Novas variedades de Cana-de-Açúcar

The authors carried out joint analyses of data referring to six experiments with varieties of sugar cane, carried out by SEGALLA and ALVAREZ in six locations in the State of S. Paulo, Brasil. The analyses showed that for cane or sugar yield, either for plant-cane or for plant-cane together with the first two ratoons, the best five varieties were CB 40-69, CB 41-76, CB 40-13, CB 40-19 and Co 419. The yield of sugar cane/for all varieties studied is given below, in metric tons produced in plant cane and the first two ratoons. Varieties Yield of sugar cane (tons/hectare) CB 40-69 205.2 CB 41-76 204.5 CB 40-13 199.4 CB 40-19 192.4 Co 419 192.1 CB 38-30 182.1 CB 41-70 181.5 Co 413 177.5 CB 38-22 174.4 CB 36-14 172.8 Co 290 166.6 CB 41-35 147.9 The least significant difference by Tukey's test, at the 5% level of probability, is A = 28.3 metric tons/hectare.

Cana forrageira competição de variedades

At the 2nd. Department of Zootechny of the E. S. A. L. Q., in Piracicaba, between 1953 and 1955 an experiment of sugar cane varieties was carried out, with the objective of discovering varieties to substitute "Taquara" (the variety most widely used) and Co 290 (the most recommended). The former was condemned as being too susceptible to cane smut and the latter showes signs if degeneracy. In the experiment, 8 varieties were used with 3 replications in randomized blocks, in 3 rows each. The cane was crop not in the same period, but when they were at comparable ripeness (70 cm of apparent culm). They were crop twice during the year, with a sharp hoe near the soil. The summary of the results and the statistical analyses are shown in tables 1 to 3, showing the possibility of there being 3 groups: A superior one composed of Co 419, a median one, in decreasing order of production, composed of Kassoer, CB 40-69. Co 413, IAC 36-25 and POJ 161 and an inferior group composed of Co 290 and Taquara. There is a possibility that POJ 161 belongs to the last group. Nevertheless, this variety is not recommend because of its susceptibility to smut. As Kassoer is more healthy, vigorous and enduring than Co 419 and other varieties, it is shown recommendable. IAC 36-25 is being recommended presently for forage since its productions is lower than Kassoer, placing 5th productivity, although statistical significance was not detected. As our final conclusions, Co 419, Kassoer, CB 40-69, Co 413 and IAC 36-25 can be planted as forage while POJ 161, Co 290 and Taquara should not. The last two were exactly those used as forage reserve in the 2nd. Department at the beginning of the experiment.

A amostragem da cana-de-açúcar para determinações tecnológicas

The authors carried out 3 experiments on the sampling of sugar cane for technological determinations, one with each of the varieties Co 419, CB 40-69 and CB 41-58, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The main intent of the project was to compare 2 methods of sampling, namely: 1) Method A, where the sample is a hill (CATANI et al, 1959) or, more generally, 20 stalks all together in a randomly selected point of the furrow; 2) Method B, where 20 stalks are taken, from 20 points evenly spread but on the whole plot. Coefficients of variation for 20 stalk samples Variety Characteristic 20 stalks per hill 1 stalk per hill Brix 4.8% 1.9% Pol 6.4% 2.5% CB 40-69 Coefficient of purity 2.1% 0.83% Available sucrose 7.3% 2.7% Weight 6.6% 6.9% Brix 5.3% 1.8% Pol 7.6% 2.6% Co 419 Coefficient of purity 2.9% 1.0% Available sucrose 8.6% 3.0% Weight 21.2% 6.5% Brix 2.8% 1.4% Pol 4.1% 1.9% CB 41-58 Coefficient of purity 1.8% 0.8% Available sucrose 5.0% 2.2% Weight 10.9% 6.2% For the 3 varieties studied and for the data on Brix, pol, coefficient of purity, available sucrose and weight, analyses of variance were carried out. Further computations led to the following coefficients of variation. For available sucrose, which is probably the most important characteristic studied, the average coefficient of variation for the 3 varieties was 2.7%, for the case of method B, that is, 20 stalk samples, one stalk per hill. Assuming this coefficient of variation, in a trial with 5 treatments and 6 replications, in randomised blocks, the least significant difference among treatment means, at the 5% level, would be 4.7% of available sucrose by Tukey's test, and 3.3% by the t test. For the case of method A the average coefficient of variation is 7.0% and, in similar conditions, the least significant difference would be 15.1% by Tukey's test, and 12.1% by the t test. Since differences of available sucrose among treatments in experiments with fertilizers seldom are higher than 3 or 4% of the mean (PIMENTEL GOMES & CARDOSO, 1958), method B with a 20 stalk sample per plot gives more or less the minimum amount of cane to be sampled for technological determinations. In experiments with varieties, however, where differences may be assumed to be higher, a sample of 10 to 20 stalks one per hill, can be enough.

