混凝土薄壳球形水窖结构的优化设计

分析球形水窖空间结构的应力分布情况并进行几何尺寸优化,避免建设者根据经验来确定球形水窖的厚度、构造及混凝土标号,以节省建窖材料,同时防止应力不足而发生破坏。【方法】利用基于ANSYS平台新开发的窖体有限元分析软件,对实际中窖壁厚度为4和11 cm的混凝土薄壳球形水窖进行空间结构应力分析,同时以水窖耗材量最小为目标函数,以许用应力和变形量为约束条件,对其进行几何尺寸优化。【结果】计算得出窖壁厚度为4和11 cm的水窖最大拉应力分别为1 380.00和447.31 kPa,最大压应力分别为5 153.20和1 896.70 kPa;优化出空窖不利工况下容积为20,30和40 m3的球形水窖窖壁最佳厚度,即栗钙土地区分别为0.051,0.061和0.065m,黄土地区分别为0.050,0.059和0.062 m。【结论】经软件优化计算后的球形水窖结构,既能满足强度和刚度的要求,同时也最大限度地节约了材料用量;利用新开发的窖体结构优化分析软件,能够对球形水窖进行空间应力分析与结构优化,可以作为球形水窖设计软件。

油松水源保护林人工诱导更新与定向恢复机理

以油松水源保护林为对象,进行人工诱导更新与定向恢复机理研究。结果表明,在郁闭林分内油松更新苗密度平均为5 375株.hm-2,更新苗年龄为1~2年,而在人工Gap“效应岛”样地内,更新苗密度平均为17 062.5株.hm-2,其中1~2年、3~4年、5~6年生更新苗分别占73.44%,13.97%和12.59%;生长季光照强度在0、1.5和2.0 m三个不同高度梯度上,在Gap内部的平均值分别为289.0×100、542.0×100和589.0×100 lux,在对照林分内分别为139.0×100、146.0×100和246.0×100lux;从夏季观测到的空气温度平均值日变化分析,在白天Gap内的温度高于郁闭林分内部,温差可差2~3℃,在夜间Gap内的温度低于郁闭林分内,温差可差0.5~1℃;在白天6:00~11:00,人工Gap“效应岛”内空气湿度明显低于郁闭林分内,在其它时间段大致相当;对于同一层次土壤而言,Gap内的土壤温度明显高于郁闭林分内且变化幅度大,在0、10和20 cm三个梯度上Gap与郁闭林分相比土壤温度最大差值分别可达10、5和2℃;0~10、10~20和20~30 cm三个层次平均土壤含水量在Gap内分别为16.9%1、5.1%和12.3%,在郁闭林分内分别为14.6%、12.5%和9.9%。总体上比较二者的光照强度、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度、土壤水分等有显著差异,因此人工Gap“效应岛”的创建是诱导其内部微环境因子变化的基础,也是油松水源保护林定向恢复更新的机理之所在。

Multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-oligoethylenimine copolymers as efficient nonviral gene delivery vectors

Background The application of polyethylenimine (PEI) in gene delivery has been severely limited by significant cytotoxicity that results from a nondegradable methylene backbone and high cationic charge density. It is therefore necessary to develop novel biodegradable PEI derivates for low-toxic, highly efficient gene delivery.Methods A series of novel cationic copolymers with various charge density were designed and synthesized by grafting different kinds of oligoethylenimine (OEI) onto a determinate multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid) backbone. The molecular structures of multi-armed poly(L-glutamic acid)-graft-OEI (MP-g-OEI) copolymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, viscosimetry and gel permeation chromatography. Moreover, the MP-g-OEI/DNA complexes were measured by a gel retardation assay, dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy to determine DNA binding ability, particle size, zeta potential, complex formation and shape, respectively. MP-g-OEI copolymers were also evaluated in Chinese hamster ovary and human embryonic kidney-293 cells for their cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency.

