近10年来中国农村居民点用地时空特征

利用20世纪90年代中国1:10万土地利用动态变化数据,利用单元自动机和人工神经网络模型对中国农村居民点用地进行了区划。在此基础上,研究了90年代中国农村居民点用地动态变化时空格局。研究表明,农村居民点用地受区域位置、经济发展和国家政策的影响。90年代前5年,受沿海开放政策和经济高速发展的影响,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲和华北平原农村居民点用地扩展较快,中西部地区农村居民点用地扩展较慢;90年代后5年,在沿海地区经济发展速度放慢和国家实施耕地资源保护条例的情况下,沿海地区农村居民点用地扩张受到抑制,西部地区扩展加快。90年代中国经济体制处于由计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,农村居民点用地的动态变化格局受到经济发展和土地利用政策的深刻影响。

基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净CO_2交换量中的不确定性

近年来,涡度相关技术的进步使陆地生态系统CO2通量的长期和连续观测成为可能。目前,涡度相关技术是全球通量观测网络(FLUXNET)测定植被/大气间CO2通量的主要技术手段,但绝大部分CO2通量观测站点都处于非典型的理想条件下,不能完全满足涡度相关技术的基本假设条件,从而导致基于涡度相关技术估算植被/大气间净生态系统CO2交换量的不确定性。系统介绍了涡度相关技术的基本假设,基本理论公式和误差的类型与特征等理论问题,重点阐述了通量测定中仪器本身的物理限制、二维和三维的气流运动、数据处理的方法和夜间通量的低估等

基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山地表径流量时空变化特征的模拟

运用已建立的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型EPPML对长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节动态和空间分布特征进行了模拟,对其与环境因子间的相互关系进行了分析.模拟结果表明,长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节进程表现出明显的三峰型,6月和9月出现低谷,8月达最大(2.58mm·d-1),与土壤含水量的季节变化趋势十分相似.1995年地表径流量的模拟值平均为0.203m·年-1,空间分布随海拔升高呈现明显增加的趋势,最高为高山流砾滩(0.619m·年-1),最低为阔叶红松林(0.081m·年-1).年地表径流量与叶

Facile electrochemical route to directly fabricate hierarchical spherical cupreous micro structures: Toward superhydrophobic surface

A templateless, surfactantless, electrochemical route is proposed to directly fabricate hierarchical spherical cupreous microstructures (HSCMs) on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The as-prepared HSCMs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Self-assembly of guest-induced calix[4]arene nanocapsules into three-dimensional molecular architecture

In the presence of NH3-Ag+-NH3, the calix[4]arenes can be induced into dimeric nanocapsules, which can be used as building units constructing a 3D molecular architecture with the appropriate secondary ligands and metal ions.

Polyimides derived from mellophanic dianhydride

The synthesis of mellophanic dianhydride (MPDA), an isomer of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), was studied. A trend of forming cyclic oligomers in the reactions of MPDA with 4,4'-oxydianiline (ODA) or 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) in DMAC was found. The cyclic dimer from MPDA/MDA was isolated and fully characterized, including an X-ray crystallographic analysis. The reactions of MPDA with aromatic diamines were found much more complicated than those of PMDA. A model study was performed to clarify the reactions. Several byproducts were isolated and characterized, so that, in an usual two-step process to prepare polyimides, imide, amide linkage, and carboxylic group may be involved in the polymer structure. The water, either existing in solvent or being generated during the imidization, is the main reason for the side reactions. The properties of some polyimides derived from MPDA and diamines were tested and compared with those of the isomeric polyimides derived from PMDA.

Syntheses and crystal structures of bis(tetrahydrofurfurylindenyl) lanthanocene chlorides (C4H7OCH2C9H6)(2)LnCl (Ln = Nd, Sm, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb)

Reaction of anhydrous lanthanide trichlorides with tetrahydrofurfuryl indenyl lithium in THF afforded bis(tetrahydrofurfurylindenyl) lanthanocene chlorides complexes (C4H7OCH2C9H6)(2) LnCl, Ln = Nd (1), Sm (2), Dy (3), Ho (4), Er (5), Yb (6). The X-ray crystallographic structures of all the six complexes were determined and these indicate that they are unsolvated nine-coordinate monomeric complexes with a trans arrangement of both the sidearm and indenyl rings in the solid state. They belong to the same crystal system (orthorhombic) and space group (P2(1)2(1)2(1)) with the same structure. Especially, they are more stable to air and moisture than the corresponding unsubstituted indenyl lanthanide complexes.

