Tuning Mechanical Properties of Pharmaceutical Crystals with Multicomponent Crystals: Voriconazole as a Case Study

Crystals of voriconazole, an antifungal drug, are soft in nature, and this is disadvantageous during compaction studies where pressure is applied on the solid. Crystal engineering is used to make cocrystals and salts with modified mechanical properties (e.g., hardness). Cocrystals with biologically safe coformers such as fumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-aminobenzoic acid and salts with hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid are prepared through solvent assisted grinding. The presence (salt) or absence (cocrystal) of proton transfer in these multicomponent crystals is unambiguously confirmed with single crystal X-ray diffraction. All the cocrystals have 1:1 stoichiometry, whereas salts exhibit variable stoichiometries such as HCl salt (1:2) and oxalate salts (1:1.5 and 1:1). The nanoindentation technique was applied on single crystals of the salts and cocrystals. The salts exhibit better hardness than the drug and cocrystals in the order salts drug cocrystals. The molecular origin of this mechanical modulation is explained on the basis of slip planes in the crystal structure and relative orientations of the molecules with respect to the nanoindentation direction. The hydrochloride salt is the hardest solid in this family. This may be useful for tableting of the drug during formulation and in drug development.

Cocrystals of Hydrochlorothiazide: Solubility and Diffusion/Permeability Enhancements through Drug-Coformer Interactions

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) is a diuretic and a BCS class IV drug with low solubility and low permeability, exhibiting poor oral absorption. The present study attempts to improve the physicochemical properties of the drug using a crystal engineering approach with cocrystals. Such multicomponent crystals of HCT with nicotinic acid (NIC), nicotinamide (NCT), 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), succinamide (SAM), and resorcinol (RES) were prepared using liquid-assisted grinding, and their solubilities in pH 7.4 buffer were evaluated. Diffusion and membrane permeability were studied using a Franz diffusion cell. Except for the SAM and NIC cocrystals, all other binary systems exhibited improved solubility. All of the cocrystals showed improved diffusion/membrane permeability compared to that of HCT with the exception of the SAM cocrystal. When the solubility was high, as in the case of PABA, NCT, and RES cocrystals, the flux/permeability dropped slightly. This is in agreement with the expected interplay between solubility and permeability. Improved solubility/permeability is attributed to new drug-coformer interactions. Cocrystals of SAM, however, showed poor solubility and flux This cocrystal contains a primary sulfonamide dimer synthon similar to that of HCT polymorphs, which may be a reason for its unusual behavior. Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out in all cases to determine whether a correlation exists between cocrystal permeability and drug-coformer interactions.

Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks: Highly Stable Charge-Separated States through Strut/Guest-to-Strut Electron Transfer

Molecular organization of donor and acceptor chromophores in self-assembled materials is of paramount interest in the field of photovoltaics or mimicry of natural light-harvesting systems. With this in mind, a redox-active porous interpenetrated metal-organic framework (MOF), {Cd(bpdc)(bpNDI)]4.5H(2)ODMF}(n) (1) has been constructed from a mixed chromophoric system. The -oxo-bridged secondary building unit, {Cd-2(-OCO)(2)}, guides the parallel alignment of bpNDI (N,N-di(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide) acceptor linkers, which are tethered with bpdc (bpdcH(2)=4,4-biphenyldicarboxylic acid) linkers of another entangled net in the framework, resulting in photochromic behaviour through inter-net electron transfer. Encapsulation of electron-donating aromatic molecules in the electron-deficient channels of 1 leads to a perfect donor-acceptor co-facial organization, resulting in long-lived charge-separated states of bpNDI. Furthermore, 1 and guest encapsulated species are characterised through electrochemical studies for understanding of their redox properties.

Produção de carotenoides em culturas in vitro de Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC (Capparaceae) e avaliação de sua toxicidade e potencial antioxidante

A produção e a otimização de substâncias de valor medicinal têm sido alcançadas pelo uso das técnicas de cultura de tecidos vegetais, que têm apresentado grande relevância quando se considera o status de conservação de uma espécie ou sua ocorrência em ambientes ameaçados. No presente trabalho foi avaliada a produção de carotenoides em culturas de calos e células em suspensão de Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC, espécie nativa encontrada em áreas de restinga nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Plantas micropropagadas obtidas a partir de raízes produzidas in vitro foram usadas como fonte de explantes para o início das culturas de calos. A produção de massa calogênica foi avaliada em meio MS suplementado com diferentes concentrações das auxinas ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético e ácido 4-amino- 3,5,6-tricloropicolínico, na presença de luz ou no escuro. O uso de diferentes meios básicos de cultura (B5, Nitsch, White) também foi avaliado. A calogênese foi induzida em todos os tratamentos, entretanto a maior produção de biomassa foi alcançada pelas culturas mantidas na presença de luz. A maior produção de massa calogênica foi obtida em culturas iniciadas no meio MS suplementado com 0,2 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D. A exposição das culturas à luz foi um fator essencial para a produção de carotenoides, que só ocorreu nas culturas mantidas nessa condição. Culturas de calos foram submetidas a tratamentos com substâncias elicitoras (extrato de levedura, metil jasmonato, quitosana) em diferentes concentrações e por um período de exposição de sete ou 14 dias visando otimizar a produção do pigmento. A maior produção de carotenoides nas culturas elicitadas foi alcançada com o tratamento com metil jasmonato (MJ) na concentração de 300 μM, independentemente do tempo de exposição ao elicitor. Análises cromatográficas mostraram que o processo de elicitação com MJ induziu ao aumento na produção de 46;-caroteno. Calos elicitados nessa condição foram usados para iniciar culturas de células em suspensão (CCS). Estas culturas foram acompanhadas por três subculturas realizadas a cada 20 dias, durante a fase exponencial de crescimento. Embora as CCS tenham mantido uma produção de biomassa constante ao longo das subculturas, os valores de produção de carotenoides foram inferiores àqueles alcançados pelas culturas de calos e não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas quando comparadas às CCS iniciadas a partir de calos não elicitados. Extratos de calos produzidos em meio MS suplementado com 0,2 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade antioxidante por meio da incubação dos extratos com DNA plasmidial em presença de cloreto estanoso (SnCl2), um potente agente redutor capaz de produzir quebras na molécula de DNA. Os extratos foram avaliados em concentrações crescentes (25 - 500 μg.mL-1) e apresentaram uma proteção dose dependente à ação do SnCl2. Estudos de toxicidade com o modelo de Artemia salina demonstraram que os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade nas concentrações avaliadas. Os resultados alcançados mostram que a elicitação foi eficiente para a otimização da produção de 46;-caroteno nas culturas in vitro e que os extratos obtidos a partir desses materiais apresentaram atividade antioxidante, indicando o êxito das técnicas de cultura de tecidos para a produção deste metabólito sob condição in vitro.

