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2003 年11 月,在中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤经过不同利用方式后对水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和林地开展了植物线虫垂直分布(0–15 cm 各土层)特征研究。研究结果表明:不同土地利用方式下的某些优势属线虫随着土壤深度增加而呈下降趋势。螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)线虫是4 种土地利用方式中最优势的属。水田丝尾属(Filenchus)、平滑属(Psilenchus)和垫刃属(Tylenchus)线虫主要分布在上层(0–20 cm),而撂荒地、林地中的针属(Paratylenchus)线虫及玉米地中的短体属(Pratylenchus)线虫能够分布在更深的土层(0–80 cm)。本研究揭示,植物线虫优势属数量与土壤化学特性指标存在显著相关关系。不同利用方式螺旋属线虫数量与土壤C/N 比、全碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及Olsen-P含量呈显著正相关;水田丝尾属和平滑属线虫、玉米地短体属线虫、撂荒地针属线虫与土壤pH 程显著负相关,与土壤全碳、全氮及碱解氮呈显著正相关。为了更正确地评价植物线虫种群数量,有必要根据植物线虫优势属的垂直分布特征来确定取样深度。图1 表1 参21。

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The crystal structure, morphology and polymorphism induced by uniaxial drawing of poly(ether ether ketone ketone) [PEEKK] have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). On the basis of WAXD and ED patterns,the crystal structure of unoriented PEEKK is determined to have two-chain orthorhombic packing with unit cell parameters of a 0.772 nm, b = 0.600 nm, c = 1.004 nm (form I), A stress-induced crystal modification (form II) is identified and found to possess a two-chain orthorhombic lattice with unit cell dimensions of a = 0.461 nm, b = 1.074 nm, c = 1.080 nm. The 7.5% increase in c-axis dimension for form II is attributed to an overextended chain conformation, arising from extensional deformation during uniaxial drawing and fixed ''in-situ'' through strain-induced crystallization. The average ether-ketone bridge bond angles in form II crystal are determined to be 148.9 degrees by using standard bond lengths. The crystal morphology of PEEKK bears a great similarity to that of PEEK. The crystals grow in the form of spherulites and have the b-axis of unit cell radial. The effects of draw rate on strain-induced crystallization and induction of form II structure are also discussed.

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Reaction of [Ph(4)P]2WS4 With NiCl2 in methanol solution in the presence of NaOCH3 leads to the formation of [Ph(4)P](2) [S2W(mu-S)(2)Ni(S-2)] (I) A Similar reaction between (NH4)(2)WS4 and NiCl2 under O-2 atmosphere in the presence of Ph(4)PCl or (n)Bu(4)NCl affords [Ph(4)P](2)([(S-2)W(O)(mu-S)(2)]Ni-2] (IIa) and [(n)Bu(4)N](2)([(S-2)W(O)(mu-S)(2)]Ni-2} (IIb) Under argon the same reaction gives [Ph(4)P](2)[Ni(WS4)(2)] (IIIa) and [(n)Bu(4)N](2)[Ni(WS4)(2)] (IIIb). [Ph(4)P](2)[Ni(WOS3)(2)] (IV) and [Ph(4)P](2)[Ni(WO2S2)(2)] (V) can be prepared from the reaction of [Ph(4)P]2WOS3 and [Ph(4)P]2WO2S2 with NiCl2. Treatment of (NH4)(2)WS4 with CuCl in the presence of PPh(3) in boiling pyridine produces W(mu-S)(4)Cu-2(PPh(3))(3) (VI), which can further react with excess PPh(3) to give W(mu-S)(4)Cu-2(PPh(3))(4) . py (VII). Complex I crystallizes in the space group P2(1)/n with the cell parameters: a = 20.049(4), b = 17.010(4), c = 14.311(7) Angstrom; beta = 110.24(3)degrees and Z = 4; R = 0.058 for 4267 independent reflections. The structural study confirms that complex I contains two terminal sulfide ligands, two bridging sulfide ligands, a side-on disulfide ligand, and a planar central W(mu-S)(2)Ni four membered ring. Complex VII crystallizes in the space group C2/c with the cell parameters: a = 26.436(8), b = 20.542(6), c = 19.095(8) Angstrom; beta = 125.00(3)degrees and Z = 4; R = 0.080 for 3802 independent reflections. The structural study reveals a perfect linear arrangement of the three metal atoms Cu-W-Cu.

