968 resultados para 69-37
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研究了科尔沁沙地 6 9种植物的繁殖体 (30种为种子 ,39种为果实 )重量。结果表明 :1 )传播体为果实的植物可分为 4个组别 (即果实单粒重 <0 .1mg、0 .1~ 0 .9999mg、1~ 9.9999mg、1 0~ 99.9999mg) ;黄蒿 (Artemisiasco paria)果实 (0 .0 5 1 7mg)和小香蒲 (Typhaminima)果实 (0 .0 6 82mg)最轻 ,苍耳 (Xanthiumsibiricum)单个果实 (77.894 3mg)最重 ;2 )传播体为种子的植物可分为 3个组别 (即种子单粒重 0 .1~ 0 .9999mg、1~ 9.9999mg、1 0~ 99.9999mg) ;马齿苋 (Portulacaoleracea)种子 (0 .1 5 1 4mg)最轻 ,苦参 (Sophoraflavescens)种子 (4 6 .781 6mg)最重 ;3)黄蒿、马齿苋、轮叶沙参 (Adenophoratetraphylla)、碱地肤 (Kochiasieversiana)、狼尾花 (Lysimachiabarystachys)、灰绿藜 (Chenopodiumglaucum)、刺沙蓬 (Salsolaruthenica)、菟丝子 (Cuscutachinensis)、大籽蒿 (Artemisiasieversiana)、狗尾草 (Setariaviridis)、野古草 (Arundinellahirta)等植物所以广泛分布可能是因为它们繁殖体轻 (<1mg)且具有持久土壤种子库 ;4 )流沙上的先锋植物或沙生演替系列前期植物沙蓬 (Agriphyllumsquarrosum)、差巴嘎蒿 (Artemisiahalodendron)、乌丹蒿 (Artemisiawudanica)、狗尾草、雾冰藜 (Bassia
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采用莲藕状聚乙烯醇复合载体对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)固定化包埋,分别进行了不同接种量的固定化真菌对菲、芘的降解,固定化真菌对不同系列浓度菲、芘的降解试验,以及对固定化真菌在自然土壤中对菲、芘降解的各项参数作了测定,结果表明,固定化真菌具有较好的降解效果,同时用电镜观察研究了镰刀菌在固定化载体中的分布形态.自然土壤中固定化真菌在360h时,对菲、芘的降解效率分别为76.96%和20.69%,而土著菌仅达到33.37%和15.28%.
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通过测定黄土高原不同区域、不同类型土壤全锌和有效锌含量,研究了黄土高原土壤锌含量及影响有效锌的因素。结果表明,供试土壤全锌主要分布在50~100mg·kg-1之间,有效锌含量较低,其中20.69%在临界值(0.5mg·kg-1)之下,37.93%为低(0.5~1.0mg·kg-1)水平。用直线、幂函数和指数函数回归方程对影响有效锌的主要土壤因素进行回归拟合。发现土壤有效锌与全锌、全氮、全磷、有机质呈显著正相关,与土壤pH值呈显著负相关;幂函数可以较好地拟合有效锌与土壤全氮、有机质的相关关系,有效锌与全锌、全磷、pH值宜用指数函数表示其相关性。通径分析表明土壤性质对有效锌的直接作用系数大小次序为全氮>全锌>pH>全磷,土壤全氮对锌有效性的直接作用最明显。
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采用光解试验,研究了紫外照射与纳米TiO2联合作用下,土壤表层中苯并[a]芘(BaP)的降解动力学;同时考察了催化剂的浓度、土壤pH、腐植酸和光质对BaP的光催化降解的影响。结果表明,土壤中BaP的光催化降解表现为准一级动力学。催化剂TiO2可以明显地促进土壤中BaP的光降解,较少量的催化剂(0.5%)使光解的半衰期从363.22h减少到103.26h。H+和OH-离子对BaP的催化光解起促进作用,在酸性和碱性土壤中BaP光催化降解高于中性土壤,酸性土壤中的降解速率最快。腐殖质吸收紫外光照射时,产生的活性氧中间产物能够攻击BaP,添加腐植酸能增加土壤表层中BaP的光催化降解。BaP的光解半衰期从无外加腐植酸的89.34h,减少到添加浓度分别为5、10、20和40mg·kg-1的29.37、32.69、35.73和38.51h。BaP的催化降解随波长的增加而降低,在波长254、310和365nm下,BaP降解的一级动力学常数分别为0.0078h-1、0.0061h-1和0.005h-1。
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采用环境毒理学方法中的半静水实验考察了四氯乙烯对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的24、48、72、96h的半数致死浓度(LC50).其目的在于评价水环境中四氯乙烯对鱼类的影响,为制定渔业水质标准提供参考数据.结果表明四氯乙烯对草鱼的毒性为高毒,四氯乙烯对草鱼24、48、72、96h的LC50及其95%的置信区间分别为43.28(41.43~45.21)、40.98(39.34~42.69)、39.60(38.20~41.06)、37.71(36.66~38.79)mg/L,其安全浓度为0.377 mg/L.
