The retrieval of structured design rationale for the re-use of design knowledge with an integrated representation

Design knowledge can be acquired from various sources and generally requires an integrated representation for its effective and efficient re-use. Though knowledge about products and processes can illustrate the solutions created (know-what) and the courses of actions (know-how) involved in their creation, the reasoning process (know-why) underlying the solutions and actions is still needed for an integrated representation of design knowledge. Design rationale is an effective way of capturing that missing part, since it records the issues addressed, the options considered, and the arguments used when specific design solutions are created and evaluated. Apart from the need for an integrated representation, effective retrieval methods are also of great importance for the re-use of design knowledge, as the knowledge involved in designing complex products can be huge. Developing methods for the retrieval of design rationale is very useful as part of the effective management of design knowledge, for the following reasons. Firstly, design engineers tend to want to consider issues and solutions before looking at solid models or process specifications in detail. Secondly, design rationale is mainly described using text, which often embodies much relevant design knowledge. Last but not least, design rationale is generally captured by identifying elements and their dependencies, i.e. in a structured way which opens the opportunity for going beyond simple keyword-based searching. In this paper, the management of design rationale for the re-use of design knowledge is presented. The retrieval of design rationale records in particular is discussed in detail. As evidenced in the development and evaluation, the methods proposed are useful for the re-use of design knowledge and can be generalised to be used for the retrieval of other kinds of structured design knowledge. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉原始林群落结构与植物多样性：生境差异性研究

