994 resultados para 712, SEDA50


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本研究利用AFLP和微卫星标记,以海湾扇贝杂交F1为作图群体,构建了海湾扇贝的遗传连锁图谱,并对壳色决定基因和与生长性状相关的QTL进行了定位。 共用55对AFLP引物组合对亲本和88个子代个体进行扩增,共得到了2424个位点,多态性位点为392个,占所有标记的16.17%。其中,母本标记121个,父本标记196个,共有标记75个。经卡方检验,共有331个标记(84.4%)符合孟德尔分离比,61个标记(15.6%)出现偏分离现象。偏分离标记中,36个(59%)为纯合子缺失。从35对微卫星引物中筛选出了10对多态性引物,得到了5个母本标记和6个父本标记。另外,将表现为质量性状的壳色标记作为形态标记一同进行连锁图谱构建。 分别利用母本和父本标记构建了海湾扇贝雌性和雄性连锁图谱。其中,共有包括109个AFLP标记、5个微卫星标记和1个壳色标记组成了雌性图谱的框架图,分布于16个连锁群。图谱总长度为338.8cM,平均间隔为5.29cM,图谱覆盖率为65.82%。雄性连锁图谱框架图共定位了186个标记,包括181个AFLP标记、5个微卫星标记,壳色标记未实现定位。图谱包括17个连锁群,总长度为780.3cM,平均间隔为6.56cM,图谱覆盖率为78.11%。通过SSR12位点的定位结果,可以将雌性图谱第7连锁群与雄性图谱17连锁群对应起来。 壳色标记定位在了雌性图谱第九连锁群上,说明橙色基因位点为杂合。我们将壳色基因命名为Orange1,两个标记——F1f335和D8f420与这一基因之间图距为0。在家系和群体中初步验证,这两个标记与壳色基因紧密或完全连锁。 共定位了16个与生长相关的QTL,它们分布于雌性图谱的2、3、5连锁群和雄性图谱的4、5、6、7、8连锁群上。每个QTL均发现了与其图距非常接近的分子标记(0.01-2.51%)。其中壳长、壳高、壳宽三个长度指标QTL成簇分布或部分重叠,可一同作为选择性指标,壳重和全湿重QTL位点也比较相近。只有软体部重位点单独分布,可能具有相对独立的遗传基础。

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测定了管藻目绿藻刺松藻和假根羽藻的叶状体、叶绿体及类囊体膜的吸收光谱和低温荧光光谱,并同软丝藻等5种非管藻目绿藻和菠菜进行了比较。证实绿藻普遍缺少作为高等植物 PSI 标志的 730nm 的低温长波荧光,其长波发射峰在 710 ~ 715nm 以及 695nm 荧光也不明显。采用和的 PAGE 法从刺松藻、假根羽藻、软丝藻和菠菜中分别得到 11 种、11 种、7 种和 9 种色素蛋白复合物,并测定了各复合物的分子量、Chl a/b、叶绿素的分布、多肽组成和结构关系,以及吸收光谱、低温荧光发射和激发光谱等各种光谱特性。刺松藻和假根羽藻的 CPIa_(1-2) 复合物的荧光发射主峰分别在 698、690 和 685nm,软丝藻 CPIa 在 715nm,菠菜 CPIa_(1-2) 分别在 729 和 722nm。两种管藻目绿藻的 LHCI 与 CII 的结合程度较菠菜和软丝藻更紧密,其 CPI 复合物中仍含有一定量的,710 ~ 715nm 荧光呈隐现状态。用二次 PAGE 法将刺松藻和假根羽藻的 CPIa 和 CIP 再分离,得到 PSI 的捕光复合 LHCI,为管藻黄素-Chl a/b-蛋白复合物, Chl a/b=1.2,含有 27.5、26.2、26 和 24.5kDa 四种多肽,77K 荧光峰在 682 ~ 683nm。LHCI 没有发射高等植物 730nm 荧光的相应组分是管藻目绿藻缺少 730nm 荧光的主要原因。核心复合物 CCI 含有 67 和 56kDa 两种多肽,与软丝藻和菠菜相似,但 3 种藻类核心复合物的 77K 荧光峰在 715nm,而菠菜在 720nm。刺松藻和假根羽藻有 LHCI 存在时,715nm 荧光峰不明显,随着 LHCI 的解离,荧光逐渐显现。刺松藻 PSI 中与 CCI 结合最紧密的是 LHCI 的 27.5 和 24.5kDa 多肽,两个 26 kDa 多肽的结合较为松散。用差速离心法对刺松藻、假根羽藻、软丝藻及菠菜的 PSI 颗粒进行了初步的分离。PSI 粗提物的 77K 长波荧光发射峰分别在 710、712、713 和 730nm,与 PAGE 法得到的结果相符。刺松藻和假根羽藻的 PSII 核心复合物 CPa 与菠菜相同,都含有两个 33kDa 核心多肽及 40 ~ 47 kDa 的内天线蛋白。从两种管藻目绿藻中首次分离到 6 种 LHCII 捕光复合物,其中 LHCP_(1-3),四种都是管藻黄素- Chl a/b-蛋白复合物, Chl a/b=0.7 ~ 0.9。刺松藻和假根羽藻中含量最高、最稳定的捕光复合物是分子量最大的 LHCP_1 由 34.4、31.5、29.5、28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽构成,其中 34.4 和 31.5kDa 多肽在菠菜和软丝藻中没有对应组分。LHCP_1 再分离结果表明,分子量较小的捕光复合物都是 LHCP_1 的组成部分,但分子量最小的 Fca_1 和 Fca_2 与其它复合物的关系尚不确定。31.5 和 29.5 kDa 多肽是 LHCP_1 的核心,34.4、28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽位于外侧;整个 LHCP_1 以 28.1 和 26.5kDa 多肽与 CCII 紧密结合,构成 PSII。根据刺松藻和假根羽藻光系统结构及其特异性的研究结果,提出了一个管藻目绿藻 PSI 和 PSII 色素蛋白复合物结构关系模型,并与高等植物的模型做了比较。讨论了光合作用两个光系统结构和特性的进化过程,指出 730nm 低温荧光峰不能作为管藻目乃至非管藻目绿藻 PSI 的表征。管藻目绿藻同杂色藻类在这方面有相似性。