Ⅰ 虎杖聚酮类化合物生物合成相关基因的克隆及功能分析 Ⅱ 高山红景天酪醇生物合成代谢途径机制分析

Ⅰ 虎杖聚酮类化合物生物合成相关基因的克隆及功能分析 虎杖 (Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc) 属于蓼科蓼属多年生草本植物，在中国和日本民间曾被广泛用于动脉粥样硬化、高血压、咳嗽、化脓性皮肤炎以及淋病的治疗，具有祛风利湿、散瘀定痛、止咳化痰等功效。而在现代医学上最令人瞩目和具有发展前景的是其在抗肿瘤、心血管保护、抗氧化方面的作用，相关疗效主要来自于虎杖中结构迥异、种类丰富的聚酮化合物及其衍生物资源。这些聚酮类化合物主要包括蒽醌、大黄素、大黄素-甲醚、大黄酚、芪类以及类黄酮化合物等。其中，大部分聚酮类化合物生物合成途径机制尚不明确，但可以肯定的是植物类型III聚酮合酶type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) 在这些聚酮化合物的生物合成起始反应中行使着关键的作用。因此，除了我们所熟悉的类黄酮化合物、芪类化合物之外，进一步分离和分析虎杖中其它重要聚酮类化合物生物合成所涉及的类型III聚酮合酶基因的是非常值得期待的。 目前，已经有14个植物类型III PKS基因被克隆和功能分析。植物类型III PKS的共同特征包括基因结构、序列相似性、保守的活性中心、酶学性质以及共同的催化机制等。显花植物（裸子植物和被子植物）中，植物类型III PKS的基因结构绝对保守，除了一个早期报道的金鱼草（Antirrhinum majus）查尔酮合酶chalcone synthase (CHS) 含有第二个内含子外，迄今为止所有已知的植物类型III PKS基因均含有一个内含子且该内含子位置保守。有趣的是，在本研究中，两个含有3个内含子的类型III PKS基因从虎杖中被分离，且两个基因3个内含子的位置完全保守，这是三内含子类型III PKS基因首次得到分离。除了新奇的基因结构外，体外功能分析显示上述两个基因还具有特殊的酶学性质和功能。 本论文围绕上述2个三内含子基因开展了以下工作： 虎杖中一个由三内含子基因编码的新型类型III聚酮合酶 一个类型III PKS的cDNA及其相应的基因（PcPKS2）从药用植物虎杖中被克隆。序列分析结果表明，PcPKS2的开放阅读框被3个内含子分隔，这是一个出人意料的发现，因为截至到目前为止，除了金鱼草一个CHS基因外，所有已知的类型III PKS基因均在固定位置上含有一个内含子。除了特殊的基因结构外，PcPKS2显示了一些有趣的特性：(i) CHS“守卫”苯丙氨酸——Phe215和Phe265在PcPKS2中双双缺失，它们分别被亮氨酸和半胱氨酸取代;(ii) 体外功能分析结果表明，当酶促反应体系的pH值为6.5-8.5时，大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS2高效地合成丁烯酮非环化产物——4-香豆酰甘油酸内酯（4-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL)）为主产物，而丙烯酮非环化产物bis-noryangonin (BNY) 以及苯亚甲基丙酮为副产物;而当酶促反应体系的pH值为9.0时，PcPKS2高效地合成苯亚甲基丙酮为主产物，而CTAL、BNY为副产物。另外，除了上述3种产物外，在不同的pH条件下，还有痕量的柚皮素查尔酮能被检测到。此外，在4-香豆酰辅酶A（4-coumaroyl-CoA）的类似化合物中，除了4-香豆酰辅酶A外，只有feruloyl-CoA能够被PcPKS2接受作为起始底物。PcPKS2不接受脂肪酰辅酶A——异丁酰基辅酶A（isobutyryl-CoA）、异戊酰基辅酶A（isovaleryl-CoA）以及乙酰辅酶A（acetyl-CoA）作为起始底物。Southern blot杂交结果表明，在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS2基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明，在根茎和幼叶中，PcPKS2表达量很高，而在根中无表达。叶中的PcPKS2的表达受病原菌诱导，但不受伤诱导。 虎杖中一个编码双功能类型III聚酮合酶的三内含子基因的鉴定 显花植物中，所有已知的类型III PKS 基因均含有一个内含子且位置绝对保守。本研究中，综合运用PCR技术，从富含聚酮类化合物的植物虎杖中克隆得到一个类型III PKS 基因（PcPKS1）及其cDNA。序列分析结果表明，PcPKS1含有3个内含子。