987 resultados para 475


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En la hacienda Santa Rosa, localizada en el municipio de San Marcos, departamento de Carazo, a una altura de 475 metros sobre el nivel del mar se estudió el comportamiento epidemiológico de la roya del Café (Hemileia vastatrix B. & Br.) en el ciclo 1994- 1995, bajo la influencia de diferentes alternativas de manejO, así como el efecto de dichas opciones sobre la mancha de hierro (CeiCOspora caffeicola B. & Ck.) y antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp), además se realizó un análisis de presupuesto parcial para la evaluación de las alternativas de manejo de roya. Se evaluaron 8 tratamientos cada uno con tres repeticiones, en cada tratamiento se llevó a cabo un muestreo aleatorizado dirigido que duro 10 meses (muetreos cada 2 semanas), cada tratamiento contó con 10 surcos de 27 plantas, de los cuales se tomaron al azar 5 surcos, con 5 conglomerados de 3 plantas cada uno. En las plantas seleccionadas (al azar), se tomaron 4 bandolas, dos en el estrato superior y dos en el estrato inferior en donde se midieron las siguientes variables: número de hojas totales, incidencia foliar de roya, mancha de hierro y antracnosis. Se realizó también un muestreo de nemátodos y se registraron las labores agronómicas ocurridas durante el ciclo. Los datos recabados fueron usados para observar el comportamiento de la roya bajo diferentes opciones de manejo y efectuar diversas evaluaciones y comparaciones entre los tratamientos, además se estudiaron los niveles de productividad de los tratamientos. De manera general los porcentajes de afectación de la epidemia fueron elevados. La epidemia inició su desarrollo a fines de agosto, sus puntos máximos se dieron en diciembre. El alto nivel de afectación y el precoz desarrollo de la roya estuvo directamente relacionado con el clima, de un ciclo a otro los niveles de afectación varían por ende su importancia y su control. Por medio de las lecturas de incidencia se puede determinar el momento oportuno para realizar aplicaciones. Para hacer de un producto o práctica un arma útil para el control de una enfermedad el momento de aplicación es fundamental. Las aplicaciones de cobre resultaron ser las más efectivas y económicas para el control de la roya, siempre y cuando se tome en cuenta el momento de aplicación.

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Previous investigations have unveiled size effects in the strength of metallic foams under simple shear - the shear strength increases with diminishing specimen size, a phenomena similar to that shown by Fleck et al. (Acta Mat., 1994, Vol. 42, p. 475.) on the torsion tests of copper wires of various radii. In this study, experimental study of the constrained deformation of a foam layer sandwiched between two steel plates has been conducted. The sandwiched plates are subjected to combined shear and normal loading. It is found that measured yield loci of metallic foams in the normal and shear stress space corresponding to various foam layer thicknesses are self-similar in shape but their size increases as the foam layer thickness decreases. Moreover, the strains profiles across the foam layer thickness are parabolic instead of uniform; their values increase from the interfaces between the foam layer and the steel plates and reach their maximum in the middle of the foam layer, yielding boundary layers adjacent to the steel plates. In order to further explore the origin of observed size effects, micromechanics models have been developed, with the foam layer represented by regular and irregular honeycombs. Though the regular honeycomb model is seen to underestimate the size effects, the irregular honeycomb model faithfully captures the observed features of the constrained deformation of metallic foams.