黄龙世界自然遗产地岷江冷杉林(Abies faxoniana)生境类型多样，群落结构复杂，群落植物种类组成多样性丰富。揭示不同生境的生物多样性及其差异是认识生物多样性格局、形成及维持机制的前提和进行多样性保育的基础。本文采用样方法对黄龙钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境及半阳坡非钙化生境的岷江冷杉原始林植物群落结构及植物多样性进行了研究。结果表明： 黄龙岷江冷杉林具有明显的复层异龄结构，垂直结构明显，乔木、灌木、草本、苔藓层次分明。共发现高等植物386 种，其中维管植物46 科103 属163 种，苔藓植38 科83 属物223 种。各层片结构及物种组成如下: (1)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境分别发现乔木18 种、13种、8 种。乔木层均可分为两个亚层，第一亚层优势种均为岷江冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树或其它大高位芽物种。钙化滩生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)、粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)以及阔叶树种白桦(Betula platyphylla)等，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树；阴坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外间有巴山冷杉和白桦，第二亚层物种主要为川滇长尾槭(Acer caudatum var. prattii)；半阳坡非钙化生境第一亚层除优势种岷江冷杉外混生有巴山冷杉，第二亚层主要为岷江冷杉异龄树。依乔木层优势种的差异，钙化滩生境及半阳坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉纯林，阴坡非钙化生境为岷江冷杉－川滇长尾槭混交林。不同生境乔木层郁闭度、乔木密度、树高结构、直径结构均存在差异。 (2)钙化滩生境发现灌木41 种，平均盖度为18.49±1.72(％)，平均高度为52.12±4.45(cm)，优势种为直穗小檗(Berberis dasystachya)；阴坡非钙化生境发现灌木30 种，平均盖度为29.33±2.56 (％)，平均高度为119.55±8.01 (cm)，优势种为箭竹 (Fargesia spathacea) 、唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica) 和袋花忍冬(Lonicera saccata)；半阳坡非钙化生境发现灌木29 种，平均盖度为31.35±1.93 (％)，平均高度为107.55±4.24 (cm)，优势种为箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)。不同生境灌木层结构和物种组成多样性差异显著，钙化滩生境的灌木盖度、高度总体上较非钙化的坡地生境低, 钙化滩生境灌木以小型叶的落叶灌木为主，沟两侧非钙化的坡地生境上则发育了丰富箭竹。 (3)钙化滩生境发现草本46 种，平均盖度为7.18±0.79 (％)，平均高度为5.04±0.26(cm)，以山酢浆草(Oxalis griffithii)为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现草本物种71 种，平均盖度达29.04±2.31(％)，平均高度为9.08±0.52(cm)，以钝叶楼梯草(Elatostema obtusum)、山酢浆草为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境草本物种50 种，平均盖度为以8.79±0.82(％)，平均高度为7.67±0.43 (cm)，以扇叶铁线蕨(Adiantum flabellulatum)、双花堇菜(Viola biflora)、华中蛾眉蕨(Lunathyrium shennongense)、山酢浆草为优势种。阴坡非钙化生境草本层片发育良好，多样性最为丰富，盖度和物种丰富度均显著高于钙化滩生境和半阳坡非钙化生境。 (4)钙化滩生境发现苔藓物种140 种，平均盖度达84.25±1.30 (％)，以仰叶星塔藓(Hylocomiastrum umbratum) 等大型藓类为优势种；阴坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种115 种，平均盖度为79.29±1.64 (％)，以刺叶提灯藓(Mnium spinosum)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium)、毛尖燕尾藓(Bryhnia trichomitra)等个体较小的物种为优势种；半阳坡非钙化生境发现苔藓物种91 种，平均盖度为60.64±1.93 (％)，也以刺叶提灯藓为优势种。 (5)钙化滩生境、阴坡非钙化生境、半阳坡非钙化生境的物种数分别为234 种、221 种、175 种。乔木层的Shannon-Wiener 指数分别为0.75 ±0.12、1.87±0.12、1.78±0.07（灌木层，0.44±0.08、1.71± 0.15、2.49±0.06；草本层，0.33±0.13、1.31±0.15 、2.15±0.08； 苔藓层1.30±0.11、2.08±0.04、1.73±0.11，）；Pielou 均匀度指数分别为0.45±0.05、0.29±0.06、0.28±0.08（灌木层，0.75±0.03、0.68±0.05、0.52±0.06；草本层，0.68±0.02、0.77±0.02、0.74±0.02；苔藓层，0.40±0.03、0.63±0.02、0.52±0.03）；Simpson's 优势度指数分别为0.63±0.06、0.78±0.04、0.83±0.07（灌木层，0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06；草本层，0.25±0.02、0.12±0.01、0.17±0.01；苔藓层，0.45±0.04、0.18±0.01、0.31±0.04）。三种生境间乔木层、草本层的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较低, 灌木层、苔藓层的的Sorenson 群落相似性系数较高。 综上所述，黄龙岷江冷杉林的群落结构、植物多样性在三种生境间存在差异性，这将意味着我们在进行黄龙世界自然遗产地的森林经营管理时要较多地关注岷江冷山林群落在不同生境中的差异性。 There were multiplex habitat types, complicated community structure and abundant species composition in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. Uncovering the differences of biodiversity among different habitats was a precondition to understand the distribution, formation and sustaining mechanism of the biodiversity, and the foundation of biodiversity conservation. In the present study, using plenty of quadrants, we investigated the community structure and the biodiversity of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest in different habitats (travertine bottomland, semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat and shady-slope non-calcified habitat) in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site. The main results are as follows: All the primitive Abies faxoniana forests in the three habitats were uneven-aged with obvious vertical structure including tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer and bryophyte layer. A total of 386 higher plants including 163 vascular plant species (103 generic, 46 families) and 223 bryophyte species (83 generic, 38 families) were investigated. The structure and species composition of each layer are as follows: (1) There were 18, 13 and 8 tree species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. The tree layers in all habitats can be divided into two clear sub-layers. The upper tree layers were dominated by Abies faxoniana, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana or other phanerophytes species. There were Abies fargesii , Picea asperata and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in travertine