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Chiral quaternary ammonium salts derived from cinchonidine have been applied to catalyze the stereoselective iodolactonizations of trans-5-aryl-4-pentenoic acids leading to a mixture of two regioselectively iodolactonized products with fair to excellent yield (37-98%) and moderate enantioselectivity (exo = 42.0% ee, endo = 31.0% ee) under mild conditions. This work is the first example of asymmetric iodolactonization reaction in the presence of less than a stoichiometric amount of chiral reagent.
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A series of cardo polyaryletherketones and polyaryletersulfones containing alkyl substituents of a different kind, number and volume were synthesized from bis(4-nitrophenyl)ketone or bis(4-fluorophenyl)sulfone with various alkyl substituted phenolphthaleins by polycondensation using K2CO3 as catalyst. Their chemical and aggregation structures were confirmed by FT-IR, H-1-NMR and WAXD. The resulting polymers were soluble in a variety of common polar solvents and, transparent, colorless, and tough films could be easily cast from 1,1,2-trichluoroethane solution. Their tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulis were in the range of 70.5 similar to 97.1MPa, 4.49%similar to7.81%, and 1.69 similar to2.27GPa, respectively. The prepared polymers had reasonably high glass transition temperatures at 207 to 269 degreesC, and showed fairly good thermal stability with 5% thermal decomposition loss above 410 degreesC.
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对 Ni6 9.5Al2 8Y2 .5粉末进行球磨 ,获得 Ni Al金属间化合物 .研究粉末结构与球磨时间的关系 ,探索以中间合金的形式加入稀土元素的机械合金化方法 .结果表明 ,加入稀土元素后 ,用机械合金化的方法可以生成新的金属间化合物.
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A method for the analysis of mussel standard reference material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry( ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) was developed. K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn and Sr were determined by ICP-AES and As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, U and V by ICP-MS, The interference coefficients at the Mn-55, Se-78, Cu-63, Co-59, Ni-58, Ni-60, As-75, Se-77, V-51, Cr-53 and Cr-52 originating from polyatomic ion of the matrix elements (KO)-K-39-O-16, K-39(2), (ArNa)-Ar-40-Na-23, (CaO)-Ca-43-O-16, (CaO)-Ca-42-O-16, (CaO)-Ca-44-O-16, (PO2)-P-31-O-16, (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-35, (ArCl)-Ar-40-Cl-37, (ClO)-Cl-35-O-16, (ClO)-Cl-37-O-16 and (ArC)-Ar-40-C-12 were determined under the selected operation parameters. The major matrix elements, such as K, Na and Ca, result in the suppression of analytes signals. The apparent concentration at the significant biological element which was produced by the different digestion methods, (.) HNO3 + H2O2 (3 + 2), HNO3 + HClO4 (3 + 0.5) and HNO3 + H2SO4 (3 + 0.5),was determined. The sample digested by HNO3 + H2O2 did not give rise to interfere on the analyte, and the backgrounds of Se-77, Ga-69, Zn-67, As-75, V-51, Cr-53 and Cr-52 were increased by HNO3 + HClO4 digestion method, that affected the determination of these elements, especially the monoisotope As and V. Sample digested by HNO3 + H2SO4 increased the backgrounds at Cu-65, Zn-64 and Zn-67. Detection limits of ICP-AES are 0.001 similar to 0.75 mg/L and those of ICP-MS are 0.005 similar to 1.01 mu g/L. The relative standard derivations of ICP-AES and ICP-MS are 2.7% similar to 12.8%, 3.4% similar to 24.8%, respectively.