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A new phenomenological deformation theory with strain gradient effects is proposed. This theory, which belongs to nonlinear elasticity, fits within the framework of general couple stress theory and involves a single material length scale l. In the present theory three rotational degrees of freedom omega(i) are introduced in addition to the conventional three translational degrees of freedom u(i). omega(i) has no direct dependence upon ui and is called the micro-rotation, i.e. the material rotation theta(i) plus the particle relative rotation. The strain energy density is assumed to only be a function of the strain tensor and the overall curvature tensor, which results in symmetric Cauchy stresses. Minimum potential principle is developed for the strain gradient deformation theory version. In the limit of vanishing 1, it reduces to the conventional counterparts: J(2) deformation theory. Equilibrium equations, constitutive relations and boundary conditions are given in details. Comparisons between the present theory and the theory proposed by Shizawa and Zbib (Shizawa, K., Zbib, H.M., 1999. A thermodynamical theory gradient elastoplasticity with dislocation density Censor: fundamentals. Int. J. Plast. 15, 899) are given. With the same hardening law as Fleck et al. (Fleck, N.A., Muller, G.H., Ashby, M.F., Hutchinson, JW., 1994 Strain gradient plasticity: theory and experiment. Acta Metall. Mater 42, 475), the new strain gradient deformation theory is used to investigate two typical examples, i.e. thin metallic wire torsion and ultra-thin metallic beam bend. The results are compared with those given by Fleck et al, 1994 and Stolken and Evans (Stolken, J.S., Evans, A.G., 1998. A microbend test method for measuring the plasticity length scale. Acta Mater. 46, 5109). In addition, it is explained for a unit cell that the overall curvature tensor produced by the overall rotation vector is the work conjugate of the overall couple stress tensor. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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El presente trabajo se realizó en la finca "Las Lajas", ubicada en Malacatoya, Municipio del departamento de Granada, IV Región; con la finalidad de determinar el momento oportuno y el fraccionamiento adecuado de aplicación del fertilizante nitrogenado, haciendo uso de la técnica de 15N en el cultivo del arroz inundado (Oryza sativa L.), variedad Altamira 9. En éste estudio se aplicaron 100 kg N/ha en forma de urea, fraccionados en cuatro partes iguales en diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo (Emergencia, Ahijamiento, Inicio de elongación del tallo y Cambio de primordio), siendo que urea marcada con 15N (5.25 átomos % 15N en exceso), fue aplicada en cada época, pero en parcelas diferentes. De ésta forma se trató de evaluar la eficiencia de la fertilización nitrogenada aplicada en diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo, pero en idénticas condiciones nutricionales. Los resultados permitieron las siguientes conclusiones : l. En un vertisol (Typic pellusterts), de alto contenido de nitrogeno (0.14 %) la aplicación de 100 kg N /ha, elevó la producción de arroz de 2,874 para 5,400kg de granos por hectárea. 2. El total de materia seca producida por el cultivo se distribuyó en 55% para rastrojo y 45% para grano independiente de la fertilización nitrogenada. 3. La fertilización nitrogenada no afectó la longitud de las panículas (20, cm), el peso de 1000 granos (39.4 g.) ni el porcentaje de N en el rastrojo (0.475%) y granos (0.91%) de el cultivo. 4. El total de N acumulado por el cultivo se distribuyó en 39% para rastrojo y 61% para grano, independiente de la fertilización nitrogenado. 5. El mayor aprovechamiento del N aplicado se obtuvo en las aplicaciones tardías, como lo demuestran los más altos valores de porcentajes de N en la planta proveniente del fertilizante de los tratamientos de aplicación del N marcado aplicado a los 44 días (15%) y 57 días (12%), comparado con las aplicaciones tempranas (5 a 8%}. 6. Del porcentaje de N en la planta proveniente del fertilizante en los granos y rastrojos fueron similares, independiente de la época de aplicación del fertilizante marcado; lo cual indica una alta movilidad del nitrógeno en la planta. 7. La eficiencia de la fertilización nitrogenada aplicándose 100 kg de N /ha divididas en cuatro fracciones iguales, fue de 34%. 8. La más alta eficiencia de absorción del fertilizante aplicado (52%), ocurrió cuando éste se aplicó en la fase de inicio de elongación del tallo.