bottomland, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana; There were Abies fargesii and Betula platyphylla besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by Acer caudatum var. prattii; There was Abies fargesii besides the dominated species (Abies faxoniana) in the upper tree layer semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the lower tree layers were dominated by uneven-aged Abies faxoniana. According to composition percentage of dominate species in tree layer, both the forest in travertine bottomland and in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as pure forest, and the forest in shady-slope non-calcified habitat could be ranked as mingled forest. There were significant differences in crown density, plant density, height structure and diameter structure among the three habitats. (2) A total of 41 shrub species (average coverage 18.49±1.72％; average height 52.12±4.45 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Berberis dasystachya; A total of 30 shrub species (average coverage 29.33±2.56 ％;average height 119.55±8.01 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea, Lonicera tangutica and Lonicera saccata. A total of 29 shrub species (average coverage 31.35±1.93％; average height 107.55±4.24 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Fargesia spathacea. There were significant differences in structure and species diversity of the shrub layers among the three habitats. The coverage and height of shrub had lower value in travertine bottomland than in two non-calcified habitats. Moreover, travertine bottomland was dominated by deciduous shrub species with microphyll and non-calcified habitats developed abundant Fargesia spathacea species. (3) A total of 46 herb species (average coverage 7.18±0.79％;average height 5.04±0.26 ㎝)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was Oxalis griffithii; A total of 71 herb species (average coverage 29.04±2.31％;average height 9.08±0.52 ㎝)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Elatostema obtusum and Oxalis griffithii. A total of 50 herb species (average coverage 8.79±0.82％;average height 7.67±0.43 ㎝) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Adiantum flabellulatum, Viola biflora, Lunathyrium shennongense and Oxalis griffithii. Herb layers developed well in shady-slope non-calcified habitat and had the higher species richness and coverage than travertine bottomland and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat. (4) A total of 140 bryophyte species (average coverage 84.25±1.30％)were found in travertine bottomland, and the dominate species was big bryophyte species such as Hylocomiastrum umbratum and so on; A total of 115 bryophyte species (average coverage 79.29±1.64％)were found in shady-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was small bryophyte species such as Mnium spinosum, Thuidium cymbifolium, Bryhnia trichomitra and so on. A total of 91 bryophyte species (average coverage 60.64±1.93％) were found in semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, and the dominate species was Mnium spinosum. (5) There were 234, 221 and 175 plant species in travertine bottomland, shady-slope non-calcified habitat and semi-sunny-slope non-calcified habitat, respectively. Shannon-Wiener index of the tree layer was 0.75 ±0.12, 1.87±0.12 and 1.78±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.44±0.08, 1.71± 0.15 and 2.49±0.06; the herb layer, 0.33±0.13, 1.31±0.15 and 2.15±0.08; the bryophyte layer, 1.30±0.11, 2.08±0.04 and 1.73±0.11.) for the three habitats, respectively; Pielou index of the tree layer was 0.45±0.05, 0.29±0.06 and 0.28±0.08 (the shrub layer, 0.75±0.03, 0.68±0.05 and 0.52±0.06; the herb layer, 0.68±0.02, 0.77±0.02 and 0.74±0.02; the bryophyte layer, 0.40±0.03, 0.63±0.02 and 0.52±0.03.) for the three habitats, respectively. Simpson's index of the tree layer was 0.63±0.06, 0.78±0.04 and 0.83±0.07 (the shrub layer, 0.21±0.03、0.28±0.05、0.45±0.06; the herb layer, 0.25±0.02, 0.12±0.01 and 0.17±0.01; the bryophyte layer, 0.45±0.04, 0.18±0.01 and 0.31±0.04.) for the three habitats, respectively. There were low Sorenson index both in the tree layer and in the herb layer among the three habitats, whereas, high Sorenson index occurred both in the shrub layer and in the bryophyte layer. To sum up, there were differences both in community structure and plant diversity among the three different habitats, which means that we should pay more attention to habitats heterogeneities of the primitive Abies faxoniana forest when we take action to manage the forest in the Huanglong World Natural Heritage Site.