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本文研究了电子轰击、化学电离条件下四碘合钴酸十八胺、四氯合钴酸十八胺加热分解产生的C_(18)H_(37)NH_3~+(m/z270)离子碰撞诱导解离谱,在低碰撞能量范围(0~10eV)、多次碰撞条件下观察到了远电荷碎裂反应,给出了反应所需内能的估计值,该离子比直接由正十八胺质子化得到的离子具有较高的内能。
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三取代杂多化合物的母体XM_9是由Keggin结构阴离子XM_(12)衍生而来.它有2种异构体:从XM_(12)中移出1个M_3O_(13)基团得B型异构体;从XM_(12)中的3个M_3O_(13)中各移出1个MO_6后得到A型异构体.Hervé等人曾指出α-和β-SiW_9均为B型结构,但Robert等在测定β-Na_9H(SiW_9O_(34))·23H_2O的晶体结构时发现,β-SiW_9为A型结构,α-SiW_9结构类型尚未定论,由于2种构型阴离子的配位能力及聚合能力不同,确定其结构类型及其变化情况是十分必要的,本文由α-SiW_9合成了α-K_3H_4[SiW_9A1_3(H_2O)_3O_(37)],用X射线衍射法测定了其晶体结构。
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Given the commercial and ecological importance of the Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica, there is a clearly need for genetic and molecular research on this species. Here, we present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of C. japonica, determined by the long-polymerase chain reaction and primer walking sequencing method. The entire genome is 15,738 bp in length, encoding a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes, plus the putative control region, which is typical for metazoans. The total A+T content of the genome is 69.2%, lower than the other brachyuran crabs except for Callinectes sapidus. The gene order is identical to the published marine brachyurans and differs from the ancestral pancrustacean order by only the position of the tRNA (His) gene. Phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes strongly support the monophyly of Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata, which is consistent with the previous taxonomic classification. However, the systematic status of Charybdis within subfamily Thalamitinae of family Portunidae is not supported. C. japonica, as the first species of Charybdis with complete mitochondrial genome available, will provide important information on both genomics and molecular ecology of the group.
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Fifty-six samples of nannofossil ooze were collected from Core PC5794 in the northern equatorial Pacific at 5 em intervals. With the methods of mass spectrometer (VG354) and ICP, the Nd isotopic compositions (epsilon(Nd)(t)), Mn contents and Mg/Sr ratios of carbonate phase have been analyzed. CaCO3 contents of bulk sediments were obtained by dissolution of 0.5 mol/L HCl. Based on these data, the high-resolution epsilon(Nd)(t) profile of seawater in early Miocene with core depth(or time) have been established. The values of epsilon(Nd)(t) range from -6.2 to -2.97 and 4 fluctuation cycles existed during 24.06-22.02 Ma. 4 low epsilon(Nd)(t) values (about -6.4) correspond to high CaCO3 contents, which implicates that there were 4 cold epochs or 4 times of Antarctic Bottom Water activity. They occurred at the time of 24.06 Ma, 23.85 Ma, 22.88 Ma and 22.26 Ma, respectively. High epsilon(Nd)(t) values correspond to the high Mn contents and high values of Mg/Sr ratio, which indicates the existence of 4 intense hydrothermal activity periods during 24.06-22 Ma, the durations of them are 4.05-23.98 Ma, 23.69-23.15 Ma, 22.74-22.37 Ma and 22.06-22.02 Ma, respectively.