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We report on the electrical characteristics of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)-grown, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) devices made by a new fabrication method, PMMA suspended dispersion. This method makes it possible to suspend nanotubes between metal electrodes and to remove unwanted nanotubes from the substrate. The measurements show that the MWCNTs are metallic and able to maintain a current density ∼2×106 A/cm2 for more than 15 days with a maximum current density of ∼1.8×107 A/cm2. This high current density and reliability will make PECVD-grown MWCNTs applicable to field emission cathodes. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Resumen: De acuerdo con el autor, la capacidad del alma de conocerse a sí misma está en la raíz del problema de la persona. Más aún, el entendimiento deber ser interpretado antológicamente como una actividad del alma. Se lleva a cabo un análisis del concepto de persona en algunos filósofos medievales y modernos. También hay referencias a pensadores contemporáneos. El autor sostiene que la noción que Spaemann introduce, considerando la intencionalidad como meramente un sentimiento o negatividad, es insuficiente. El mencionado sentimiento subjetivo es idéntico al concepto de ‘intuición experienciante’ en la fenomenología; pero es insuficiente para permitirnos comprender la esencia de la persona como una entidad espiritual. El autor afirma que cada ser humano debería ser reconocido, no sólo como una creatura racional, sino también como persona, en especial cuando nos referimos a este ser humano o a esta alma. Agrega que las consecuencias prácticas de esta perspectiva son de gran importancia.

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The growth of InAsxSb1-x films on (100) GaSb substrates by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) has been investigated and epitaxial InAs0.3Sb0.7 films with InAs0.9Sb0.09 buffer layers have been successfully obtained. The low X-ray rocking curve FHWM values of InAs0.3Sb0.7 layer shows the high quality of crystal-orientation structure. Hall measurements show that the highest electron mobility in the samples obtained is 2.9 x 10(4) cm(2) V-1 s(-1) and the carrier density is 2.78 x 10(16)cm(-3) at room temperature (RT). The In As0.3Sb0.7 films grown on (10 0) GaSb substrates exhibit excellent optical performance with a cut-off wavelength of 12 mu m. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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报道了硬度HRC为20和40的两种30CrMnSi材料在100-900℃的力学性能及升温率、应变率和热处理条件对抗拉强度、屈服强度的影响。在低温区,材料性能随温度的升高,呈现缓慢下降,其数值与常温相差不多,热处理状态对该区影响甚大,升温率有一定影响; 在高温区,材料强度大大降低,其数值随温度变化不大,不同升温速率的影响及热处理状态影响消失; 在中温区,材料性能随温度升高呈现快速下降趋势,热处理状态对材料性能影响大,不同升温率对材料性能影响不大。

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在无粘不可压缩流动条件下,本文计算了夹带颗粒的均匀圆射流冲击无限平板时气流流场,并且采用两种阻力系数公式,即和,分别计算了球形小颗粒在流场中的运动轨迹。假设颗粒在射流出口处是均匀分布,得到了冲击系数曲线(在采样器研究中称之为收集几率)。讨论了计算中所作的各点假设的合理性,对粘性效应进行了分析。考虑到粘性影响,对曲线作了修正。计算表明,颗粒在平板上的撞击点主要集中在X<2的区域里,虽然计算中假设H很大,但结果对H=1.5时仍适用。实验证明,按本文计算的曲线设计的采样器,其性能达到预期的指标。

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v.1 Contém informações sobre duzentas obras raras divididas em cinco capítulos. Cada obra vem acompanhada de uma descrição bibliográfica, bem como do autor e colaboradores e informações sobre o conteúdo da obra, seu valor intrínseco e as condições físicas do exemplar. Inclui exemplares dos séculos XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX e XX. A seleção foi feita levando-se em consideração a antiguidade da obra, o valor histórico e literário para a construção do pensamento social brasileiro e o interesse dos historiadores, pesquisadores e bibliófilos.

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The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is a widely used approach for flow simulations having rarefied or nonequilibrium effects. It involves heavily to sample instantaneous values from prescribed distributions using random numbers. In this note, we briefly review the sampling techniques typically employed in the DSMC method and present two techniques to speedup related sampling processes. One technique is very efficient for sampling geometric locations of new particles and the other is useful for the Larsen-Borgnakke energy distribution.