区域创新系统研究的进展及展望

区域发展的传统影响因素的作用正在减弱,区域科技创新对区域经济发展的重要影响正在增强。作为区域发展的重要影响因素,区域创新系统成为重要的研究方向。国内外学术界对区域创新系统的内涵、地位与作用等问题进行了深入研究,提出了一系列重要研究成果。针对目前学术界正在开展的科技创新的区域作用与影响、区域创新系统的发展等方面的研究进展进行归纳综述,并对有关研究工作的发展进行展望。

A novel (W-Al)-C-Co composite cemented carbide prepared by mechanical alloying and hot-pressing sintering

Novel cemented carbides (W0.4Al0.6)C-0.5-Co With different cobalt contents were prepared by mechanical alloying and hot-pressing technique. Hot-pressing technique as a common technique was performed to fabricate the bulk bodies of the hard alloys. The novel cemented carbides have good mechanical properties compared with WC-Co. The density and operation cost of the novel material were much lower than the WC-Co system. It was easy to process submicroscale sintering with the novel materials and obtain the rounded particles in the bulk materials. There is almost no eta-phase in the (W0.4Al0.6)C-0.5-CO cemented carbides system although the carbon deficient obtains the astonishing value of 50%.

New double-ceramic-layer thermal barrier coatings based on zirconia-rare earth composite oxides

A series of La2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 composite oxides were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The final product keeps fluorite structure when the molar ratio Ce/Zr >= 0.7/0.3, and below this ratio only mixtures of La2Zr2O7 (pyrochlore) and La2O3-CeO2 (fluorite) exist. Averagely speaking, the increase of CeO2 content gives rise to the increase of thermal expansion coefficient and the reduction of thermal conductivity, but La-2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)(2)O-7 has the lowest sintering ability and the lowest thermal conductivity which could be explained by the theory of phonon scattering. Based on the large thermal expansion coefficient of La2Ce3.25O9.5, the low thermal conductivities and low sintering abilities of La2Zr2O7 and La-2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)(2)O-7, double-ceramic-layer thermal barrier coatings were prepared. The thermal cycling tests indicate that such a design can largely improve the thermal cycling lives of the coatings. Since no single material that has been studied so far satisfies all the requirements for high temperature thermal barrier coatings, double-ceramic-layer coating may be an important development direction of thermal barrier coatings.

新型笼状同多钒酸盐[Ni(1,10′-phen)_3]_2·[V_2~ⅣV_8~ⅤO_(26)]的水热合成和晶体结构

尽管多金属氧酸盐 (POMs)的研究已有180多年的历史,但大量的POMs结构在最近几十年才被陆续解析出来[1～4].其中 ,同多钒酸盐由于钒配位几何形状的多样性,结构最为丰富 ,例如:[V4 O12 ]4-[5],[V5O14 ]3-[6],[V10 O2 8]6-[7] ,[V15O4 2 ]9-[8],[V13 O3 4 ]3-[9].值得注意的是,在这些化合物中,钒的化合价均处于最高氧化态+5价.由于+4价钒不易在溶液中(尤其是水中)稳定存在,因此在以往的常压溶液合成中具有混合价态的同多钒酸盐报道很少.与饱和价态的同多钒酸盐相比,混价多钒酸盐具有更为新奇的电荷分布和拓扑学几何构型,并且在 POMs的理论研究和抗病毒药物、电存储材料以及磁性材料等应用领域有特殊的研究和开发价值[1,10,11].因此,制备具有混价的新型同多钒酸盐一直倍受关注.近年来,水热合成技术的引入使同多钒酸盐合成化学迅速发展.水热体系提供了一个特殊的反应环境 [12 ],使制备各种具有混合价态的同多钒酸盐成为可能.Müller等[13]对这一领域开...