Estudo da broca da cana de açúcar Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr. 1794)

O presente trabalho relaciona-se com o estudo da broca da cana de açúcar, no que se refere à intensidade de infestação e aos danos causados na cultura e na indústria açucareira. A única espécie encontrada nas regiões canavieiras estudadas, foi a Diatraea saccharalis Fabr., 1794 (Crambidae, Lepidoptera). Foram observadas culturas de cana-planta das seguintes variedades: Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69, nas regiões de Piracicaba, Araras, Santa Bárbasa D'Oeste e Araraquara. A amostragem consistiu na escôlha, ao acaso, de côlmos das 3 variedades citadas, que foram divididos em 3 porções: base, meio e ápice. Foi contado o número total de internódios de cada côlmo e, após a sua secção longitudinal, foram contados os internóidios broqueados em cada porção para se determinar a intensidade de infestação. Para se avaliarem os danos causados pela broca na cultura da cana e na indústria açucareira foram colhidos toletes sadios e broqueados no mesmo talhão; êstes, separadamente, foram pesados e analisados para açúcar provável por cento de cana. A intensidade de infestação média encontrada naquelas localidades para a variedade Co 419 foi de 15,8%, assim distribuída: 6,1% para a base, 6,7% para o meio e 3,0% para o ápice; para a variedade CB 41-76 foi de 21,5% sendo, respectivamente, para aquelas posições, de 6,9, 9,7 e 4,9% e para a variedade CB 40-69 foi de 28,8%, assim distribuida, 8,4, 13,8 e 6.6%. A média geral é de 22,2%. As perdas médias de pêso de cana para as variedades Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69 foram, respectivamente, de 4,4, 3,2 e 6,7% com uma média geral de 4,8%. As perdas médias de açúcar provável por cento de cana para as variedades Co 419, CB 41-76 e CB 40-69 foram, respectivamente, de 1,6 4,1 e 6,7¾, com uma média geral de 4,1%. Êstes danos representam uma perda estimada em 106.075 toneladas de cana na cultura, além de 133.166 sacas de açúcar (de 60 kg) na industria açucareira, para as 5 usinas estudadas e, na safra de 1960/61. Êstes dois dados estão relacionados com a intensidade de infestação média observada, de 22,2%.

Sobre a determinação analítica da indicatriz ótica de anidrita

Estuda-se a possibilidade da aplicação prática do método analítico na determinação da grandeza da indicatriz ótica de anidrita, cujo desenvolvimento teórico foi realizado por ABRAHÃO e MARCONI (1975). Os valores de λ e de µ λ, necessários à obtenção de Ng, Nm e Np, foram calculados por diversos processos diferentes e os resultados comparados. Concluiu-se que os valores de λ são muito discrepantes. Quanto a µ λ = (Ng - Np)/2, obtiveram-se resultados praticamente constantes, para todas as vias de cálculo utilizadas. Os autores concluem, finalmente, que as determinações de Ng, Nm e Np são inviáveis na prática, em face da extrema precisão que seria exigida das medidas de birrefringência, necessárias ao desenvolvimento do método e impossíveis de serem alcançadas na atualidade.