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本文应用取代基效应(SCS)方法研究了乙烯-乙烯醇(EVA)共聚物,得到了羟基(-OH)在两种不同溶剂中的SCS参数:在苯酚+重水(80/20W/W)中参数为S_1=42.77±0.08ppm,S_2=7.155±0.06ppm,S_3(s)=-4.08±0.02ppm,S_3(t)=-3.09±0.02ppm,S_4=0.48±0.03ppm,S_5=0.26±0.05ppm,在以邻二氯苯为溶剂时参数为S_1=44.97±0.61ppm,S_2=7.40±0.00ppm,S_3(s)=-4.51±0.17ppm,S_3(t)=-3.13±0.00ppm,S_4=0.63±0.04ppm,S_5=0.36±0.00ppm,同时利用所得到的SCS参数对该共聚物的~(13)C NMR谱进行了归属。

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Reaction of lanthanoid trichloride with two equivalents of sodium t-butylcyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran affords bis(t-butylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanoid chloride complexes (t-BuCp)2LnCl. nTHF (Ln = Pr, Nd, n = 2; Ln = Gd, Yb, n = 1). The compound (t-BuCp)2PrCl.2THF (1) crystallizes from THF in monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with unit cell dimensions a = 15.080(3), b = 8.855(2), c = 21.196(5) angstrom, beta = 110.34(2)degrees, V = 2653.9 angstrom-3 and D(calcd) = 1.41 g/cm3 for Z = 4. The central metal Pr is coordinated to two t-BuCp ring centroids, one chlorine atom and two THF forming a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The crystal of (t-BuCp)2YbCl.THF (2) belongs to the monoclinic crystal system, space group P2(1)/n with a = 7.726(1), b = 12.554(2), c = 23.200(6) angstrom, beta = 97.77(2)degrees, V = 2229.56 angstrom-3, D(calcd) = 1.50 g/cm3 and Z = 4. The t-BuCp ring centroids, the chlorine atom and the oxygen atom of the THF describe a distorted tetrahedron around the central ion of ytterbium.

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Eleven pairs of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Suringar gametophytes were identified with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. After screening 100 primers, 20 ten-base primers were determined for the RAPD analysis. A total of 312 polymorphic loci were obtained, of which 97.7% were polymorphic. The primer S198 was found to distinguish all the selected Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes. The genetic distances between each two of the twenty-two U. pinnatifida gametophytes ranged from 0.080 to 0.428, while the distances to the Laminaria was 0.497 on average. After reexamination, two sequences characterized amplification region (SCAR) markers were successfully converted, which could be applied to U. pinnatifida germplasm identification. All these results demonstrated the feasibility of applying RAPD markers to germplasm characterization and identification of U. pinnatifida gametophytes, and to provide a molecular basis for Undaria breeding.

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优良的种质是产业发展的重要保证,品种更新和养殖技术的发展已经给世界农业带来了令人瞩目的成就,然而我国水产生物的育种工作刚处于起步阶段,而育种技术的研究则更是滞后。借鉴陆生生物中发展起来的相对成熟的研究方法,可以帮助加快海洋生物遗传育种相关研究的进度。本研究以我国北方海区重要的海洋经济动物-皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,从表型遗传、数量性状遗传等2个方面开展了皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种研究,同时从幼鲍培育密度与分选效应等方面研究了皱纹盘鲍的中间培育技术。 主要结果如下: 1. 皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色遗传、食物对贝壳颜色表现型的影响,贝壳颜色与生长速度间的关系 将贝壳颜色为橘红色(O表型)的突变型皱纹盘鲍与贝壳颜色为绿色(G表型)的野生型皱纹盘鲍进行了连续2代的交配实验。结果表明:皱纹盘鲍橘红色的贝壳颜色相对于绿色的贝壳颜色为隐性性状,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表型受单位点、2个等位基因遗传控制,其中基因型为oo的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为橘红色(O表型),而基因型为GG或Go的个体,贝壳颜色的表现型为野生型(G表型)。 