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF ISOPOLYOXOMETALLATES AND HETEROPOLYOXOMETALLATES FILM MODIFIED MICROELECTRODES .1. PRETREATMENT AND MODIFICATION OF THE MO80-26(4-) MODIFIED CARBON-FIBER MICROELECTRODE

In this paper the preparation of isopoly- and heteropolyoxometallates (IPA and HPA) thin film modified carbon fiber (CF) microelectrodes and the factor that influences the modification of IPA and HPA films are described. IPA and HPA film modified CF microelectrodes can all be prepared by cyclic potential scan and simple dip coating. The modified electrodes prepared are very stable and reversible in acidic solution with monolayer characteristics. The electrochemical pretreatment of CF microelectrodes plays an important role in the modification of IPA and HPA film. The absorption of IPA and HPA film on electrode surfaces has been discussed on the basis of surface conditions of the CF microelectrode and the structure of IPA and HPA.

A fibrinogen-related protein from bay scallop Argopecten irradians involved in innate immunity as pattern recognition receptor

The family of fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) is a group of proteins with fibrinogen-like domains. Many members of this family play important roles as pattern recognition receptors in innate immune responses. The cDNA of bay scallop Argopecten irradians FREP (designated as AiFREP) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method based on the expressed sequence tag (EST). The full-length cDNA of AiFREP was of 990 bp. The open reading frame encoded a polypeptide of 251 amino acids, including a signal sequence and a 213 amino acids fibrinogen-like domain. The fibrinogen-like domain of AiFREP was highly similar to those of mammalian ficolins and other FREPs. The temporal expression of AiFREP mRNA in hemolymph was examined by fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR. The mRNA level of scallops challenged by Listonella anguillarum was significantly up-regulated, peaked to 9.39-fold at 9 h after stimulation, then dropped back to 4.37-fold at 12 h, while there was no significant change in the Micrococcus luteus challenged group in all periods of treatment. The function of AiFREP was investigated by recombination and expression of the cDNA fragment encoding its mature peptide in Escherichia coli Rosetta gami (DE3). The recombinant AiFREP (rAiFREP) agglutinated chicken erythrocytes and human A, B, O-type erythrocytes. The agglutinating activities were calcium-dependent and could be inhibited by acetyl group-containing carbohydrates. rAiFREP also agglutinated Gram-negative bacteria E. coli JM109, L anguillarum and Gram-positive bacteria M. luteus in the presence of calcium ions. These results collectively suggested that AiFREP functions as a pattern recognition receptor in the immune response of bay scallop and contributed to nonself recognition in invertebrates, which would also provide clues for elucidating the evolution of the lectin pathway of the complement system. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

河西走廊地区硒的环境地球化学与牲畜毒草中毒原因探讨

硒学术界普遍认为《马可波罗游记》中记载的中国西部牲畜毒草中毒是人类历史上最早对“硒中毒”的描述，但至今没有可靠的科学依据。为了澄清这一历史科学问题，笔者对河西走廊草原牧区正在流行的牲畜中毒地方病进行了野外调查，分析了该区草原生态环境植物、土壤中硒的含量。结果表明：①棘豆植物是马可波罗记载的引起牲畜中毒的毒草；②棘豆植物根部土壤与世界平均土壤硒含量相近；③棘豆属毒草硒含量远低于能导致一般动物中毒的3mg／kg植物硒风险值。由此推断。引起（马可波罗游记〉中记载的中国西部肃州牲畜毒草中毒并非硒中毒，中毒的原因是棘豆植物中的生物碱成分苦马豆索（Swainsonine）。