系统发育分析结果表明，PcPKS1与其它植物的CHSs归为一类。然而，体外功能分析结果表明，当酶促反应体系pH值为7.0时，大肠杆菌中过表达的重组PcPKS1高效地合成柚皮素查尔酮（naringenin）为单一产物;而当pH值为9.0时，苯亚甲基丙酮（p-hydroxybenzalacetone）几乎为重组PcPKS1的唯一产物。后续的研究表明，与典型的CHSs相比，PcPKS1具有另外一些不同的特点：在pH值为9.0时（PcPKS1的苯亚甲基丙酮合成活性最适pH值），在4-香豆酰辅酶A的类似化合物中，只有feruloyl-CoA能够被PcPKS1接受作为起始底物。与CHSs展现出的对脂肪酰辅酶A宽泛的底物特异性不同，在不同的pH条件下，PcPKS1不接受异丁酰基辅酶A（isobutyryl-CoA）、异戊酰基辅酶A（isovaleryl-CoA）以及乙酰辅酶A（acetyl-CoA）作为起始底物。以上数据指出重组PcPKS1是一个具有查尔酮合酶（CHS）和苯亚甲基丙酮合酶（BAS）活性的双功能酶。Southern blot杂交结果表明，在虎杖基因组中存在2-4个PcPKS1基因的拷贝。Northern blot杂交结果表明，PcPKS1可能在防御病原菌和草食动物方面起着重要作用。PcPKS1和PcPKS2共同从虎杖中被分离的事实极有可能暗示了苯丁烷类化合物（phenylbutanoid）及其衍生物存在于虎杖中。 Ⅱ 高山红景天酪醇生物合成代谢途径机制研究 高山红景天（Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor）是景天科（Crassulaceae）红景天属多年生草本植物，作为一种适应原性中草药在中国的应用史已经超过800年。最近红景天提取物作为一种重要的商业药用制剂资源，其应用遍及欧洲、亚洲和美国，其主要治疗范围包括抗变应性和消炎，提高心理机敏性等。目前已经非常明确，红景天甙（salidroside）和甙元酪醇（tyrosol）是红景天属植物的主要功效成分，主要分布于这类植物的根中并且具有抗缺氧、抗疲劳、延缓衰老、预防紫外线辐射伤害等功效。红景天甙为酪醇8-O-β-D葡萄糖甙，是酪醇在葡萄糖基转移酶UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) 的催化下糖基化后形成的，可以认为是酪醇在植物体内的贮存形式。酪醇作为一种重要的活性分子，同样存在于橄榄树和葡萄酒中。 虽然已经非常明确酪醇来自于莽草酸代谢途径，然而其具体的生物合成途径及其调控仍不明确。总结以往的报道，在酪醇的生物合成上主要存在两种观点：一是酪醇可能来自于苯丙烷代谢途径产生的4-香豆酸（4-coumaric acid）前体;二是来自于酪氨酸的酪胺（tyramine）可能是酪醇生物合成的直接前体。我们的工作兴趣主要围绕着鉴别高山红景天中的酪醇生物合成途径展开： 高山红景天内源苯丙氨酸解氨酶PALrs1的过表达对红景天甙积累的影响 红景天甙是来自于药用植物高山红景天的一种适应原性新型药物，其生物合成途径可能起始于苯丙氨酸或酪氨酸。由于高山红景天野生植物资源的匮乏和相对含量很低，阐明红景天甙的生物合成途径对于增加红景天甙的供给至关重要。在我们以前的工作中，运用cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE），一个编码苯丙氨酸解氨酶phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)的cDNA从高山红景天中被克隆，命名为PALrs1。在本研究中，PALrs1置于35S启动子+Ω增强子序列的控制下通过农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法转化回高山红景天。PCR 和 PCR–Southern blot分析结果表明，PALrs1已经整合到了转基因植物的基因组上。Northern blot杂交结果表明，PALrs1已经获得在转录水平上的高水平表达。与预期的结果相同，高效液相色谱High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)测定结果显示PALrs1的过表达引起4-香豆酸含量增长3.3倍。然而，与之相反的是，酪醇和红景天甙含量与对照相比反而分别下降4.7和7.7倍。此外，我们发现PALrs1的过表达造成酪氨酸含量下降2.6倍。这些数据暗示着PALrs1的过表达和4-香豆酸的积累并不能促进酪醇的生物合成。酪醇，作为一种苯乙烷类衍生物并非来自苯丙氨酸，而酪氨酸含量的下降则极有可能是酪醇生物合成和红景天甙积累大规模下降的直接原因。