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HIGHLIGHTS FOR FY 2006 1. Captured and tagged 475 Gulf sturgeons in five Florida rivers and one bay. 2. Documented Gulf sturgeon marine movement and habitat use in the Gulf of Mexico. 3. Assisted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with the collection of Gulf sturgeon, implantation of acoustic tags, and monitoring of fish in a study to examine movement patterns and habitat use in Pensacola and Choctawhatchee bays post-Hurricane Ivan. 4. Provided technical assistance to Jon “Bo” Sawyer in completing a study – Summer Resting Areas of the Gulf Sturgeon in the Conecuh/Escambia River System, Alabama-Florida – for acquiring a Degree of Master of Science at Troy University, Alabama. 5. Coordinated tagging and data collection with NOAA observers aboard trawlers while collecting Gulf sturgeon during dredging operations in the coastal Gulf of Mexico. 6. Hosted the 7th Annual Gulf Sturgeon Workshop. 7. Implemented Gulf Striped Bass Restoration Plan by coordinating the 23rd Annual Morone Workshop, leading the technical committee, transporting broodfish, coordinating the stocking on the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river system, and evaluating post-stocking success. 8. Continued updating and managing the Freshwater Mussel Survey Database, a Geographic Information System (GIS) database, for over 800 unique sites in the Northeast Gulf (NEG) drainages in Alabama (AL), Georgia (GA), and Florida (FL). 9. Formed a recovery implementation team for listed mussels in the ACF river basin and oversaw grant cooperative agreements for 14 listed and candidate freshwater mussels in the NEG watersheds. 10. Initiated a project in the Apalachicola River to relocate mussels stranded as a result of drought conditions, and calculate river flows at which mussels would be exposed. 11. Initiated a project in Sawhatchee Creek, Georgia to determine the status of threatened and endangered (T&E) freshwater mussels and target restoration projects, population assessments, and potential population augmentation to lead toward recovery of the listed species. 12. Initiated a study to determine the age and growth of the endangered fat threeridge mussel (Amblema neislerii). 13. Provided technical assistance to the Panama City Ecological Services office for a biological opinion on the operations of Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam and its effects on the listed species and designated and proposed critical habitat in the Apalachicola River, Florida. 14. Assisted with a multi-State, inter-agency team to develop a management plan to restore the Alabama shad in the ACF river system. 15. Conducted fishery surveys on Tyndall AFB, Florida and Ft. Benning, Georgia and completed a report with recommendations for future recreational fishery needs. 16. Provided fishery technical assistance to four National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) (i.e., Okefenokee NWR, Banks Lake NWR, St. Vincent NWR, and St. Marks NWR). 17. Initiated an Aquatic Resources and Recreation Fishing Survey on Department of Defense facilities located in Region 4. 18. Identified 130 road-stream crossings on Eglin AFB for rehabilitation and elimination of sediment imputs. 19. Continued the Aquatics Monitoring Program at Eglin AFB to assess techniques that determine current status and sustainability of aquatic habitat and develop a measure to determine quality or degradation of habitat. 20. Assisted Eglin AFB Natural Resource managers in revising the installation’s Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) and its associated component plans. 21. Coordinated recovery efforts for the endangered Okaloosa darter including population/life history surveys, stream restoration, and outreach activities. 22. Initiated a comprehensive status review of the Okaloosa darter with analyses performed to assess available habitat, preferred habitats, range expansions/reductions/fragmentations, population size, and probability of extinction. 23. Assisted the Gulf Coastal Plain Ecosystem Partnership and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) under a Memorandum of Agreement to develop conservation strategies, implement monitoring and assessment programs, and secure funds for aquatic management programs in six watersheds in northwest Florida and southeast Alabama. 24. Entered into a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Air Force to encourage the conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources at Hurlburt Field, Florida. 25. Multiple outreach projects were completed to detail aquatic resources’ conservation needs and opportunities; including National Fishing Week, Earth Day, several festivals, and school outreach.