大气中甲酸和乙酸的碳同位素分析方法及其应用研究

生物有机酸是大气对流层中重要的微量挥发性有机碳组分，它广泛存在于对流层大气中，对气候、环境、生态系统以及人类健康产生了重要影响。探索有机酸碳同位素（δ13C值）的分析测试方法，能够为大气有机酸生物地球化学循环研究开辟一片新的天地，从而使该领域研究向前推进一步。本研究初步建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸的碳同位素测试分析方法，为研究“已知有机酸来源中，不同来源对大气有机酸含量的贡献大小问题”、“人类污染对大气中有机酸的贡献比例问题”以及“是否存在尚未认知的有机酸来源问题”等奠定了方法学基础。 研究工作围绕如下五个方面内容而展开：首先是回顾和总结大气中低分子有机酸的研究沿革，详细摘录了国内外不同站点不同形式的大气样品中有机酸含量水平及其分布情况；其次是回顾和总结了大气中低分子有机酸的含量分析方法，并从中获取适宜于气相色谱/燃烧炉/同位素比值质谱（GC/C/IRMS）接口的样品富集、分离技术；第三是对水溶液中低分子有机酸的固相微萃取研究；第四是对实际大气样品中微量甲酸、乙酸的固相微萃取研究及其碳同位素分析结果的初步分析；第五是对其它天然产物或人为活动排放源所释放的甲酸、乙酸碳同位素进行研究。研究内容的重点是：应用目前对水溶液中痕量有机酸而言最恰当的针阱捕集固相微萃取技术建立有机酸分子碳同位素组成分析方法。在方法建立过程中主要获得了如下成果： 1. 建立了以甲酸、乙酸为代表的液态挥发性有机化合物标准样品的碳同位素组成分析测试方法。 法兰静密封技术与石英管的连接技术可以有效地获得较高真空度的石英管，这使得向低CO2污染的石英管内无损耗地注入挥发性有机物的标准样品成为可能。进一步使用炬枪密闭-石英管燃烧法制备挥发性有机化合物标准同位素样品，可有效避免制备过程中因挥发所导致的同位素分馏和环境CO2对测定值的影响。以市售高纯度的甲酸、乙酸为标准同位素样品，重复制备它们的同位素分析样各5次，并在Finnigan MAT-252气体同位素比值质谱仪上测定其δ13C值。结果显示此法具有极高的重现性，所测δ13C值相对标准偏差仅为0．07％（甲酸，n=5）、0．04％（乙酸，n=5）。与之对比，另一套同位素测定系统GC/C/IRMS对同一标准物质的同位素测定结果并无显著差别，但在精度上却明显不及前者。由于避免了样品制备过程中可能因挥发而导致的同位素分馏以及可能因环境中CO2造成污染等问题，使得该方法可推广应用于其它挥发性有机化合物标准的δ13C标定，为准确测定实际样品中对应挥发性有机化合物δ13C值的准确测定提供基础条件，也为同类物质标准的碳同位素测定提供了准确、廉价、方便的分析手段。 2. 确立了甲酸、乙酸在线分离的气相色谱条件以及同位素分析所需的同位素比值质谱条件。 为了能对非衍生化处理的甲酸、乙酸进行有效分离，我们选取了低吸附性、高样品容量，可直接分析未衍生化游离酸的Stabilwax-DA色谱柱作为分离甲酸、乙酸的分析柱。气相色谱分离过程中He载气均处于恒流模式，进样口施行不分流进样，并进样口温度设置为200℃，采用两阶段程序升温，在此条件下乙酸、甲酸的出峰时间先后相隔了0.79分钟，且多次测定甲、乙酸出峰时间的相对标准偏差不大于0.05分钟，据此可认为甲、乙酸获得了良好的分离。 气相色谱分离出的甲酸、乙酸通过串联接口与燃烧炉 (串联接口与燃烧炉都是加热装置，温度分别设置成350 C和 850C)相接，随后有机物在燃烧炉中被高温焚烧转变为CO2和H2O，再经Nafion半透膜祛除H2O，从而获取纯化干燥的CO2以适宜于同位素比值质谱分析。 3. 确立了水相中甲酸、乙酸的微萃取条件，设计制作了与萃取工作配套固相微萃取装置。 