Análise conjunta para experimentos em blocos casualizados completos aumentados

O presente estudo visa a efetuar uma análise conjunta de experimentos em blocos casualizados completos aumentados. Cada experimento apresenta os mesmos t = c + z tratamentos, distribuídos em r blocos, onde os c tratamentos são considerados comuns, pois aparecem nos r blocos, e os z tratamentos são considerados regulares, pois aparecem uma única vez em um dos r blocos. Os blocos são formados por k parcelas, sendo k = c + Pj,onde pj (j = 1, ..., r) é o número de tratamentos regulares no bloco j. Para desenvolvê-lo, considerou-se o conjunto dos experimentos como um delineamento comum em blocos incompletos. Admitindo-se que os experimentos apresentassem variâncias residuais semelhantes. No exemplo estudado, os tratamentos se repartem em seis classes de associação, com diferenças mínimas significativas (para o teste de Tukey) (Δ) entre dois deles dadas a seguir: 1 - Dois tratamentos comuns: Δ 5% = 15,955 t/ha; Δ 1% - 13,755 t/ha. 2 - Um tratamento comum e um regular: Δ 5% de 23,047 a 23,216 t/ha; Δ 1% de 26,733 a 26,930 t/ha. 3 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 3: Δ 5% de 28,515 a 28,659 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,075 a 33,243 t/ha. 4 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 2: Δ 5% de 29,064 a 29,950 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,711 a 34,739 t/ha. 5 - Dois tratamentos regulares, λ = 1: Δ 5% de 29,160 a 29,994 t/ha; Δ 1% de 33,823 a 34,791 t/ha. 6 - Dois tratamentos regulares, com λ = 0: Δ 5% de 30,281 a 30,628 t/ha; Δ 1% de 35,124 a 35,526 t/ha. Verifica-se, pois, que essas diferenças mínimas significativas são bem menores no caso de dois tratamentos comuns, mas não são muito discrepantes nos demais casos.

Aplicação do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação para diferentes solos e épocas de amostragem foliar em soqueira de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.)

Com o objetivo de se estudar a aplicação do Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) em cana-de-açucar, confrontou-se esta metodologia com a técnica da diagnose foliar baseada no nível crítico. Desse modo, observou-se o efeito de diferentes épocas de amostragem foliar de soqueiras cultivadas em 4 Grandes Grupos de Solos e, num deles, dois regimes hídricos: irrigado e não irrigado. Os ensaios se basearam no esquema fatorial N x P x K x L, onde L = localização dos fertilizantes em superfície e em profundidade, com as dosagens 0 - 60 - 120 -180 kg N/ha, 0-45 kg P(2)0(5)/ha e 0-90-180 kg K2O/ha. Os solos utilizados foram Latossol Roxo (LR) , Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo variação Laras (PVls), Latossol Vermelho Amarelo - fase arenosa (LVa) e o Latossol Vermelho Escuro-orto (LE) não controlado e sob irrigação por aspersão. A variedade empregada foi a CB 41-76 e coletou-se a folha +3 aos 3, 4, 5 e 6 meses de idade da cana-soca. As parcelas eram constituídas por 3 linhas úteis, 2 linhas de bordadura interna e 2 de bordadura externa, num total de 7 linhas com 10 m de comprimento e 1,5 m de espaçamento, ocupando uma área de 105 m². Os dados mostraram que a localização dos fertilizantes em profundidade não proporcionou efeito positivo nas produtividades agrícolas e de açúcar por área,com exceção ao solo PVls. De modo geral, o nitrogênio e o potássio aumentaram de forma linear os rendimentos da cana-de-açúcar, salvo para o potássio no solo LR. O fósforo elevou a produção agrícola para os solos LE, LR e PVls e provocou aumento da produção de açúcar por área para os dois primeiros solos. A irrigação não indicou benefício para a soqueira em solo LE. Foi possível o estabelecimento dos níveis críticos de N e K apenas para algumas épocas de amostragem foliar, enquanto para o fósforo os mesmos não foram viáveis para nenhuma época de coleta da folha +3. A época de coleta do tecido vegetal e o tipo de solo afetaram os níveis críticos de N e K. Por outro lado, o DRIS mostrou ser metodologia adequada para o diagnostico de N, P e K em soquei ras de cana-de-açucar e a interpretação dos índices transformados e praticamente inalterada com a época de amostragem foliar. Possuindo também, a propriedade de ter sua aplicação para diferentes tipos de solos.