Syntheses and crystalline structures of clusters Co-3(CO)(7)(mu(3)-S)(mu, eta(2)-SCNR2)

Through the reaction of Co-2(CO)(8) with four thiuram [R2NC(S)S](2), four new sulfur-capped trinuclear cobalt carbonyl clusters Co-3 (CO)(7) (mu(3)-S) (mu, eta(2)-S* C* NR2) ( I : R = Me; I : R = Et; II : R = i-Pr; IV : NR= -N [GRAPHICS] were prepared and characterized by elementary analysis, IR,H-1 NMR and MS spectroscopy. The crystal structure of the cluster Co-3(CO)(7)(mu(3)-S)[mu, eta(2)-S*C*N (i-Pr)(2)]( III) was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction method. The crystal of m is monoclinic, belonging to space group P2(1)/n, and the cell parameters are as follows: a = 1, 145 2(2) nm, b = 1. 502 8(3) nm, c = 1, 214 4(2) nmj alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 92, 15(3)degrees, gamma = 90 degrees; V = 2. 088 5(7) nm(3) , Z = 4, F (000) = 1 096, D-c = 1. 747 mg . m(-3), mu = 2. 588 mm(-1), R=0. 040 7, R-w=0. 062 4, The structural analysis shows that cluster II has a pyrimidal Co3S framework and contains a heterocylic bridging bidentate ligand [mu, eta(2)-S* C* N (i-Pr)(2)] linked to the Co2 and Co3 atoms of the cluster by a cobalt-carbon and a cobalt-sulfur bond respectively.

Synthesis, structure characterization and transesterification of the complexes of beta-alkoxycarbonylethyltin trichlorides

Thirteen title complexes ROCOCH2CH2SnCl3 . L(R = C(1 similar to 5)alkyl;L = DBSO,HMPA) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR,H-1 NMR. The crystal structure of n -PrOCOCH2CH2SnCl3 . DBSO was determined by the X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic system,space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 1.062, b = 1.427, c = 1.635nm; Z = 4. The complex exists as a discrete molecule, and the tin atom attains a distorted octahedral geometry via the coordination of intramolecular carbonyl oxygen and the Lewis base donor atom. The transesterification of CH3OCOCH2CH2SnCl3 . L with alcohol was studied, and the intramolecular Lewis acid catalytic mechanism was suggested.

β-烷氧羰基乙基三氯化锡配合物的合成、结构表征及酯交换反应

合成了13个标题化合物POCOCH_2CH_2SnCl_3·L(R=C_(1～5)烷基;L=DBSO,HMPA),通过元素分析、IR和~1H NMR进行了表征.n-PrOCOCH_2CH_2SnCl_3·DBSO的晶体结构分析表明,该晶体属正交晶系;空间群P2_12_12_1;a=1.062,b=1.427,c=1.635nm;Z=4.该化合物为含有分子内碳基配位和Lewis碱配体配位的具有畸变八面体构型的单分子有机锡化合物.研究了CH_3OCOCH_2CH_2SnCl_3·L和醇的酯交换反应,提出了分子内Lewis酸催化的反应机理.

STUDIES ON OLEFIN-COORDINATING TRANSITION-METAL CARBENE COMPLEXES .20. SYNTHESIS OF 1,3-CYCLOHEXADIENE(DICARBONYL) [ETHOXY(ARYL)-CARBENE]IRON COMPLEXES AND THEIR PHOSPHINE ADDUCTS - CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE OF C6H8(CO)2FEC(OC2H5)C6H4CH3-O

Reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene(tricarbonyl)iron (1) with ortho-substituted aryllithium reagents ArLi (Ar=o-CH3C6H4, o-CH3OC6H4, o-CF3C6H4) in ether at low temperature, and subsequent alkylation of the acylmetalates formed with Et3OBF4 in aqueous solution at 0-degrees-C or in CH2Cl2 at -60-degrees-C gave the 1,3-cyclohexadiene(dicarbonyl)[ethoxy(aryl)carbene]iron complexes (eta4-C6H8)(CO)2FeC(OC2H5)Ar (3, Ar = o-CH3C6H4; 4, Ar = o-CH3OC6H4), and the isomerized product (eta3-C6H8)(CO)2FeC(OC2H5)C6H4CF3-o (5), respectively, among which the structure of 3 has been established by an X-ray diffraction study. Complex 3 is monoclinic, space group P2(1) with a = 8.118(4), b = 7.367(4), c = 14.002(6) angstrom, beta = 104.09(3)-degrees, V = 812.2(6) angstrom3, Z = 2, D(c) = 1.39 g cm-3, R = 0.056, and R(w) = 0.062 for 976 observed reflections. Complexes 3 and 5 were converted into the chelated allyliron phosphine adducts(eta3-C6H8)(CO)2(PR31)FeC(OC2H5)Ar (6, Ar = o-CH3C6H4, R1 = Ph; 7, Ar = o-CH3C6H4, R1 = OPh; 9, Ar = o-CF3C6H4, R1 = Ph), by reaction with phosphines in petroleum ether at low temperatures.