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通过多年研究,找出了困扰高寒牧区多年生人工草地建设的“建植3-5年急速退化问题”的原因脂油复杂草侵入和草地土壤有效养分匮缺;通过连续13年的示范试验,证明采取适当的管理措施可以有效的逆转草地退化趋势,实现草地多年持续利用。

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本文给出了移动机器人的虚力导航和运动规划系统。这种方法结合最小方差估计算法(LMSE)和模糊控制方法能有效地对机器人进行实时导航和避撞。在预测过程中,根据导航的不同阶段和预测误差的变化情况,采用Fuzzy规则动态地调整误差函数中的权重,使得预测过程尽可能准确。本文导航算法的基本思想是首先通过预测算法来获得移动机器人的运动信息,然后虚力系统根据预测信息决定机器人的将来的运动,仿真结果表明该方法实时性好,能准确躲避障碍物并且到达目标点。

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如何从城市发展及其内在规律性来研究城市环境与人民生活及工业发展的关系是人们最近才涉足的重要领域。本文以沈阳市为实际背景,通过对区域,全国和世界各国环境变迁史的有关统计资料的研究,运用系统动力学的理论与方法,构造了城市环境长远规划的系统动力学模型,从宏观上探讨了城市发展的机制,对各种不同的发展方案进行了分析研究,对它们做了相应的政策评价,提出了一些政策性建议与措施。该模型可用于一般大城市地区的环境治理的战略研究。