Absorption and nutrient concentration in apple (Pyrus mains L.)

In order to obtain the following informations: a) dry matter production and extraction of nutrients by the fruits at different ages; b) dry matter production and extraction of nutrient by the leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at the flowering stage; c) dry matter production and export of nutrients by pruning (leaves and branches) at the begining dormant stage; A trial was conducted on Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto group (Orthox) at Buri, São Paulo State, Brazil. The material was collected from 'Ohio Beauty' and 'Brazil' apples grafted on 'Doucin' 1-2; 3-4; 4-5 and 6-7 years old. The main conclusions were as follows: a) differences were observed on dry matter production by two varieties at the different stages of growth; b) differences were also observed between the two varieties on the matter production in the leaves and "trunk + branches" at the flowering stage, as well as by the leaves and branches pruned at the begining of dormant stages; c) differences were observed betwen the two varieties concerning to nutrient concentration (on dry matter basis) on the fruits collected at different stages of growth. Same results were observed on leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at flowering period; d) differences were observed on the exportation of the nutrients referring to growth period of fruit; e) at the flowering and dormant period, differences were observed on the contents of nutrients in the leaves, 'trunk + branches', on the two varieties; f) the nutrient exportation by the fruits obyed the following order: K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg>Fe>B > Cu > Mn > Zn > Mo; g) the nutrient extration by the aerial part the apple trees obyed the following order: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S > Fe > B > Cu = Mn = Zn.

Determinação autorradiográfica qualitativa do p32 absorvido pelas raízes do tolete da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharun spp)

A presente pesquisa foi realizada no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, no período 1981-82, para verificar se o p32 absorvido pelas raízes do tolete da cana-de-açúcar se transloca para a gema germinante. Toletes + 10-Kuijper, de uma gema, do cv. CB-41-76, foram germinados em posição vertical, em bandejas contendo água destilada ao nível superior do nó. A estavam com mais de 150 cm de altura, adicionaram o P32 à solução nutritiva, para que fosse absorvido pelo sistema radicular normal, contando a radioatividade na folha do nó número 6, a partir do ápice. Não estudaram a absorção do P32 pelas raízes adventícias do tolete. RESNIK et alii (1976) estudaram a absorção do p32 por raízes do tolete, no cv. NCo 310 e sua translocação em toletes de 4nós. 0 P32 absorvido pelas raízes, durante 48 horas, translocou-se para os setores radiais e longitudinais do colmo. Acumulou-se em maior concentração nos nós do que nos internódios e no internódio superior do que no inferior. Não observaram a sua translocação para a gema. Este trabalho visa a determinar, autorradiograficamente, a translocação do P32 absorvido pelas raízes do tolete, e sua translocação para a gema germinante.

IFN stimulated gene expression in the liver is a better predictor of treatment response in chronic hepatitis c than the IL28b (IFN lambda 3) genotype