为探讨食物类型对不同基因型皱纹盘鲍贝壳颜色表现型的影响,对不同贝壳颜色表型的个体投喂不同种类的食物,结果表明,除遗传因素外,皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型显著地受食物类型的调控。其中oo基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻(Navicula sp.)和红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为橘红色;而在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为黄色。GG和Go基因型的个体,在摄食底栖硅藻、红藻时,贝壳颜色的表型为褐红色;在摄食褐藻、绿藻和以海带粉为唯一海藻源的人工配合饵料时,贝壳颜色的表型为绿色。该结果表明,相同基因型的皱纹盘鲍在摄食不同类型的食物时,贝壳表现型不同,即不同类型的食物可以导致2种基因型皱纹盘鲍的贝壳颜色表现型在一定范围内发生转换:oo基因型的个体,贝壳的颜色可以表现为橘红色或者黄色,不会出现野生型皱纹盘鲍的褐红色或绿色;而GG与Go基因型的个体,相应的贝壳颜色表型只能是褐红色或者绿色,不会出现oo基因型可能表现的橘红色或黄色。特定基因型的皱纹盘鲍,在摄食特定类型的食物时贝壳的相应部位可表现出特定的颜色。皱纹盘鲍的这种“食物-贝壳颜色”的相关性可作为一种形态标记,用于标识皱纹盘鲍的个体和群体,该标记技术可用于皱纹盘鲍的养殖技术和遗传学研究。 此外,选用了贝壳颜色遗传学实验中建立的贝壳颜色发生分离的家系为实验材料,以壳长为指标,分析比较了来自相同家系的O表型与G表型个体之间的生长速度。结果表明,在幼鲍发育至412天止的3-5个统计时段内,没有在同一家系来源的2种贝壳颜色表型个体之间检验到生长速度的显著差异。 2. 皱纹盘鲍不同选育群体及杂交群体的贝壳形态参数分析 在皱纹盘鲍的7个群体中(包括已经对生长速度为指标进行了多代人工选育的群体4个、野生群体之间直接杂交繁育的杂交F1群体3个),测量了4-6龄成体样本的壳长(L)、壳宽(W)、壳高(H)和壳重(Sw),并计算了L/(L+W+H)、W/(L+W+H)、H/(L+W+H)和Sw/(L×W×H)等4个壳形态学参数。用方差分析方法(MANOVA、ANOVA)统计并比较了这些壳形态参数在皱纹盘鲍群体间的遗传变异。结果表明,4个壳形态参数在不同群体间变异系数分别为0.34、0.74、2.62和6.54,其中,H/(L+W+H)与Sw/(L×W×H)在各供试群体间均具有较高的多态性且差异达显著水平,表明这2个参数在不同群体间存在较高的遗传变异。由于在活体情况下无法测量壳重(Sw)性状,建议以参数H/(L+W+H)为指标对皱纹盘鲍贝壳形态(如壳型)等进行人工选择。 3. 皱纹盘鲍成体阶段生长性状的遗传参数估计 采用巢式设计,分析了成体阶段不同发育期皱纹盘鲍的壳长与生长速率的遗传力、不同发育期的壳长性状之间的遗传相关、以及不同发育期的生长速率之间的遗传相关,结果表明:(1)壳长遗传力在受精后第70 、130、320、320、380、490与550天的雄性组分估计值分别为0.161 ± 0.075、0.312 ± 0.131、0.326 ± 0.331、0.135 ± 0.228、0.153 ± 0.185和0.180 ± 0.106;雌亲组分估计分别为0.312 ± 0.172、0.699 ± 0.168、0.695 ± 0.168、0.977 ± 0.407、0.427 ± 0.195和0.449 ± 0.027。(2)生长速率遗传力在受精后第320~380天、490 ~ 550天,雄、雌组分估计值分别为0.080 ± 0.120(雄)、 0.210 ± 0.191(雌)以及0.299 ± 0.146(雄)、0.306± 0.148(雌)。雌亲组分的壳长遗传力和生长速率遗传力估计值较大且均达显著水平,表明皱纹盘鲍在成体阶段依然受母性效应的影响。成体阶段生长性状遗传力水平的估计对制定科学的皱纹盘鲍育种方案有指导意义。(3)雄亲组分估计的不同发育期(第390 ~ 550天)壳长间遗传相关为0.597 ~ 1.000,雌亲组分估计为0.589 ~ 1.177。由雄亲、雌亲组分估计,受精后第320~380天与第490 ~ 550天两个发育阶段生长速率间遗传相关均接近于0。雌亲组分估计不同发育期壳长间遗传相关均达显著水平(t0.05, d.f.=13 = 4.33 ~ 11.69,P<0.01),表明壳长性状早期选择有效,即在皱纹盘鲍早期阶段依据壳长性状对个体进行择优或去劣可在后期阶段获得壳长较大的个体。由于使用的雄亲数目少(8个父系半同胞),实验中以雄亲组分估计的遗传参数误差较大。 4. 皱纹盘鲍选育系间的群体杂交 进行了皱纹盘鲍4个人工选育系之间的完全双列杂交实验,以群体交配的方式共建立了16个组合;此外,以大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群为亲本,以群体交配的方式建立了4个交配组合。对不同方向的杂交组合进行了中亲杂种优势、超亲杂种优势以及配合力等方面的评价。 (1)测量了4个选育群体(R、97、S和J)及其各杂交组合在受精后第9、20和30天时的壳长,统计分析了不同选育系间壳长性状的差异、评价了不同方向杂交组合的中亲与超亲杂种优势、以及配合力。结果如下: 选育系群体内交配繁育的4个组合,在受精后第9、20和30天的壳长均有显著差异,其中,97  97组合在早期发育各阶段均为最小,分别为0.462 ± 0.023mm、0.698 ± 0.057mm和1.476 ± 0.234mm;S  S组合的3次测量值均为最大,分别为0.522 ± 0.023mm、0.824 ± 0.084mm和1.798 ± 0.229mm。 两个方向杂交组合与选育系亲本群体内交配组合的平均值和高亲值比较,得到如下结果:(A)受精后第9天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有6个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合6个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为9.05%;R  S组合最低,为-6.61%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有4个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有8个,其中S  J组合的高亲优势率最高,为5.77%;R  S组合最低,为-7.96%。(B)受精后第20天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、表现负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中J  97组合的中亲优势率最高,为12.60%;J  R组合最低,为-8.72%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有3个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有11个,其中J  97组合的高亲优势率最高,为12.20%;J  R组合最低,为-12.67%。(C)受精后第30天壳长表现正向中亲杂种优势的组合有7个、负向中亲杂种优势的组合5个,其中97  S组合的中亲优势率最高,为24.08%;S  97组合最低,为-12.69%。正向高亲杂种优势组合有6个、负向高亲杂种优势组合有6个,其中97  S组合的高亲优势率最高,为15.95%;S  J组合最低,为-19.44%。