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C-37 unsaturated alkenones were analyzed on a core retrieved from the middle Okinawa Trough. The calculated U-37(K') displays a trend generally parallel with those of the oxygen isotopic compositions of two planktonic foraminiferal species, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globigerinoides sacculifer, suggesting that in this region, SST has varied in phase with global ice volume change since the last glacial -interglacial cycle. The U-37(K')-derived SST ranged from ca. 24.0 to 27.5 degrees C, with the highest value 27.5 degrees C occurring in marine isotope stage 5 and the lowest similar to 24.0 degrees C in marine isotope stage 2. This trend is consistent with the continental records from the East Asian monsoon domain and the marine records from the Equatorial Pacific. The deglacial increase of the U-37(K')-derived SST is similar to 2.4 degrees C from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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变态过程是双壳贝类由幼虫向成体转变的一个必不缺少的发育阶段。研究双壳贝类幼虫的变态过程及其机理,对于阐明它们的种群数量变动,促进重要经济双壳贝类增养殖的发展有重要的理论和实践意义。本论文除了用化学物质对几种双壳贝类(海湾扇贝、墨西哥湾扇贝和硬壳蛤)幼虫的变态进行诱导外,主要以激素和神经递质的作用方式为基础,通过直接测定双壳贝类(以海湾扇贝为代表)幼虫体内激素和神经递质、第二信使cAMP等生化物质含量的变化来研究双壳贝类幼虫变态过程中的信息传递途径,从分子生物学和神经生物学角度阐明双壳贝类幼虫变态机理。主要结果如下:1.通过参考国内外大量文献的基础上,较为系统地评述了近二十年来海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态研究的一些进展情况,主要包括诱导因子、附着变态机理模型、人工诱导物的应用和延迟变态四个方面。到目前为止,人们已经发现了许多海洋无脊椎动物幼虫附着变态的诱导物质,主要分为天然诱导物和人工诱导物两大类,一些人工诱导物如GABA、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素已经在经济贝类苗种生产中得到应用。幼虫附着变态机理模型主要有长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)幼虫附着变态的双调控模型、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)幼虫附着变态的上行调节模型以及多毛类Phragmatopoma california幼虫附着变态的脂肪酸调控模型。本论文还评述了海洋无脊椎动物幼虫发生延迟变态的原因以及延迟变态对海洋无脊椎动物造成的影响,并提出了解决的方法和今后研究的重点问题。2.在室内用氯化乙酰胆碱、ATP和CaCl_2 3种化学物质对海湾扇贝幼虫的变态进行了诱导实验。结果表明,虽然在个别浓度和处理时间氯化乙酰胆碱和ATP有诱导作用,但总体诱导效果不显著。而10×10~(-3)~40×10~(-3M的CaCl_2在处理12~24h后诱导效果较显著,其诱导效果对处理时间的依赖性较显著,在浓度为40×10~(-3)M和处理时间为24h时诱导效果最好,与对照组相比,变态率提高23.18%。3种诱导物对幼虫死亡率均有显著影响,并且死亡率对浓度和处理时间均有显著的依赖性,浓度越高,处理时间越长,死亡率越高。3.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱进行了墨西哥湾扇贝(Argopectenirradians concentricus Say)幼虫变态的诱导作用实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和氯化胆碱对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫变态均有显著诱导作用。KCl在处理时间为12h~48h范围内均有诱导作用;13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl诱导效果较好,变态率平均提高10%以上。1.O×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的肾上腺素在处理时间为lh~12h较适宜,此时变态率均提高10%以上。1.0×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M的去甲肾上腺素在处理时间为1h~24h都较适宜,变态率平均均提高10%以上,最高可提高31.07%。0.01×10~(-4)M~1.O×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h~48h时诱导效果均较好,它们之间的平均变态提高率并没有显著差别,均在12%~13%之间。10×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱在处理时间为12h时诱导效果较明显,变态率可以提高19.14%,超过12h,变态率明显下降,100×10~(-4)M的氯化胆碱明显产生毒害作用,幼虫变态率均为零,而幼虫的死亡率均为100%。4.用KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,Serotonin,5-HT)和GABA(γ-氨基丁酸)进行了不同浓度不同处理时间对硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria L.)幼虫变态诱导实验。结果表明,KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA和5-羟色胺对硬壳蛤幼虫的变态均有诱导作用,而GABA的诱导 作用不显著。KCl的最佳诱导浓度随处理时间不同而有所不同。当处理时间为1~24h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为33.56×10~(-3)M,此时幼虫变态率均提高24%以上,当处理时间为48h时,KCl的最佳诱导浓度为20.13~26.85×10~(-3)M,处理时间为72h时,最佳诱导浓度为13.42×10~(-3)M。肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的诱导作用与浓度和处理时间均有关。