematic manner.

Measurement of pressure profiles in pneumatic conveying pipelines

Accurate design of two-phase air-solid pipelines requires data from flow and pressure measurements, requiring the appropriate positioning and selection of sensors as well as judicious processing of signals. This paper shows how detailed measurements of pressure profiles have been obtained for use in design of improved pneumatic conveying pipelines.

Position and structure of the subtropical/Azores front region from combined Lagrangian and remote sensing (IR/altimeter/SeaWIFS) measurements

The position and structure of the North Atlantic Subtropical Front is studied using Lagrangian flow tracks and remote sensing (AVHRR imagery: TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry: SeaWiFS) in a broad region ( similar to 31 degree to similar to 36 degree N) of marked gradient of dynamic height (Azores Current) that extends from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), near similar to 40 degree W, to the Eastern Boundary ( similar to 10 degree W). Drogued Argos buoy and ALACE tracks are superposed on infrared satellite images in the Subtropical Front region. Cold (cyclonic) structures, called storms, and warm (anticyclonic) structures of 100-300 km in size can be found on the south side of the Subtropical Front outcrop, which has a temperature contrast of about 1 degree C that can be followed for similar to 2500 km near 35 degree N. Warmer water adjacent to the outcrop is flowing eastward (Azores Current) but some warm water is returned westward about 300 km to the south (southern Counterflow). Estimates of horizontal diffusion in a Storm (D=2.2t10 super(2) m super(2) s super(-1)) and in the Subtropical Front region near 200 m depth (D sub(x)=1.3t10 super(4) m super(2) s super(-1), D sub(y)=2.6t10 super(3) m super(2) s super(-1)) are made from the Lagrangian tracks. Altimeter and in situ measurements show that Storms track westwards. Storms are separated by about 510 km and move westward at 2.7 km d super(-1). Remote sensing reveals that some initial structures start evolving as far east as 23 degree W but are more organized near 29 degree W and therefore Storms are about 1 year old when they reach the MAR (having travelled a distance of 1000 km). Structure and seasonality in SeaWiFS data in the region is examined.