上述结果表明,皱纹盘鲍不同选育系之间的交配组合,杂种优势率差异很大,因此,通过组配实验,将杂种优势率高的交配组合选择出来应用于生产,可望显著提高目标性状的产量。 对早期发育阶段各生长期壳长性状,亲本一般配合力(GCA)、各杂交组合间特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值进行方差分析,结果表明:各亲本GCA差异显著,说明各选育群体存在显著的遗传差异,其中汕头选群“S”在测量的各个生长期均为正值且显著大于其它各亲本;特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值较大在各杂交组合间存在显著差异,说明在早期生长发育阶段非加性遗传效应(显性和上位效应)占主导地位。综合各个生长期亲本GCA和杂交组特殊配合力(SCA)以及正反交(REC)效应值,杂交组合97×S在早期生长阶段不仅有较高SCA值而且两个亲本也具有较大的GCA值,表明选育系97和S较适宜作为杂交亲本使用。 (2)大连“98”选群与汕头“S”选群进行2×2因子设计的群体杂交实验,比较了各交配组合早期存活相关性状如受精率、孵化率、变态率以及壳长性状,评价了两个方向杂交组合平均以及不同方向杂交组合的中亲杂种优势率。结果表明早期发育阶段各组合间的受精率无显著差异,而孵化率、变态率等两个杂交方向平均的中亲杂种优势率为5.49%与12.53%,高于壳长性状的优势率(0.936-1.534%)。方差分析结果表明不同方向的杂交组合在早期发育阶段存活相关性状以及壳长性状存在显著差异。孵化率、变态率性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率分别为13.21%与21.10%,均高于98×S的-3.84%与3.85%;而第10和25d壳长性状,S×98的中亲杂种优势率为1.14%与-2.52%,低于98×S的1.93%与4.41%。 为进一步评价“98”选群与“S”选群不同交配组合在不同温度条件下的生长,进行了基因型与环境的互作研究。从“98”选群与“S”选群的4个交配组合中分别取5月龄幼鲍100头,各组合随机分成3组,每组1个重复,分别于12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下进行培育,比较各交配组合基因型与温度对幼鲍生长的影响。不同温度条件下,各组合壳长生长的方差分析结果表明,基因型和温度都能够对幼鲍生长以及最终壳长产生极显著的影响(P < 0. 01),它们的交互作用也达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。杂交子代的幼鲍壳长在12°C、16°C和 22°C温度条件下均表现出杂种优势,双向杂交的中亲杂种优势率分别为5.32%、5.55%和0.03%,表明低温条件(12°C),比高温条件(22°C)下有更强的杂种优势。汕头“S”选群的早期孵化率、变态率、生长性状以及低温条件下幼鲍生长性状的单亲杂种优势率分别为16.64%、42.49%、3.42~5.79%和5.73~9.15%,单亲杂种优势率较大,表明可通过杂交手段,显著地改良汕头“S”选群在早期发育阶段的生长速度、存活率以及幼鲍期的生长性状。本研究的结果支持了Lerner(1954)杂种优势的基因与环境互作学说。 5. 皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的中间培育技术研究 (1)对南方越冬方式的评价 目前,每年的11月前后,将6-7月龄幼鲍运往南方的闽东、闽中、闽南沿海越冬,翌年4月至6月再运回到北方(大连、山东半岛)的养殖模式已经普遍应用于皱纹盘鲍的实际生产,为评价南方越冬的幼鲍培育方式,本研究分别以不同幼鲍材料在闽东三都海湾进行了越冬培育实验。 选择生产上壳长分别为18.37 ± 1.28 mm、15.89 ± 1.10 mm、14.55 ± 1.10 mm与10.59 ± 0.84 mm的幼鲍进行了为期6.5个月的越冬培育,实验结束时,存活率分别为95.56 ± 2.21%、90.55 ± 1.96%、83.97 ± 1.63%与63.30 ± 2.79%。回归分析表明,供试幼鲍在实验起始时的壳长与越冬阶段的存活率成正相关(P = 0.018 < 0.05)。该结果表明,提高幼鲍的规格可显著提高皱纹盘鲍的越冬成活率,因此对于实际生产而言,采取适当措施提高皱纹盘鲍越冬苗种的规格将大幅增加生产的收益,而采用生长速率快的品种、品系或提早采苗均可实现该目标。综合各规格组幼鲍,幼鲍在南方开放性水域进行越冬培育的平均存活率较高,可达到91.38±0.01%,从幼鲍南方越冬的存活曲线可以看出,幼鲍的死亡主要集中在从大连运至福建某地后的15天内,出现死亡高峰的原因可能是由于运输过程的胁迫。此外,2月及4月中下旬水温出现显著降低或回升时也有较明显的死亡出现。该部分结果,对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的养成管理有指导意义,可以通过合理安排越冬时间、避开死亡的敏感期等措施减少苗种越冬阶段的死亡量。 以中国大连野生群体繁育的子一代为亲本(10♀,10♂),以群体交配的方式繁育F2代个体为实验材料,分别于南方海区以及北方室内升温水方式下进行生长、存活比较,结果表明南方越冬培育方式下,幼鲍壳长的日增长率为81.37-108.89 µm•day-1,与北方室内升温培育条件相比,壳长生长提高了1.08 ~ 1.68倍;而存活率无显著差异。皱纹盘鲍幼鲍南方越冬方式的优势主要体现在鲍鱼幼鲍的生长速度加快,同时节约养殖场的能耗 (2)幼鲍培育过程中的养殖密度与分选效应评价 以3种规格皱纹盘鲍幼鲍为材料比较幼鲍在4个培育密度以及分选或混养条件下壳长的平均日生长及特定生长率。在南方越冬培育方式下实验进行106天,多因素方差分析结果表明实验初始幼鲍的壳长以及培育密度对壳长的生长有显著影响,而且密度效应在不同幼鲍起始规格组中有不同表现;分选没有能够提高不同规格组的生长。本研究的结果对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍的越冬培育有一定的指导作用。

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Two different stocks (A and B) of the bay scallop Argopecten irradialls irradians (Lamarck, 1819) were used to test mass selection on growth. Stock A was a descending stock from the initial introduction from U.S.A. in 1982, which had been cultured in China for about 20 years. Stock B was the third generation from a recent introduction from U.S.A. in 1999. Truncation selection was conducted by selecting the largest 11% scallops in shell length from Stock A and the largest 12.7% scallops from Stock B as parents for the respective selected groups. Before the removal of parents for truncation selection, equal numbers of