干旱胁迫下草莓水分调控及光合特性研究

以盆栽草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)为材料研究了水分胁迫下克隆植物草莓母株和子株间的水分调控机制及其与碳同化、光系统II激发能分配的关系。实验材料分为匍匐茎连接和剪断两个大组，进行两步实验。第一步实验，对连接组和剪断组的所有母株控水，子株充分供水；4天后进入第二步实验，把连接组分为两小组，对其中一组充分供水子株开始控水，另一组保持不变。结果表明，土壤干旱引起母株叶片失水，并使其净光合速率和气孔导度显著降低。但是连接组中供水良好的子株能有效缓解缺水母株的水分胁迫。当供水良好的子株也开始受到干旱处理的时候，则会加剧与之相连母株的水分胁迫。受胁迫母株可以通过加强渗透调节能力和降低水势从相连子株获取水分。虽然土壤干旱会造成受胁迫母株叶片脱落酸（abscisic acid, ABA）含量的大幅度增加，但是与之相连子株的叶片ABA含量并没有增加；并且气孔导度与ABA变化趋势一致。因此，我们认为：(1)草莓母株和子株间的水分运输是由二者的水势差驱动的；（2）ABA不会通过匍匐茎在母株和子株间传递并影响相邻子株气孔导度；（3）在水分异质性较大情况下，生理整合可明显提高克隆系统的碳同化能力和光系统II激发能利用效率。 同时研究了水分胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数Fm的影响。结果表明，在水分胁迫初期, 活体草莓叶片失水萎缩、叶面积和叶片厚度减小，单位叶面积的叶绿素含量升高，此时叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fm上升；当水分胁迫进一步加剧，单位叶面积的叶绿素含量开始下降，但Fm没有随之下降。离体叶片测定则没有出现Fm上升这一过程，Fm随着单位叶面积叶绿素含量的下降而下降。叶片叠加实验证明，增加叶片厚度也可以使Fm上升。综上我们认为在干旱胁迫进程中，活体草莓叶片的荧光动力学参数Fm出现上升是由单位面积叶绿素含量和叶片结构的变化共同决定的。

Opiate withdrawal induces dynamic-expressions of AMPA receptors and its regulatory molecule CaMKII alpha in hippocampal synapses

Adaptive changes in brain areas following drug withdrawal are believed to contribute to drug seeking and relapse. Cocaine withdrawal alters the expression of GluR1 and GluR2/3 subunits of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) rec

Interfacial recognition of human prostate-specific antigen by immobilized monoclonal antibody: effects of solution conditions and surface chemistry.

The specific recognition between monoclonal antibody (anti-human prostate-specific antigen, anti-hPSA) and its antigen (human prostate-specific antigen, hPSA) has promising applications in prostate cancer diagnostics and other biosensor applications. However, because of steric constraints associated with interfacial packing and molecular orientations, the binding efficiency is often very low. In this study, spectroscopic ellipsometry and neutron reflection have been used to investigate how solution pH, salt concentration and surface chemistry affect antibody adsorption and subsequent antigen binding. The adsorbed amount of antibody was found to vary with pH and the maximum adsorption occurred between pH 5 and 6, close to the isoelectric point of the antibody. By contrast, the highest antigen binding efficiency occurred close to the neutral pH. Increasing the ionic strength reduced antibody adsorbed amount at the silica-water interface but had little effect on antigen binding. Further studies of antibody adsorption on hydrophobic C8 (octyltrimethoxysilane) surface and chemical attachment of antibody on (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane/4-maleimidobutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-modified surface have also been undertaken. It was found that on all surfaces studied, the antibody predominantly adopted the 'flat on' orientation, and antigen-binding capabilities were comparable. The results indicate that antibody immobilization via appropriate physical adsorption can replace elaborate interfacial molecular engineering involving complex covalent attachments.

Substrate treatment and drying conditions effect on the properties of roll-to-roll gravure printed PEDOT:PSS thin films

The optical, structural and electrical properties of poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films printed by roll-to-roll gravure have been investigated. Corona treatment has been applied to enhance the adhesion of PEDOT:PSS on PolyEthylene Terephthalate (PET) web. It has been found that there was a stronger in-depth surface modification of PET with the increase of corona efficiency; however, the adhesion of PEDOT:PSS was not actually affected. Also, Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Atomic Force Microscopy have been used to extract information on the mechanisms that define PEDOT:PSS properties. The increase of the drying temperature of the PEDOT:PSS films has been found to reduce the remaining water inside the films and lead to the decrease of the PEDOT:PSS particles size. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Kentucky bluegrass

Embryogenic calli of Kentucky bluegrass, named Md, were induced from mature seeds and embryos, and proliferated on medium K3 containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 10.0 mumol/L), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAR, 0.5 mumol/L) and K5 which was the K3 medium supplemented with cupric sulfa (0.5 mumol/L) under dim-light condition (20-30 mumol.m(-2).s-1, 16 h light) at 24 degreesC. Embryogenic calli were transformed with plasmids pDM805 Carring bar and gus genes, Which was mediated by an Agrobacterium strain AGL1, four transgenic lines were obtained. The important factors that affect the transformation efficiency and obtain desirable number of transgenic plants included: (1) the quality of embryogenic calli; (2) light condition and time of co-cultivation; (3) concentration of antibiotics used for suppressing the overgrowth of Agrobacterium in the course of transformed plant regeneration; (4) selection pressure, etc. The micro nutrient of cupric had significant influence on the quality of embryogenic calli. This presentation is the first successful protocol of Kentucky bluegrass transformation mediated by Agrobacterium.