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自20世纪60年代以来,探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作,都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。洞穴化学沉积物(石笋)由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息,并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点,因此,它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋(微层)生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究,系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义,得出以下主要结论:1,地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组.分(气样、土样、水样)中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量(常量)元素记录。根据分析,洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明,我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大,即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息,是理想的研究对象。2.凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回,不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异,指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断,旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570-8000 aBP,以呈缓平顶(柱)对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主,示洞顶滴水量较大,滴水点相对稳定,且均匀,与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000-14220 aBP,期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡,受诸如新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas)等的影响,气候变化幅度大,且经历多次反复,石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥(柱)、尖顶锥不对称叠复纹层组合,示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大,且洞穴滴水不稳(固)定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。3.凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性:微层发育较差,层面多弯曲,层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响,尽管在某些层位有微层发育,但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比,扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失,以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差,我们认为,凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。4,由于部分测年数据仍在测试中,目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失,因此,我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据,建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来石笋的生长速率在22μm/yr-51μm/yr之间,明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段内的石笋生长速率(16μm/yr)。这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候,尤其是降雨的变化。5.通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比,我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整,洞穴化学沉积物的6先值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的61t值变化,即反映了地表的植被(c3植物和c;植物)的组成状况。贵州地区降雨80%集中在5-10月份,在此期间,基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁,是一年中雨量最集中的时期,在东亚季风影响时期,贵州多晴少雨,往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨创的值的加权平均值明显低于东亚季风控制区大气降雨δ18O值的加权平均值。因此,贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨δ18O值主要取决于西南(印度洋)季风的强弱:西南季风加强,降雨量增加,年均降雨剐、值偏负;西南季风减弱,降雨量减少,年均降雨δ18O值偏正。洞穴滴水的6旧O值变化基本继承了大气降水的别勿值变化。因此,对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞,源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋的别勺值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。6.对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均,发现,特别是进入全新世后,石笋的引3c值和扩、值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化,只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220-1570 aBP时间段内,尤其是10500-1570 aBP期间,本区域气候具有雨热(或干冷)同期的气候特征:在气温较高时间段,西南季风增强,气候湿润多雨,更有利于地表。植物的生长。气温降低时,随着东亚季风增强,西南季风减弱,气候干旱少雨,地表C;植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220-1570 aBP期间的古气候和古生态环境:(1).14220-10500aBP,处于末次冰期晚期,气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的司、值都大于-9.8‰,最小值为-9.31‰,最大值达-7.290‰,平均值为-8.552‰。说明凉风洞洞穴地表的生长植被。植物占有一定的组分,石笋的δ18C值受C3植物和C4植物的共同影响。此时段内石笋6、值也存在一定的波动(-5.651‰-6.942‰),考虑到末次冰期晚期先全新世过渡期间气温变幅较大,O'Neil等(1969)所建立的氧同位素平衡分馏方程中的温度变化已不能忽略,并且大气降雨的温度效应作用也比较明显,因此我们对此时段的季风和大气降雨量的变化不作讨论。(2). 10500-9300 aBP,新仙女木事件结束,进入全新世,气温逐渐回升。凉风洞石笋此时段的扩3c值大都小于-9.8‰,最小值为-10.377‰,最大值为-9.267‰,平均值为-9.910‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被已逐渐由C3植物占主导。此时段石笋δ18C值明显卜降,最小值为-7.420‰,最大值为-6.077‰,平均值为-6.854‰。反映在全新世早期夏季风盛行,降雨量较大,西南季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率大。(3).9300-8300 aBP,经历一段明显温度波动变化。仟3c值在-9.8‰上下波动,最小值为-10.155‰,最大值为-9.096‰,平均值为-9.712‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被C4植物所占比例存在反复。此时段石笋岁a0值变化幅度不是很大,最小值为-6.796‰,最大值为-6.260‰,平均值为-6.490‰。受冬季风影响,夏季风有一定的减弱,总体降雨量一般,东亚季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率比全新世初期有所增大。(4).8300-3l000BP,俗称全新世大暖期,此时段全球气温明显回升,石笋δ18C值总体逐渐降低,最小值为-n.926编,平均值为-10.496‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本由C3植物所控制。但在扩飞值总体逐渐降低的趋势一F,也存在若干扩3c值明显增大时段,如7700-6700 aBP时段,61七值最大值达-8.110‰,地表C4植物所占比例已不能忽略。此时段石笋6150值变化幅度较大,最小值为-7.373‰,最大值为-5.047‰,平均值为-6.261‰。反映在全新世大暖期的大背景下西南季风和东亚季风的交替以及大气降雨量的变化存在较大的波动,说明了季风气候的不稳定性。(5).3100-1570 aBP,在3100aBP前后,凉风洞石笋的δ18C值和δ18O值均急剧上升,标志进入晚全新世。此时段气温变幅很大,δ18C值总体虽然仍偏低,平均值为-10.275‰,但刻畜介于-6.495-12.097‰之间;δ18C值平均值为-6.184‰,变幅介于-4.677-8.65‰之间,均超过以往任何时段。此时段凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本上仍然由C。植物所控制,始于3100 aBP的急速降温事件使得在全新世晚期开始时段C4植物所占比例有一定的上升。此时段内西南季风和东亚季风反复多次交替,大气降雨量存在较大幅度的变化,说明了季风气候在此时段的很不稳定性。对于169于巧70 oBP百年时间段内石笋的δ18C值和司、值巨大幅度的急剧升高,有待进一步研究,也不排除石笋表层长期裸露受外界污染所致。

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Emeseh, Engobo, 'Corporate Responsibility for Crime: Thinking outside the Box' I University of Botswana Law Journal (2005) 28-49 RAE2008

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http://www.archive.org/details/ethicsofwarbyalh00kamauoft