scallops were randomly chosen from Stock A and B to serve as parents for the control groups. Offspring from the four groups were reared under the same hatchery, nursery, and grow-out conditions. Values of response to selection and realized heritability at larvae, spat and grow-out stages for Stock B were all significantly (P < 0.001) higher than its counterpart for Stock A. For Stock A, no significant response to selection was observed (P > 0.05) at any stage, and the realized heritability for shell length was 0.015 +/- 0.024 for larvae, 0.040 +/- 0.027 for spat, and 0.080 +/- 0.009 for grow-out, respectively. For Stock B, however, significant (P < 0.05) response to selection was observed, and the realized heritability for shell length was 0.511 +/- 0.010 for larvae, 0.341 +/- 0.022 for spat, and 0.338 +/- 0.015 for grow-out. On average, responses to selection at the three stages for Stock B was 30 x, 7.1 x, and 3 x higher than its counterpart for Stock A, respectively. Accordingly, realized heritability at above stages for Stock B was 33 X, 7.5 x, and 3.2 X higher than its counterpart for Stock A, respectively. Differences in response to selection and realized heritability between the two stocks are presumably due to differences in genetic variability. As the 20th generation from the initial introduction consisted of only 26 scallops, Stock A is known to be highly inbred, while inbreeding in Stock B is negligible. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区是世界著名的荒漠有蹄类自然保护区, 区内有蒙古野驴(E. hemionus)、鹅喉羚(G. subgutturosa)、盘羊(Ovis ammon)以及近期野放的普氏野马(E. przewalski)。经过多年有效保护和管理,区内蒙古野驴及鹅喉羚种群得到恢复并有较大增长。从2006年开始,我们在该保护区开展了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的食性构成、社群结构、种群密度、卧息及采食生境利用、季节性栖息地利用等方面的研究。主要结果如下: 采用粪样显微分析技术研究了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚与家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养动物春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现:(1) 该区域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜所采食的植物科数和种数都不相同,针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭在各自食谱中所占的比例不同, 但蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭;(2) 春季、秋季和冬季这些野生与家养草食动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0.8以上,最低为0.832(冬季:鹅喉羚和家马),最高达到0.986(秋季:蒙古野驴和家羊;秋季:家马和家羊)。五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0.3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区,上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争。冬季积雪深,食物短缺, 荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此,应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施,对该区域荒漠有蹄类实施有效保护。 对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的集群行为进行了初步研究。将鹅喉羚或蒙古野驴集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚或独驴5种类型。共统计蒙古野驴556群次,计8235匹次。其中,雌雄混群223群次, 占40%, 为最多的集群类型;其余为雄性群(24%)、独驴(19%)、雌性群(11%)和母仔群(6% )。不同集群大小的比例差异极显著 (P=0.000)。其中2-30匹的集群占69%,独驴占18%,其余为13%。最大集群为266匹。除独驴外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独驴作为一种特殊的集群类型,其占雄性个体的比例达63%,说明雄性个体比雌性更容易形成独驴。观察记录到鹅喉羚1286群次,计9148只次。其中,雌雄混群459群次, 占35%,为最多的集群类型;其余为独羚(18%)、母仔群(18%)、雄性群(17%)和雌性群(12%)。不同大小集群的比例差异极显著(P=0.000),其中2一15头的集群占73%, 16头以上集群占42%,独羚仅占3%,不同集群大小差异也极为显著(P=0.000)。除独羚外,其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独羚作为一种特殊的集群类型,其雌性个体的比例占到55%,因此, 不能说明雄性比雌性更容易形成独羚。 分四个季节采用截线取样法,用DISTANCE5.0估计了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。