肿瘤耐药与心肌肥厚两种生物医学体系的比较蛋白质组学研究

随着人类基因组计划的完成，蛋白质组学研究已成为生命科学乃至自然科学中最活跃的学科领域之一。蛋白质组学将对我们理解后基因组学时代的基因功能有极大的帮助。差异表达蛋白质组学通过对不同样品蛋白质表达水平的比较，已经被广泛地应用在疾病的研究领域。P糖蛋白已经被证实参与介导了在急性粒白血病中发生的多药耐药，然而越来越多的研究结果表明，在急性粒白血病中多药耐药的机制是多因素的。为了寻找白血病肿瘤细胞中与耐药相关的靶蛋白，我们采用蛋白质组学研究技术，对多药耐药细胞系K562／A02的蛋白质表达谱进行了分析。 本研究采用蛋白质组学研究技术，对多药耐药细胞系K562／A02和药物敏感细胞系K562／S的总蛋白质进行双向凝胶电泳（2 DE）的差异分析，结果发现在K562／A02细胞中有41个蛋白质点差异显著，并用基质辅助激光解离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-MS）成功鉴定了大多数的蛋自点。在被鉴定出的差异蛋白质中，有一些是首次发现与耐药相关，包括chloride intracellular charmel，chaperonin，proteindisulfide-isomerase ER6o precursor and constitutive heat shock protein 70等。所得结果不但能够使我们更加深入的理解肿瘤耐药的病理机制，更重要的是通过找到肿瘤细胞发生耐药的标志性蛋白，可以为开发肿瘤耐药预测方法和寻找抗耐药肿瘤靶标新药的线索，同时也为计算机虚拟筛选设计抗耐药肿瘤新药奠定基础。除了详细的研究了K562／A02细胞系差异蛋白质组，我们还采用蛋白质组学的方法，以乳鼠心肌细胞为实验模型，研究在ARs激动的不同清况下心肌细胞蛋白质表达谱的变化。心肌肥厚是心脏工作超负荷的一种代偿反应。目前，越来越多的证据表明ARs在心肌肥厚的发生中起着非常重要的作用，但人们对其机制了解尚不全面。通过检测心肌肥厚时全蛋白表达的变化，将有助于我们全面、深入了解ARs在心肌肥厚中的作用机制。通过严格的2D胶图象分析，蛋白取点后胶内水解，高灵敏度的质谱鉴定及数据库检索，我们成功地进行了乳鼠心肌细胞肥厚为模型的蛋白质组学的研究。本实验通过比较研究不同肾上腺素受体激动剂norePinephrine伽E），phenylephxine（PE）and isoprenaline（ISO）诱导组与未诱导对照组的蛋白质组学变化，分析确定蛋白丰度差异在2倍以上的蛋白质点，并通过MALDI-MS进行蛋白鉴定。20个具有显著差异的蛋白质被鉴定，包括caspase-11，vimeniin，4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase，Modl protein，Txndcs protein等，其中一些蛋白在此之前并没发现与心肌肥厚相关，对它们在心肌肥厚中的意义和机制我们将做进一步的探讨。本研究结果将为我们更好理解肾上腺素受体之间以及肾上腺素受体与心肌肥厚之间的关系提供有益的线索，并将为最终发现可应用于临床的新的诊断和治疗心血管疾病的标志性蛋白打下基础。

西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分及黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究

本论文由四部分组成，前三部分为实验论文，第四部分为文献综述。第一、二部分分别报道了中药西藏胡黄连和鸡矢藤的化学成分研究结果。从两种药用植物中共分离和鉴定了32个化学成分，其中3个为新化合物。第三部分为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。第四部分概述了近年来植物多糖的研究进展。 第一章为西藏胡黄连化学成分研究。通过正、反相硅胶柱层析等分离方法从药用植物西藏胡黄连（Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell）的根茎中共分离纯化出7个化合物。运用MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、HSQC和HMBC等现代谱学方法，结合理化分析对这些化合物的结构进行了分析鉴定。7个化合物中有两个是酚性的葡萄糖苷类成分：西藏胡黄连酚苷D (1)、4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloyl glucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6)；四个苯乙基苷类化合物：plantamajoside (2)、plantainoside D (3)、西藏胡黄连苷A (4) 和西藏胡黄连苷F (5)；一个苯基小分子化合物：香豆酸甲酯 (7)。其中化合物1和5未见文献报道，确定为新化合物；化合物3为首次从该种植物中分到。 第二章为鸡矢藤化学成分研究。从鸡矢藤（Paederia scandense (Lour) Merrill）全草中分离出25个化合物，通过理化常数和波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构。25个化合物中包括一个蒽醌类成分：茜根定-1-甲醚 (1)；两个香豆素：异东莨菪香豆素 (2)和5-羟基-8-甲氧基吡喃香豆素 (3)；两个香豆素-木脂素化合物：臭矢菜素 B (4)和臭矢菜素 D (5)；一个木脂素：异落叶松树脂醇 (6)；两个黄酮：diadzein (7)和蒙花苷 (8)；三个三萜类化合物：齐墩果酸 (9)、乌苏酸 (10)和 3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基乌苏烷 (11)；三个甾体及其糖苷：b-谷甾醇 (12)、胡萝卜苷 (13)和(24R)-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (14)；六个小分子化合物：对羟基苯甲酸 (15)，咖啡酸 (16)，香豆酸 (17)，丁烯二酸 (18)，3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯甲酸(19)，咖啡酸-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(20)；五个环烯醚萜类化合物：鸡矢藤苷 (21)，鸡矢藤酸 (22)，鸡矢藤酸甲酯 (23)，saprosmoside E (24)和paederoside B (25)。其中化合物25未见文献报道，为新化合物。化合物1～8、11、14、15～20为首次从该化合物中分离得到。同时对鸡矢藤中环烯醚萜类化合物做了高效液相-串联质谱(HPLC-MSn)分析，探讨了这类化合物的质谱裂解规律。 第三章为黄芪多糖的提取工艺研究。首先确定了黄芪多糖含量的测定方法，并进行了方法学验证；其次探讨了黄芪中黄芪多糖的提取工艺，确定以酶法-Sevag法联用来去除黄芪多糖中的蛋白质，可使其提取物中黄芪多糖总含量达到70％以上。 第四章为近年来植物多糖的研究进展。主要包括植物多糖的提取纯化、多糖的定性定量检测方法、多糖的结构分析和多糖的药理活性。 This dissertation consists of four parts. The first and second parts reports the studies on the chemical constituents of medicinal plants of Picrorhiza Scrophulariiflora and Paederia scandens. The third part is about the extract technique of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The last part reviews the progress of the studies on plant polysaccharides. 　 The first chapter is about the chemical constituents of P. Scrophulariiflora which is widely used as an important medicine to treat various immune-related diseases. A new phenyl glycoside, scrophenoside D (1) and a new phenylethyl glycoside, scroside F (5), together with five known compounds, plantamajoside (2), plantainoside D (3), scroside A (4), 4-O-β-D-(6-O-vanilloylglucopyranosyl) vanillic acid (6); and methyl-p-coumarate (7) were isolated from the stems of P. scrophulariiflora. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The second chapter is about the chemical constituents of medicinal herb of P. scandens. Twenty-five compounds were isolated and purified by normal and reversed phase silica gel column chromatography. By physicochemical properties and spectral analysis, their structures were identified as rubiadin-1-methylether (1), isoscopoletin (2), 5-hydroxyl-8-methoxyl-coumarin (3), cleomiscosin B (4), cleomiscosin D (5), isolariciresinol (6), diadzein (7), linarin (8), oleanolic acid (9), ursolic acid (10), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyl-ursane (11), b-sitosterol (12), b-daucosterol (13), (24R)-stigmast-4-ene-3-one (14), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (15), caffic acid (16), coumaric acid (17), trans-butenedioic acid (18), 3,5-dimethoxyl-4-hydroxylbenzoic acid (19), caffeic acid 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (20), paederoside (21), paederosidic acid (22), paederosidic acid methyl ester (23), saprosmoside E (24), paederoside B (25). Among them, compound 25 is a new compound. Compounds 1～8、11、14、15～20 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Futhermore, we studied the HPLC-MSn analysis and investigation of fragmentation behavior of the sulfur-containing iridoid glucosides. The third chapter is about the extracting process of Astragalan Polysaccharide (APS). The method of the content determination is built. The optimum condition of extraction of polysaccharides from Radix Astragali is defined and the more effective way to remove protein is combined enzyme method with Sevag method, by which the content of polysaccharides extract can be up to 70%. The last part is a review of the research progress of the plant polysaccharides, which includes its extraction, isolation, purification, determination, structure analysis, and pharmacology.