肾上腺素的最佳处理浓度为100×10~(-6)M,最佳处理时间均为8h,此时幼虫变态率提高最大,为36.97%。当去甲肾上腺素的诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,处理时间为8h~16h时,幼虫变态提高率较高,均大于18%,死亡提高率均低于30%,当去甲肾上腺索诱导浓度为500×10~(-6)M时,虽然在8h~16h的处理时间范围内,幼虫变态提高率也较高,均大于18%,但当处理时间超过8h,在16~48h范围内,幼 虫死亡提高率明显升高,均大于50%。L-DOPA的适宜诱导浓度为10×10~(-6)M~50×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为8~24h,此时幼虫变态率均提高30%以上,最高可提高79.43%。5-羟色胺的诱导作用较强,其适宜诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M—1000×10~(-6)M,适宜处理时间为0.5~24h,此时幼虫变态率提高均在30%以上,当处理时间为8h时,最佳诱导浓度为1000×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高57.5%,当处理时间为24h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M,此时幼虫变态率提高69.29%。GABA的诱导作用较弱,最佳诱导浓度随处理时间的不同而有所不同。处理时间为24h和48h时,最佳诱导浓度为0.1×10~(-6)M;处理时间为0.5~16h时,最佳诱导浓度为100×10~(-6)M。5.KCl、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺索、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺、GABA、茶碱和咖啡因8种诱导物对不同发育阶段海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导作用是不同的。13.42×10~(-3)M和20.13×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12天幼虫的变态有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值;之后当幼虫发育至第13和14天时,两浓度的KCl能够明显诱导幼虫变态,变态提高率均高于20%,而对于第16天的幼虫诱导作用有所减弱,变态提高率有所降低;26.85×10~(-3)M的KCl对第12和13天幼虫的变态均有抑制作用,变态提高率为负值,对第14和16天幼虫的变态却有明显的持续的诱导作用,变态提高率分别为22.98%和37.5%。神经递质肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、L-DOPA、5-羟色胺和GABA的诱导作用规律基本相似,即对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫的变态有明显的抑制作用,变态提高率均为负值,而对第14天幼虫的诱导作用较显著。茶碱和咖啡因作为影响细胞内cAMP的物质,它们的诱导作用规律与神经递质有所不同。它们对第13天海湾扇贝幼虫变态的诱导效果最好。6.测定了不同发育阶段及人工诱导后海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量的变化规律。结果表明,海湾扇贝幼虫体内去甲肾上腺索含量在变态前和变态后没有明显变化,变态前为2352(pg/mg湿重),变态后为2770(pg/mg湿重)。多巴胺和5-羟色胺含量在变态前随幼虫的发育而增加,变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫分别增加了2.8倍和5.7倍,变态后急剧下降,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫分别降低了25.1倍和16.4倍。海湾扇贝幼虫体内DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前和变态后变化比较剧烈。DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比在变态前(第13天)急剧增加,第13天的幼虫比第12天的幼虫增加了3.O倍(DA:NE比)和5.0倍(5-HT:NE比);变态后急剧降低,变态后幼苗比第13天的幼虫降低了29.8倍(DA:NE比)和19.5倍(5-HT:NE比)。海湾扇贝幼虫经KCl和氯化钙诱导24h后,体内去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺和5-羟色胺以及DA:NE比和5-HT:NE比均有所降低。本实验的结果表明,多巴胺和5-羟色胺可能启动了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。7.茶碱和咖啡因对墨西哥湾扇贝幼虫的变态均有明显诱导作用。它们的诱导作用均对浓度的依赖性较强,对处理时间的依赖性较弱。10×10~(-4)M的茶碱诱导效果最好,平均变态提高率达33%,其次为1.0×10~(-4)M和100×10~(-4)M的茶碱,平均变态提高率分别为23.15%和21.97%。处理时间对茶碱诱导效果影响不显著,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.07~26.1%之间变动。10×10~(-4)M的咖啡因诱导效果最佳,4个处理时间的平均变态提高率为36.01%,其次为100×10~(-4)M,平均变态提高率为26.43%。处理时间对茶碱的诱导效果影响不大,在1~24h范围内,平均变态提高率在19.65~22.02%之间变动。8.采用直接测定cAMP的方法来研究cAMP是否参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。结果表明,cAMP参与了海湾扇贝幼虫的变态过程。海湾扇贝幼虫体内cAMP含量随着发育阶段的不同而有所变化。在D形幼虫期最低,为73 pmol/(mg蛋白质);当到达壳顶期幼虫时cAMP含量明显增加,比D形幼虫期提高了12.7倍。从壳顶期幼虫到眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)cAMP含量增加速度较慢,各发育阶段分别比前一发育阶段增加了0.4倍、0.3倍和0.2倍。但当幼虫变态后,体内cAMP含量又急剧增加,幼苗体内cAMP含量比眼点幼虫(100%,第13天)增加了6.1倍。当用KCl、肾上腺索和L-DOPA诱导后,幼虫体内cAMP含量明显增加,分别比对照组提高了7.8倍、1.5倍和10.7倍,说明cAMP参与了这3种诱导物诱导海湾扇贝幼虫变态的过程。9.在前面实验结果和参考有关文献的基础上,初步提出了以海湾扇贝为代表的双壳贝类幼虫变态机理模型:幼虫变态分为两个过程:启动过程和后续过程。当幼虫发育到一定阶段,在外界刺激因子的作用下,体内分泌多巴胺和5-羟色胺,多巴胺和5-羟色胺通过某种信号转导途径(如以DG和IP_3为第二信使)启动变态过程,变态过程启动后,又激活以cAMP为第二信使的信号转导途径(暂时称为后续过程),两者共同完成了幼虫的变态过程。