根据DISTANCE5.0计算,该区域春季蒙古野驴种群密度为0.55±0.14匹/km2 (平均数±标准差,下同),夏季为0.60±0.13匹/km2,秋季为0.78±0.19匹/km2和冬季为0.54±0.14匹/km2。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的鹅喉羚种群密度分别为1.14± 0.18头/km2,0.95±0.12头/km2,1.08±0.18头/km2和1.54±0.31头/km2。将这些结果与本区域不同时期及不同地域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚密度和遇见率数据进行了比较对比。截线取样法为研究干旱地区的有蹄类动物提供了一种标准方法,本研究结果为卡拉麦里自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的长期监测提供了基础数据。 采用样方法研究了鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方,36个对照样方;冬季测定了75个卧迹样方,75个对照样方。研究发现,春季鹅喉羚主要选择平滩、下坡位和无坡位、海拔高度910米以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、隐蔽级高、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境;而冬季则主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、海拔900~1000m范围、离道路501~1000m以及大于2000m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中厚度(1.1-3cm)雪深、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境。主成分分析表明,卡拉麦里山鹅喉羚夏季季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔。冬季该区域鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88%,第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度。 通过设立样方研究了蒙古野驴的采食生境。研究发现,夏季和秋季两个季节蒙古野驴主要在平滩和山沟采食。集中在无坡向的平滩、1001m以上的海拔高度、与水源距离较近、远离道路、远离矿区等人类活动点、植被盖度高、草本盖度高、植物多样性高、草本多样性高(P<0.05)的区域采食。主成分分析表明,夏季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。秋季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是海拔、植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。 利用卡山保护区不同季节野外种群调查数据,以3S技术为手段,评价了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地适宜性。首先把各季节蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚分布点图层,分别和固定水源点图层、道路图层、固定冬牧点图层和矿点图层进行叠加和距离查询,用Vanderploeg & Scavia’s选择指数(Ei*)分析了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地选择及其主要影响因素,建立了固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚栖息地影响强度的评价标准。通过缓冲区分析,分别研究了固定水源点、道路、固定冬牧点、矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。通过缓冲区分析,综合研究了与人类活动有关的道路、固定冬牧点和矿点因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。最后将固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点等5个因子结合起来通过地图综合查询研究分析了这些因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的综合影响,在固定水源点较适宜以上范围给出了该保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性不同适宜等级的生境面积。 我们建议采取以下积极措施来保护卡山保护区荒漠生态系统多样性以有效保护该区域内栖息的蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚:提高保护区周边社区政府的认识,提高公众参与自然资源和生物多样性保护的意识;加强水源地建设,积极采取飞播等措施,恢复植被,提高栖息生境质量;逐步限制进入卡拉麦里山越冬渡春的家畜数量;严格进入卡山保护区采矿制度,取缔非法矿业;加强草原围栏生态通道建设;与蒙古国合作建立跨国界的国际自然保护区;建立卡山自然保护区自然资源有偿使用机制;开展长期蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群监测。

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沉积物柱芯分别采自滇西地区的洱海和黔中地区的红枫(及百花)湖,散落核素^7Be和^137Cs在沉积物中的蓄积特征对比分析表明,^7Be在洱海及红枫湖沉积物中的累计值分别为(237±73)Bq/m^2和(783±44)Bq/m^2;按校正到沉降年代的数值,1986年以前^137Cs的累计值分别为(519±26)Bq/m^2及(3704±56)Bq/m^2。由模式计算获知,(1)^7Be和^137Cs在红枫湖沉积物中的蓄积以侵蚀影响为主;在洱海的蓄积受直接散落控制。(2)在洱海和红枫湖地区^7Be大气散落累计值分别为(0.07±0.02)Bq/cm^2及(0.08±0.01)Bq/cm^2;1986年以前^137Cs大气散落累计值分别为(0.11±0.01)Bq/cm^2及(0.37±0.01)Bq/cm^2,显示出滇西与黔中地区之间^137Cs散落的地区差异。这一现象可能反映出青藏高原对滇西地区存在着全球性大气扩散污染物散落的屏蔽效应。