钮子瓜和袋花忍冬的化学成分研究

钮子瓜（Zehneria maysorensis Arn.）是一种常用的中草药，其性味苦、凉，主要功效为清热利湿、散风止痛，主治膀胱炎、头痛。体外活性筛选实验表明，袋花忍冬（Lonicera saccata Rehd.）95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分对血管紧张素转化酶显示较强的抑制活性。为明确钮子瓜的药用物质基础和袋花忍冬中具有ACE抑制活性的成分，首次对两个植物的成分进行了研究。 1. 从钮子瓜95%乙醇提取物中主要通过色谱方法首次分离了14个化合物，通过波谱方法鉴定为(2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-[(2R)-2-羟基二十四烷酰基氨基]-10-十八烷-1,3,4-三醇（1）、(2S,3S,4R)-2-二十四烷酰基氨基-十八烷-1,3,4-三醇 （2）、胡萝卜苷（3）、swertish （4）、苯甲酸（5）、水杨酸（6）、loliolide （7）、胸腺嘧啶（8）、尿嘧啶（9）、(23Z)-9,19-环阿尔廷-23-烯-3β,25-二醇（10）、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇（11）、十六烷酸 1-甘油酯（12）、大豆脑苷Ⅰ（13）和(22E,24S)-24-甲基-5α-胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇（14）。其中化合物4为一黄酮碳苷，具有旋转异构现象，有止痛作用；化合物6具有抗炎、镇痛、减热的活性，它们可能是钮子瓜药用物质基础的一部分。 2. 从袋花忍冬95%乙醇提取物中首次分离并鉴定了16个已知化合物：胡萝卜苷（3）、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇（11）、十六烷酸 1-甘油酯（12）、E-p-coumaryl behenate (15)、谷甾醇（16）、2,6-dihydroxyhumula-3(12), 7(13),9(E)-triene (17)、环阿尔廷-25-烯-3β,24ξ-二醇 (18)、二十四烷酸 (19)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯 (20)、乌苏酸 (21)、柚皮素 (22)、木犀草素 (23)、柏双黄酮（24）咖啡酸 (25)、洋芹素（26）和木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷 (27)。其中木犀草素（23）和咖啡酸（25）含量较高，它们为抑制ACE活性的成分。 3．综述了黄酮碳苷的旋转异构现象。 Zehneria maysorensis is a folk medicine for the treatment of cystitis and headache. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the 95% ethanol extract of Lonicera saccata showed obvious ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. To reveal their active constitutents, they were subjected to chemically study. From the 95% ethanol extract of the whole plants of Zehneria maysroensis fourteen compounds were isolated for the first time. On the basis of spectral data and/or by comparison with authentic samples, they were characterized to be (2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-10-octadecene-1,3,4-triol (1), (2S,3S,4R)-2-tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (2), daucosterol (3), swertish (4), benzoic acid (5), salicylic acid (6), loliolide (7), thymine (8), uracil (9), (23Z)-9,19-cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol (10), (20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxy-ergosta- 6,22-diene-3β-ol (11), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecoate (12), soya-cerebroside (13) and (22E,24S)-24-methyl-5α-cholesta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (14). Compound 4, a C-glycosylflavone, showed a very interesting rotational isomerism. Compounds 4 and 6 may be the active constituents of Zehneria maysorensis considering their sedative and anti-inflammation activity, respectively. From the whole plants of Lonicera saccata, sixteen compounds were isolated for the first time. On the basis of spectral data and/or by comparison with authentic samples, they were identified to be daucosterol (3), (20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxy- ergosta-6,22-diene-3β-ol (11), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl hexadecoate (12), E-p-coumaryl behenate (15), β-sitosterol (16), 2,6-dihydroxyhumula-3(12),7(13),9(E)-triene (17), cycloart-25-ene-3β,24ξ-diol (18), tetracosanoic acid (19), methyl 2,4-dihydroxy- 3,6-dimethylbenzoate (20), ursolic acid (21), naringenin (22), luteolin (23), cupressuflavone (24), caffeic acid (25), apigenin (26) and luteolin-7-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (27). Luteolin (23) and caffeic acid (25) were the ACE inhibitory active constituents. Rotational isomerism for C-glycosylflavonoid was reviewed.