Background: Therapy of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with pegIFNa/ribavirin achieves sustained virologic response (SVR) in ~55%. Pre-activation of the endogenous interferon system in the liver is associated non-response (NR). Recently, genome-wide association studies described associations of allelic variants near the IL28B (IFNλ3) gene with treatment response and with spontaneous clearance of the virus. We investigated if the IL28B genotype determines the constitutive expression of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) in the liver of patients with CHC. Methods: We genotyped 93 patients with CHC for 3 IL28B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs12979860, rs8099917, rs12980275), extracted RNA from their liver biopsies and quantified the expression of IL28B and of 8 previously identified classifier genes which discriminate between SVR and NR (IFI44L, RSAD2, ISG15, IFI22, LAMP3, OAS3, LGALS3BP and HTATIP2). Decision tree ensembles in the form of a random forest classifier were used to calculate the relative predictive power of these different variables in a multivariate analysis. Results: The minor IL28B allele (bad risk for treatment response) was significantly associated with increased expression of ISGs, and, unexpectedly, with decreased expression of IL28B. Stratification of the patients into SVR and NR revealed that ISG expression was conditionally independent from the IL28B genotype, i.e. there was an increased expression of ISGs in NR compared to SVR irrespective of the IL28B genotype. The random forest feature score (RFFS) identified IFI27 (RFFS = 2.93), RSAD2 (1.88) and HTATIP2 (1.50) expression and the HCV genotype (1.62) as the strongest predictors of treatment response. ROC curves of the IL28B SNPs showed an AUC of 0.66 with an error rate (ERR) of 0.38. A classifier with the 3 best classifying genes showed an excellent test performance with an AUC of 0.94 and ERR of 0.15. The addition of IL28B genotype information did not improve the predictive power of the 3-gene classifier. Conclusions: IL28B genotype and hepatic ISG expression are conditionally independent predictors of treatment response in CHC. There is no direct link between altered IFNλ3 expression and pre-activation of the endogenous system in the liver. Hepatic ISG expression is by far the better predictor for treatment response than IL28B genotype.

Clinical benefit of fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer and primary or acquired resistance to aromatase inhibitors: final results of phase II Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research Trial (SAKK 21/00).

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of fulvestrant, an estrogen receptor antagonist, in postmenopausal women with hormone-responsive tumors progressing after aromatase inhibitor (AI) treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a phase II, open, multicenter, noncomparative study. Two patient groups were prospectively considered: group A (n=70) with AI-responsive disease and group B (n=20) with AI-resistant disease. Fulvestrant 250 mg was administered as intramuscular injection every 28 (+/-3) days. RESULTS: All patients were pretreated with AI and 84% also with tamoxifen or toremifene; 67% had bone metastases and 45% liver metastases. Fulvestrant administration was well tolerated and yielded a clinical benefit (CB; defined as objective response or stable disease [SD] for >or=24 weeks) in 28% (90% confidence interval [CI] 19% to 39%) of patients in group A and 37% (90% CI 19% to 58%) of patients in group B. Median time to progression (TTP) was 3.6 (95% CI 3.0 to 4.8) months in group A and 3.4 (95% CI 2.5 to 6.7) months in group B. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 30% of patients who had progressed following prior AI treatment gained CB with fulvestrant, thereby delaying indication to start chemotherapy. Prior response to an AI did not appear to be predictive for benefit with fulvestrant.

Lévy area for Gaussian processes: A double Wiener--Itô integral approach

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

Neotropical planorbid snails with apertural lamellae: I. Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835)

A definition of Biomphalaria helophila (Orbigny, 1835) is presented, based on examination of the shell and reproductive system of topotypic specimens and extended to a number of samples from other localities. The following nominal species and subspecies, collected from type localities, proved junior synonyms of B. helophila: Planorbis albicans Pfeiffer, 1839; Planorbis dentatus Gould, 1844; Planorbis dentiferus CB Adams, 1845; Planorbis dentiferus edentatus CB Adams, 1851; Planorbis dentiens Morelet, 1849; Planorbula dentiens edentula Fischer & Crosse, 1880; Planorbis stagnicola Morelet, 1851; and Tropicorbis shimeki FC Baker, 1945. B. helophila was also identified in samples from Costa Rica, Guatemala, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Barbados.

A Redescription of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), and Resurrection of L. neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) is redescribed, a neotype is designated, and a very similar species, L. (N.) neivai (Pinto, 1926), is resurrected; the male and the female are redescribed. The two species can be differentiated by differences in the spermathecae, common ducts and number of cibarial horizontal teeth of the females and in the size and proportions of several structures of both sexes. The known geographical distribution of both species is given.