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The impact of the Vietnam War conditioned the Carter administration’s response to the Nicaraguan revolution in ways that reduced US engagement with both sides of the conflict. It made the countries of Latin America counter the US approach and find their own solution to the crisis, and allowed Cuba to play a greater role in guiding the overthrow of Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. This thesis re-evaluates Carter’s policy through the legacy of the Vietnam War, because US executive anxieties about military intervention, Congress’s increasing influence, and US public concerns about the nation’s global responsibilities, shaped the Carter approach to Nicaragua. Following a background chapter, the Carter administration’s policy towards Nicaragua is evaluated, before and after the fall of Somoza in July 1979. The extent of the Vietnam influence on US-Nicaraguan relations is developed by researching government documents on the formation of US policy, including material from the Jimmy Carter Library, the Library of Congress, the National Security Archive, the National Archives and Records Administration, and other government and media sources from the United Nations Archives, New York University, the New York Public Library, the Hoover Institution Archives, Tulane University and the Organization of American States. The thesis establishes that the Vietnam legacy played a key role in the Carter administration’s approach to Nicaragua. Before the overthrow of Somoza, the Carter administration limited their influence in Nicaragua because they felt there was no immediate threat from communism. The US feared that an active role in Nicaragua, without an established threat from Cuba or the Soviet Union, could jeopardise congressional support for other foreign policy goals deemed more important. The Carter administration, as a result, pursued a policy of non-intervention towards the Central American country. After the fall of Somoza, and the establishment of a new government with a left wing element represented by the Sandinistas, the Carter administration emphasised non-intervention in a military sense, but actively engaged with the new Nicaraguan leadership to contain the potential communist influence that could spread across Central America in the wake of the Nicaraguan revolution.

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The response of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris NCDO 712 to low water activity (aw) was investigated, both in relation to growth following moderate reductions in the aw and in terms of survival following substantial reduction of the aw with NaCI. Lc.lactis NCDO 712 was capable of growth in the presence of ≤ 4% w/v NaCI and concentrations in excess of 4% w/v were lethal to the cells. The presence of magnesium ions significantly increased the resistance of NCDO 712 to challenge with NaCI and also to challenge with high temperature or low pH. Survival of Lc.lactis NCDO 712 exposed to high NaCI concentrations was growth phase dependent and cells were most sensitive in the early exponential phase of growth. Pre-exposure to 3% w/v NaCI induced limited protection against subsequent challenge with higher NaCI concentrations. The induction was inhibited by chloramphenicol and even when induced, the response did not protect against NaCI concentrations> 10% w/v. When growing at low aw, potassium was accumulated by Lc. lactis NCDO 712 growing at low aw, if the aw was reduced by glucose or fructose, but not by NaCI. Reducing the potassium concentration of chemically defined medium from 20 to 0.5 mM) produced a substantial reduction in the growth rate, if the aw was reduced with NaCI, but not with glucose or fructose. The reduction of the growth rate correlated strongly with a reduction in the cytoplasmic potassium concentration and in cell volume. Addition of the compatible solute glycine betaine, partially reversed the inhibition of growth rate and partially restored the cell volume. The potassium transport system was characterised in cells grown in medium at both high and low aw. It appeared that a single system was present, which was induced approximately two-fold by growth at low aw. Potassium transport was assayed in vitro using cells depleted of potassium; the assay was competitively inhibited by Na+ and by the other monovalent cations NH4+, Li+, and Cs+. There was a strong correlation between the ability of strains of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis and subsp. cremoris to grow at low aw and their ability to accumulate the compatible solute glycine betaine. The Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris strains incapable of growth at NaCI concentrations> 2% w/v did not accumulate glycine betaine when growing at low aw, whereas strains capable of growth at NaCI concentrations up to 4% w/v did. A mutant, extremely sensitive to low aw was isolated from the parent strain Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris MG 1363, a plasmid free derivative of NCDO 712. The parent strain tolerated up to 4% w/v NaCI and actively accumulated glycine betaine when challenged at low aw. The mutant had lost the ability to accumulate glycine betaine and was incapable of growth at NaCI concentrations >2% w/v or the equivalent concentration of glucose. As no other compatible solute seemed capable of substitution for glycine betaine, the data suggest that the traditional; phenotypic speciation of strains on the basis of tolerance to 4% w/v NaCI can be explained as possession or lack of a glycine betaine transport system.

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En este trabajo presentamos la papiroflexia modular como metodología para el estudio de un poliedro concreto: el cubo. Se presenta una propuesta de actividad para llevar a cabo con los estudiantes así como un análisis de los conceptos implicados en el proceso (paralelismo, simetría, medida,...). Finalmente se presentan algunas reflexiones didácticas.

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Natural distributed systems are adaptive, scalable and fault-tolerant. Emergence science describes how higher-level self-regulatory behaviour arises in natural systems from many participants following simple rulesets. Emergence advocates simple communication models, autonomy and independence, enhancing robustness and self-stabilization. High-quality distributed applications such as autonomic systems must satisfy the appropriate nonfunctional requirements which include scalability, efficiency, robustness, low-latency and stability. However the traditional design of distributed applications, especially in terms of the communication strategies employed, can introduce compromises between these characteristics. This paper discusses ways in which emergence science can be applied to distributed computing, avoiding some of the compromises associated with traditionally-designed applications. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this paradigm, an emergent election algorithm is described and its performance evaluated. The design incorporates nondeterministic behaviour. The resulting algorithm has very low communication complexity, and is simultaneously very stable, scalable and robust.

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