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北欧和北美的研究发现水库是典型的汞敏感生态系统,新建水库而引起的鱼体甲基汞污染问题已受到科学家的高度重视,而我国在这方面的研究比较薄弱。本论文选择乌江流域的6个水库作为研究对象,并根据年龄把这些水库划分为3个演化阶段,洪家渡、引子渡、索风营水库为初级演化阶段,普定、东风水库为中级演化阶段,乌江渡水库为高级演化阶段。对这6个水库总汞和甲基汞的输入和输出通量进行了研究,探讨了不同演化阶段的水库对总汞和甲基汞的“源/汇”作用,主要研究内容有以下三个方面:(1)各水库入出库河流中汞的分布特征;(2)大气降水中汞浓度及沉降通量的分布;(3)乌江流域不同水库汞的输入输出通量。通过本论文的研究,得出以下主要结论: 1. 乌江流域河流中总汞、颗粒态汞、溶解态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞的年均浓度分别为3.41±1.98、2.05±1.73、1.36±0.44、0.24±0.11、0.15±0.06、0.08±0.03 ng•L-1。与国内外其它河流的比较发现,总汞的浓度明显低于国外受污染的河流,略高于国外未受污染的河流。溶解态汞、活性汞、甲基汞的浓度略低于受污染的河流,与未受污染的河流基本相当。与同处在贵州喀斯特地区的阿哈湖、红枫湖、百花湖的入出库河流相比,总汞、溶解态汞、活性汞、甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞的浓度均明显偏低。 2. 水库的修建显著降低了出库河流中总汞、颗粒态汞的浓度,使总甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞的浓度升高,而且增加了出库河流中溶解态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞占总汞的比例。不同形态汞的沿程分布显示,梯级水库的修建改变了河流原有的汞的生物地球化学过程,使乌江多个河段的甲基汞升高,并且随着水库生态系统的不断演化,水库输出的甲基汞将增加,下游河流水体中甲基汞有继续升高的趋势。 3. 大气降雨中总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞、活性汞、总甲基汞的浓度分别为7.49~149 ng•L-1、1.23~10.0 ng•L-1、5.76~142 ng•L-1、0.56~2.94 ng•L-1、0.08~0.82 ng•L-1,且以颗粒态汞为主,约占总汞比例的87%。总汞、溶解态汞、颗粒态汞、甲基汞的浓度有明显的季节变化趋势,冬春季高于夏秋季,而空间分布特征不明显。2006年总汞、甲基汞的年湿沉降通量为34.7±5.80 µg•m-2•yr-1、0.18±0.03 µg•m-2•yr-1,且主要受降雨量的影响。乌江流域降雨中总汞的浓度及其湿沉降通量远高于北美和日本,低于中国的一些城市地区(如长春和北京),而甲基汞的浓度和通量与其它地区相当。 4. 在乌江流域的不同水库中,降雨输入总汞和甲基汞的通量主要受降雨量和水库面积的影响,而与降雨的汞浓度间没有相关性。河流向水库输入总汞的量主要受河流流量的控制,而输入甲基汞和颗粒物的量受河流流量和浓度的影响。下泄水输出总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物的通量受浓度和流量的影响。由于流域面积/水面面积的比值较大,水库水量、总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物的输入以河流为主,分别占总输入的87%、80%、85%、86%。输出以下泄输出为主,下泄水输出的水量、总汞、甲基汞、颗粒物分别占总输出的80%、77%、86%、79%。 5. 从输入-输出通量的结果发现,各水库均表现为河流颗粒物输送的“汇”;除乌江渡水库外,其它水库均表现为总汞的“汇”;对甲基汞而言,引子渡、洪家渡、索风营水库表现为“汇”,而普定、东风、乌江渡水库则表现为“源”。 6. 普定和洪家渡水库中总汞的贮存率为56%和57%,明显高于其它水库,说明在上游有水库存在的情况下,水库对总汞“汇”的作用将降低。普定、东风、乌江渡水库中甲基汞的净通量分别为+69.4 g•yr-1、+368 g•yr-1、+857 g•yr-1,转化率为13%、73%、84%,说明甲基汞的净通量和转化率与水库的演化阶段有关,随着水库演化阶段的升高而增加,并且随着水库的不断演化,甲基汞将从“汇”变成“源”。

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O potencial pedoclimático de ambientes para culturas agrícolas depende, além das condições de solo e clima, da geologia, do relevo (topografia) e de fatores biológicos, associados às exigências das culturas. Este trabalho foi realizado em parceria entre a Embrapa Solos UEP-Recife e a Secretaria de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Agrário do Estado de Alagoas - SEAGRI-AL. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial pedoclimático do Estado de Alagoas para a cultura do milho (Zea Mays L.). Os resultados deste trabalho são apresentados considerando três mesorregiões: 1) Leste alagoano, compreendendo o Litoral e Mata Atlântica, 2) Sertão alagoano porção Oeste do estado, 3) Agreste, porção transicional entre as mesorregiões do Leste e Sertão alagoanos, conforme estabelecido pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Na obtenção do potencial pedoclimático, as informações do potencial dos solos, obtidos considerando dois níveis tecnológicos para o manejo das terras e das culturas (média tecnologia ou Manejo B, e alta tecnologia ou Manejo C), foram cruzadas com aquelas obtidas para a aptidão climática considerando três cenários pluviométricos: anos chuvosos, anos regulares e anos secos. O cruzamento das informações foi realizado por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento com o auxílio do software ArcGis, obtendo-se os mapas do potencial pedoclimático. O resultado das interpretações foi organizado em quatro classes de potencial pedoclimático: Preferencial, Médio, Baixo e Muito Baixo. Os resultados indicam que a extensão territorial das classes de potencial pedoclimático apresenta variações importantes em função do nível de manejo adotado e do cenário pluviométrico considerado. Em