尼泊尔水东哥、水麻、木姜冬青和青荚叶的化学成分研究

活性筛选中发现尼泊尔水东哥 (Saurauia napaulensis DC.) 树皮95%乙醇提取物具有α-淀粉酶抑制活性、水麻(Debregeasia orientalis) 枝叶95%乙醇提取物显示血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制活性、青荚叶(Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dieter.) 95%乙醇提取物的中小极性部分显示蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酯酶(PTP)1B抑制活性。为全面了解它们的成分及相关活性成份，主要运用硅胶柱层析方法从这三个植物分离得到39个化合物，通过波谱分析或与已知品对照的方法对其进行了鉴定。对木姜冬青(Ilex litseaefolia Hu et Tang)的成分做了进一步的研究，取得了如下结果。 1. 从尼泊尔水东哥树皮的95%乙醇提取物分离并鉴定12个化合物： auranamide、aurantiamide benzoate、齐墩果酸、β-谷甾醇、β-胡萝卜甙、乌苏酸、2α,3α-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸、2α,3β,24-三羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸、(2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-[(2'R)-2' -hydroxytetracosanoylamino] -10-octadecene -1,3,4-triol、 2α,3α,24-三羟基-12-烯-28-齐墩果酸、2α,3β-二羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸和2α,3α,24-三羟基-12-烯-28-乌苏酸。 2. 从水麻枝叶的95%乙醇提取物分离并鉴定了18个化合物：棕榈酸、二十烷酸、二十烷酸甲酯、β-谷甾醇、Monogynol A、桦木酸、Hederagenin、β-胡萝卜甙、18αH-19(29)-烯-3-酮-乌苏烷、3，4-开环-20(30)-烯-乌苏烷-3-酸、Pomolic acid，表儿茶素、儿茶素、槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、紫丁香苷、紫丁香酚苷和山萘酚-3-O-芸香糖。儿茶素、槲皮素和槲皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷为具有ACE抑制活性的成分。 3. 从木姜冬青95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部分分离并鉴定了5个化合物： 2-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-6,2´-二羟基-4,4´-二香草酰氧甲基-1,1´-二苯醚（冬青苷）和四个已知化合物：七叶内酯、香草酸、3,4-二甲氧基苯乙酸和vanilloylcalleryanin。冬青苷为新化合物。 4. 从青荚叶95%乙醇提取物的中小极性部分分离并鉴定了9个化合物：β-谷甾醇、β-胡萝卜苷、羽扇豆醇、桦木醇、桦木酸、棕榈酸甘油酯、桂皮酸、6αH-4-烯-3-酮-豆甾醇和6βH-4-烯-3-酮-豆甾醇。 5. 对1985-2006年间天然二苯醚类化合物及活性研究进展进行综述. The in vitro test indicated that the 95% ethanolic extract of the barks of Saurauia napaulensis DC showed α-amylase inhibitory activity, the 95% ethanolic extract of the whole plants of Debregeasia. orientalis showed angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and some fractions of the 95% ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Helwingia japonica showed protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)1B inhibitory activity. In order to investigate components and active compounds of the three plants, they were chemically studied mainly using. Thirty-nine compounds were isolated predominantly by column chromatography identified by spectral methods or comparing them with authentic samples. Further investigation of Ilex litseaefolia Hu et Tang was carried out. Major results are as follows: 1. Twelve compounds were isolation from the 95% ethanolic extract of the barks of S. napaulensis DC. They were identified as auranamide, aurantiamide benzoate, oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, ursolic acid, 2α,3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, 2α,3β,24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, (2S,3S,4R,10E)-2-[(2'R)-2'-hydroxytetracosanoyl amino]-10-octadecene-1,3,4-triol, 2α,3α,24 -trihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, 2α,3β-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, and 2α,3α,24-trihydroxyurs-12-ene-28-oic acid, respectively, by spectral methods or comparing them with authentic samples. 2. Eighteen compounds were isolation from the 95% ethanolic extract of the whole plants of D. orientalis. They were identified as palmitic acid, henicosanoic acid, henicosanoic acid methyl ester, β-sitosterol, monogynol, betulinic acid, hederagenin, β-daucosterol, 18αH-urs-20(30)-en-3-one, 3,4-seco-urs-20(30)-en-3-oic acid, pomolic acid, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, quercetin, quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, syringin, syringiaresinol digloside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinose. (+)-Catechin, quercetin and quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were the ACE inhibitory active components. 3. Further phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate parts of 95% ethanolic extract of the whole plant of I. litseaefolia afforded 2-O-β-D-glucopyranose-4,4´-di-vanilloyloxymethyl-2,6´-dihydroxy-1,1´-diphenyl ether (ilexiside), esculetin, vanillic acid, 3,4-dimethoxybenzylacetic acid and vanilloylcalleryanin. Ilexiside was new compound. 4. Nine compounds were isolation from the 95% ethanolic extract of the whole plant of H. japonica: β-sitosterol, β-daucosterol, lupeol, betulin, betulinic acid, glycerol monopalmitate, cinnamic acid, stignast-4-en-6β-3-one and stignast-4-en-6α-3-one 5.Diphenyl ether compounds from nature between 1985-2006 were summarized.