NeedlEx针阱捕集的固相微萃取技术可解决水溶液中低分子有机酸的分离萃取问题，并能与气相色谱接口的兼容，还有集采样、富集、保存、分析为一体的优点。因此探索利用脂肪酸型NeedlEx完成对水溶液相中有机酸的萃取是本文研究的关键所在。为了提高分析效率，降低环境污染，我们设计了一整套吹扫-捕集的动态固相微萃取装置，并对甲酸、乙酸的水溶液实施了萃取研究。 由于实验装置是在吹扫捕集原理的基础上建立起来的，因此随着吹扫捕集气体体积的增加有机酸在萃取针上的对富集量也呈现出一定增长趋势，尤其是在最初的几次循环中，有机酸在萃取针中的总量得到迅速的增加，在萃取气体体积达到400mL后，萃取针中的有机酸含量增加趋于缓慢。为了获得更多物质量的有机酸，实验中我们分别尝试了1000和2000mL的气体吹扫体积，分别对有机酸在色谱上的响应值以及同位素分析结果的统计显示这两种萃取体积并无显著差异，为兼顾工作量我们拟定1000mL吹扫气体体积作为实验条。 由于离子态的有机酸具极强的亲水性，因而很难挥发至顶空或吹扫气体中，只有自由的分子态有机酸方可被萃取针中疏水的固定相所富集。为使的解离反应方向朝着有利于分子态有机酸形成方向发展，我们评估了不同酸化条件对萃取效果的影响。实验中我们普遍采用了500μL 4mol/L的磷酸溶液对样品进行了酸化，结果表明，酸化对提高待测物质的分析量十分有利，以10μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液为例，酸化后甲酸萃取率提高了30.12%，乙酸的萃取效率也提高了14.46%。酸化、不酸化处理以及不同浓度有机酸溶液所测定的甲、乙酸碳同位素值在总体上不具备显著性的差异。但是，由于有机酸碳同位素测定精度与待测物物质量具有一定正相关关系，因此酸化后样品中有机酸同位素的分析精度要优于未经酸化样品的同位素的分析精度。 温度的增加可以适量地提高部分有机酸的萃取效率，但温度增加导致水汽进入萃取针，中从阻碍了有机酸的有效萃取，因此本文建议在25℃室温的下进行萃取。此外，在传统的固相微萃取过程，搅动样品溶液常常是作为缩短萃取时间，提高的萃取效率的重要措施。原则上搅拌速度越快越好，但为了不使溅起水花影响到萃取针头，因而选择2000r/min搅拌速度比较适宜。 基于上述实验条件，本文考察了浓度为10~300μg/mL的甲酸、乙酸标准溶液的色谱响应值及其同位素分析结果。结果显示对不低于浓度为10μg/mL标准溶液，其中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值都可被检测出。只不过浓度过低则响应值信号弱，不能准确计算出各质荷比信号峰面积是低浓度条件下同位素测不准的主要原因。要想使得甲、乙酸同位素测定值的相对标准偏差控制在1以内，则对应有机酸浓度则需达到85μg/mL以上。 4. 克服了实际水相样品中有机酸浓度低，不能直接对其实施NeedlEx萃取的难题，初步实现了对降水中甲酸、乙酸的碳同位素分析。 除了某些有机酸含量水平较高的降雨可以直接运用动态针阱捕集固相微萃取与GC/C/IRMS联用技术直接进行甲酸、乙酸碳同位素的分析外，普通含量水平的有机酸碳同位素测定尚具有一定的难度。研究中我们使用了阴离子交换型固相萃取小柱LC-SAX(规格：500mg/3mL；交换容量：0.2meq/g)对1L浓度为50~2000μg/L甲酸、乙酸标准混合溶液进行了萃取，并对所属浓度条件下δ13C测定值与理论值之间的差异性进行了T检验统计分析，结果表明绝大多数情况（200μg/L乙酸同位素测定值除外）下甲、乙酸的相伴概率分别伴概率大于了显著性水平0.05，表现出有机酸碳同位素测定的均值与离线法测定的甲酸同位素理论值无显著差异。 