geral, as áreas com potencial Preferencial estão localizadas nas mesorregiões do Agreste e do Leste Alagoano, onde as condições de solo e de clima são mais favoráveis para o cultivo de milho, com amplitude de 174 km2 a 4.077 km2, o que corresponde a 1% e 15% da área total do estado. Os ambientes com potencial Médio têm ocorrência dispersa nas diferentes regiões do estado, variando de 6.080 km2 a 13.750 km2, compreendendo 25% a 49% da área total, com os maiores valores no manejo com média tecnologia (Manejo B). As áreas que apresentam o potencial Baixo e o Muito Baixo localizam-se, em sua maior parte, na região Oeste do estado, sobretudo no Sertão, onde as limitações de solo e de clima semiárido são mais intensas. Os referidos potenciais também ocorrem na zona úmida costeira, principalmente nos ambientes onde o relevo impõe fortes restrições de uso e manejo do solo e da cultura, independentemente do nível de manejo considerado. Com adoção de alta tecnologia ocorre maior abrangência da classe de potencial pedoclimático Preferencial para a cultura do milho, principalmente na Mesorregião do Agreste, com maior percentual de ocorrência para o cenário pluviométrico regular.

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This study assessed the effect of increasing fibre levels in the concentrate ration on the welfare of sows housed in a large dynamic group. One hundred and twelve Large White x Landrace sows were allocated to one of two treatments over six replicates. Treatments were as follows: (i) High Fibre diet (similar to 15% CF [Crude Fibre]), and (ii) Control diet (similar to 5% CF). Treatments were applied to two separate dynamic groups each containing 33 (+/- 3) sows in a cross-over design, after three replicates the treatments were switched between the groups. Approximately nine sows were replaced in each of these groups at 3-week intervals (each replacement constituting a replicate of the study). Sows on the high fibre diet spent a greater percentage of time lying (High Fibre: 43.8, Control. 28.0, SEM 3.25%), while sows on the control diet spent more time sham chewing (High Fibre: 7.2, Control: 28.8, SEM 1.55%). Sows newly introduced to the group on the high fibre treatment spent proportionally more time in the kennel areas compared to newly introduced sows in the control treatment (High Fibre. 0.893, Control. 0 788, SEM 5 10) In general, aggression occurred at a very low frequency and overall levels did not differ between treatments (High Fibre: 0.005, Control: 0.003, SEM 0.0007 [occurrences per min)). However, sows in the control treatment performed head thrusting (High Fibre: 0.02, Control: 0.00, SEM 0.001 [occurrences per mini), and biting behaviour (High Fibre. 002, Control. 0.01, SEM 0.002 [occurrences per min]) more frequently than sows on the high fibre diet. There was no effect of treatment on physiological parameters such as plasma cortisol (High Fibre: 1.34, Control: 1.44, SEM 0.114 ng ml(-1)) or haptoglobin levels (High Fibre. 0.73, Control. 0.64, SEM 0.080 mg ml(-1)). In summary, provision of a high fibre diet had a positive effect on the welfare of group-housed dry sows Sows on the high fibre treatment spent more time resting in the kennel areas, less time performing stereotypic behaviours and showed a reduction in some aggressive behaviours relative to sows fed the control diet.