具有环氧化酶-2选择性抑制活性的多取代蒽醌的合成

1-甲基-2-甲氧羰基-3, 6, 8-三羟基-7-甲氧基蒽醌是从唐菖蒲干球茎中分离到的具有环氧化酶-2选择性抑制活性的多取代蒽醌类化合物。本文试图合成该化合物，实现了其类似物的合成，同时发现了几个未见报道的反应。 1．通过Diels-Alder 反应合成了关键中间体——3-甲基-5-羟基-1, 2, 4-苯三甲酸三甲酯，1-COOMe选择性水解产物与1, 2, 3-三甲氧基苯进行分子间Friedel-Crafts反应的产物再进行分子内Friedel-Crafts反应得到了目标产物的类似物1-甲基-2-甲氧羰基-3-羟基-6，7，8-三甲氧基蒽醌（路线1）。目标产物及其它类似物的合成正在进行中。 2．以乙酰乙酸甲酯和巴豆醛为原料，经过Michael加成、分子内的Aldol反应、芳香化、选择性甲酰化和还原反应，得到关键中间体2-甲基-3-羟甲基-6-甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯及其衍生物。通过该化合物与3，4，5-三甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯进行Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应得到了多取代的二苯基甲烷衍生物，拟进一步关环合成目标化合物（路线2）。 3．发现邻甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯中酯甲基可以被正丁基锂和仲丁基锂中烷基交换生成相应的酯，反应的机理不明确。当使用叔丁基锂时，得到的是邻甲氧基苯基叔丁酮，这个方法可以用来合成芳基叔丁酮类化合物。 4．以2-苄氧基-6-甲基苯甲酸甲酯为原料进行氯甲基化反应时，以苯和二氯乙烷作溶剂，发生了苄基的迁移和芳环的偶联，分别得到2，2'-二甲基-3，3'-二甲氧羰基-4，4'-二羟基联苯和2，2'-二甲基-3，3'-二甲氧羰基-4，4'-二羟基-5，5'-二苄基联苯。这是对称联苯合成的新方法。 5．水杨酸羟基邻对位的选择性甲酰化可以分别通过水杨酸和水杨酸甲酯用HMTA/CF3COOH来实现。 6．Lewis酸催化3，4，5-三甲氧基苄醇环化成1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13-nonamethoxyl-10,15-dihydro-5H-trbibenzo [a, d, g] cyclononene (NDTC)，产率(54%)高于已有方法（12%）。 Methyl 3,6,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-1-methylanthraquinone-2-carboxylate is a new COX-2 selective inhibitor isolated from Gladiolus gandavensis. Two strategies were investigated to synthesis this compound, in which some important reactions were discovered. 1. The key intermediate 5-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid 2,4-dimethyl ester was prepared via Diels-Alder reaction followed by selective hydrolysis of 1-COOMe. This compound was coupled with 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene and the product undergo intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction to give methyl 3-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-methylanthraquinone-2-carboxylate (1st route). The target compound and other analogues are being prepared with the same procedure. 2. The key intermediates methyl 3-hydroxymethyl-6-methoxy-2-methylbenzoate and its derivatives were prepared starting from crotonaldehyde and methyl acetoacetate via Michael addition, intramolecular aldol reaction, aromatization, formylation and reduction. The intermediates were coupled respectively with derivatives of gallic acid to give polysubstituted diphenylmethane. However, attempts to cyclize these compounds to the target compounds and analogues were not successful (2nd route). 3. In the process for ortho-lithiation of methyl 2-methoxybenzoate, the substrate converted respectively to n-butyl 2-methoxybenzoate and sec-butyl 2-methoxybenzoate when n-BuLi and sec-BuLi were used. However, tert-BuLi reacted with methyl 2-methoxybenzoate afford 2-methoxyphenyl tert-butyl ketone, which could be used to synthesize aryl tert-butyl ketones. 4. The transformtion of methyl 2-benzoxy-6-methylbenzoate to dimethyl 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate in benzene, and dimethyl 5,5'-dibenzyl-4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of ZnCl2 provides a new method for the synthesis of symmetric biphenyl. 5. The formylation of salicylic acid at C-5 and methyl 2-hydroxybenzoate at C-3 could be regioselectively realized by using HMTA/CF3COOH. 6. Racemic 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13-nonamethoxyl-10, 15-dihydro-5H-trbibenzo [a, d, g] cyclononene was prepared via Lewis acids catalyzed trimerization of 3, 4, 5-trimethoxylbenzyl alcohol with yield (54%) higher than the reported procesure (12%).