Computer simulation of insoluble Pr(III) speciation in human interstitial fluid

A multi-phase model of Pr(III) speciation in human interstitial fluid was constructed and insoluble Pr(III) speciation was studied. When the total concentration of Pr(III) is below 8.401E-10 mol/L, soluble Pr(III) species are main species. With rising the total concentration of Pr(III), Pr(III) is firstly bound to phosphate to form precipitate of PrPO4, then bound to carbonate and another precipitate of Pr-2(CO3)(3) was obtained. When the total concentration is between 1.583E-9 mol/L and 4.000E-3 mol/L, the insoluble species are predominant Pr(III) species.

Investigating mechanical response of single chain polystyrene particles by scanning probe techniques

Single chain polystyrene particles were obtained by dilute solution casting method. The sample with both single chain polystyrene particles and multi-chain (more than 1000 molecular chains) polystyrene particles was obtained by a little more concentrate solution. Force modulation technique showed that single chain polystyrene particles were softer than multichain polystyrene particles. On the other hand, nanoindentation experiments on multi-chain particles and bulk polystyrene manifested that the elastic modulus of multi-chain polystyrene particles was very close to that of bulk polystyrene. Therefore, it was concluded that single chain polystyrene particles were softer than bulk polystyrene,which indicated that the density of intrachain entanglement points in the single chain polystyrene particles was not as large as that of the interchain entanglement points in the bulk state.

X-ray crystal structure and molecular mechanics calculations of (2,6-iso-dipropyl-phenylamide) dimethyl (tetra-methylcyclopenta-dienyl) silane titanium dichloride

Crystal and molecular structure of (2.6-dipropylphenylamide) dimethyl (tetra-methyl cyclopentadienyl) silane titanium dichloride (I) was fully characterized by X-ray diffraction. The crystal is obtained from a mixture of ether/hexane as orthorhombic. with a = 12.658 (3) Angstrom. b = 16.62 (3) Angstrom. c = 11.760 (2) Angstrom. V = 2474.2 (9) Angstrom(3). Z = 4, space group Pnma. R = 0.0399; Componud I compose of the pi-bounded ring with its dimethylsilyl-dipropyl phenyl amido group and the two terminal chloride atoms coordinated to central metal to form a so-called constrained geometry catalyst (CGC) structure. The result of molecular mechanics (MM) calculations on compound I shows that bond lengths and bond angles from the MM calculation are comparable to the data obtained from the X-ray diffraction study. The relation of the structure of CGCs and their catalytic activity by MM calculations is also discussed.

扫描探针显微技术研究聚苯乙烯单链颗粒的力学响应

首先通过极稀溶液滴膜的方法得到了聚苯乙烯的单链颗粒 .之后 ,采用稍浓溶液得到了既有单链聚苯乙烯颗粒又有多链 (上千根 )聚苯乙烯颗粒的样品 .力调制技术显示单链聚苯乙烯颗粒比多链聚苯乙烯颗粒软 ;另一方面 ,对多链聚苯乙烯颗粒和聚苯乙烯本体的纳米压印实验结果表明二者的模量是近似的 .因此 ,可以得出单链聚苯乙烯颗粒比本体聚苯乙烯软 ,这说明存在于聚苯乙烯单链颗粒中的分子链内的缠结点密度不如存在于本体中的分子链间的缠结点密度大

Chiral separation of promethazine by capillary electrophoresis with end-column amperometric detection

Sensitive end-column amperometric detection has been successfully coupled to capillary electrophoresis for chiral separation of promethazine, with a carbon fiber microdisk electrode as working electrode. Baseline separation and sensitive detection were achieved under optimum conditions: 0.030 M Na2HPO4 and 0.015 M citric acid at pH = 2.50, 1.0 mM beta -CD, 10 kV separation voltage, and detection potential 1.10 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The numbers of theoretical plates were higher than 700000, and the detection limit was 5 x 10(-8) M. On-line treatment of the electrode has also been studied and discussed.

Electrochemical Study of the Self-exchange between Viologen-thiol Self assembled Monolayers and Alkanethiol Gold Electrodes

The preparation and cyclic voltammetric behaviors of self assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing electroactive viologen group have been investigated. Treatment of this viologen SAM with solutions of alkanethiols remits in replacing the electroactive third, shifting negatively its formal potentials and decreasing its heterogeneous elixtron transfer constants along with the immersion time. The aim of the work is to understand the exchange regularity of the mixed SANK on gold electrode surface.