然而，降水中普遍具有有机酸含量低，其它阴离子含量高，组分复杂特点，严重影响阴离子交换型萃取小柱对有机酸的萃取。为此我们先用离子色谱对降水中阴离子组成及其含量进行分析，了解降水中主要的阴离子构成及其含量，再根据所测定结果再安排对应交换容量萃取小柱实施萃取，而后再进行针阱捕集的萃取及其碳同位素分析。 5. 对以甲酸、乙酸为代表的大气中低分子有机酸碳同位素分析结果的初步研究。 以贵阳为代表的西南城市地区大气中有机酸浓度较高，这为使用本方法研究该地区有机酸的碳同位素分析创造了有利条件。经离子色谱测定，2008年8月下旬至2008年10月中旬贵阳地区6次降水中甲、乙酸浓度范围分别为5.75~22.43μmol/L和5.43~13.09μmol/L。与之对应，六次降水中甲酸δ13C值的范围为-25.72‰至-29.08‰之间，乙酸δ13C值的最大值则为-26.23‰，最小值则为-30.40‰。6次降水中甲酸、乙酸的δ13C值将它们的来源指向了直接或间接的陆源特征。结合离子色谱对降水中甲酸、乙酸浓度分析，利用亨利系数判定法可知，六次降水中间接来源是大气中低分子有机酸的主要来源，通过δ13C值的初步判断，可以看出这些二次来源应该主要由生物质燃烧，C3植物以及人类活动向大气释放的不饱和有机物经二次氧化而形成。 以往甲酸、乙酸同源的依据皆以降水中甲、乙酸浓度具有显著线性相关做为判断指标，本研究中6次降中的甲酸、乙酸浓度亦然呈现出良好的相关性（R2=0.87）而降水中甲、乙酸具有相似的δ13C值，这充分说明降水中甲、乙酸的同源特征。 针阱捕集萃取方式还适宜于对大气中自由有机酸的直接富集。利用这一特性，我们分别对贵阳市市郊森林公园、城市居民区以及交通要塞等三个不同地方大气中的自由有机酸进行了同位素分析，结果发现贵阳市大气中乙酸δ13C值介于-31.03‰至-26.37‰之间，乙酸δ13C值的总体均值等于-28.74‰，与之对应，甲酸的δ13C值范围为-29.42‰至-22.97‰，均值为-27.12‰。贵阳市大气中自由甲酸、乙酸的同位素值与降水中的甲、乙酸同位素值具有类似的变化范围，这表明大气气相中自由有机酸与降水中的甲、乙酸具有大致相同的来源构成。 我们还利用此法对汽车尾气以及蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸、乙酸δ13C值进行了分析，其中汽车尾气中所含甲酸δ13C值等于-23.25±1.25‰，乙酸δ13C值为-24.55±0.85‰，而蚁酸蚁所释放的甲酸δ13C值则为-22.43±0.43‰。由于汽车尾气以及乙酸蚁释放有机酸的δ13C值要低于大气样品对应有机酸的δ13C值，据此认为汽车尾气和蚁酸蚁不是大气有机酸的主要来源。 6. 有机酸碳同位素分析技术在检验食品参假行为时的扩展应用研究。 由于C3和C4循环会导致植物及其产品的δ13C值不同，因此碳同位素技术在食品控制方面发挥了特别作用，能够解决一些常规分析解决不了的问题。经分析发现，食醋中醋酸的δ13C值与其原材料密切相关，如以麦麸、大米为原材料所生食醋醋酸δ13C值在-27‰左右。而以高粱、大麦、黄豆为生产原料的食醋醋酸δ13C值在-19‰左右，明显高于了以大米、麦麸等为原料所生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值。此外，单纯以大米发酵生产的食醋醋酸δ13C值为-29‰左右。食醋中醋酸δ13C值与生产工艺、原材料高度相关的特征为质检部门更好的识别食醋参假行为提供了良好的解决办法。

INTEGRAÇÃO lavoura-pecuária-floresta - programa 26.

2009

PRINCIPAIS INDICADORES: AGRÍCOLAS, v. 3, n. 26, 2010.

2010