STRUCTURE OF THIAMINE BROMIDE SESQUIHYDRATE

3-[(4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl]-5-hydroxyethyl-4-methylthiazolium bromide sesquihydrate, C12H17N4OS+.Br-.1.5H2O, M(r) = 372.28, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 11.676 (2), b = 24.819(7), c = 12.344 (3) angstrom, beta = 113.74(2)-degrees, V= 3274 (1) angstrom3 , Z = 8, D(x) = 1.51 g cm-3 (Mo Kalpha) = 0.71069 angstrom, mu = 26.2 cm-1, F(000) = 1528, T 293 K, R = 0.062 for 2720 observed reflections. Both the independent thiamine molecules A and B in the asymmetric unit adopt the common F conformation. A bromide anion is held by four neighbouring thiamine molecules through C(2)-H...Br hydrogen bonds and Br ... thiazolium-ring electrostatic interactions. Another bromide anion (or a water molecule) bridges the pyrimidine and thiazolium moieties of molecule A (or B) through a hydrogen bond with the amino group and an electrostatic interaction with the thiazolium ring.

SmCl_3(THF)_4的晶体结构

标题化合物SmCl_3(THF)_4(M_r=545.2)晶体属正交晶系,空间群为Pdd 2。晶胞参数为a=9.211(4),6=16.436(6),c=29.666(12);V=4491(3) ~3;Z=8,D_c=1.61g.cm~(-3),F(000)=2184,μ_c=30.3cm~(-1)。最终的偏因子R=0.063,R_(to)=0.062。Sm~(3+)与三个Cl~-及四个四氢呋喃分子中氧原子配位,形成一个五角双锥的空间结构,其中二个氯原子分别位于二个顶点位置。分子中有一个通过Sm~(3+)及Cl~-的C_2轴。Sm-Cl及Sm-0的平均键长分别为2.683(5)及2.469(11)。

Complete mitochondrial genome of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): The first representative from the subclass Aspidochirotacea with the echinoderm ground pattern

Complete mitochondrial genome plays an important role in the accurate revelation of phylogenetic relationships among metazoans. Here we present the complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), which is the first representative from the subclass Aspidochirotacea. The mitochondrial genome of A. japonicus is 16,096 bp in length. The heavy strand consists of 31.8% A, 20.2% C, 17.9% G, and 30.1% T bases (AT skew = 0.027: GC skew = 0.062). It contains thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs), twenty-two transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. There are a total of 3793 codons in all thirteen mitochondrial PCGs, excluding incomplete termination codons. The most frequently used amino acid is Leu (15.77%), followed by Set (9.73%), Met (8.62%), Phe (7.94%), and Ala (7.28%). Intergenetic regions in the mitochondrial genome of A. japonicus are 839 bp in total, with three relatively large regions of Unassigned Sequences (UAS) greater than 100 bp. The gene order of A. japonicus is identical to that observed in the five studied sea urchins, which confirms that the gene order shared by the two classes (Holothuroidea and Echinoidea) is a ground pattern of echinoderm mitochondrial genomes. Bayesian tree based on the cob gene supports the following relationship: (outgroup, (Crinoids, (Asteroids, Ophiuroids, (Echinoids, Holothuroids)))). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Figure-Ground Separation

Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-92-J-0499); Advanced Research Projects Agency (ONR N00014-92-J-4015); Office of Naval Research (N00014-91-J-4100)

Immunofluorescence detection and localization of B[a]P and TCDD in earthworm tissues

An immunohistochemical method using antibodies against polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and dioxins was developed on frozen tissue sections of the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) (0.1, 10, 50 ppm) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) (0.01, 0.1, 2 ppb) in spiked standard soils. The concentrations of B[a]P and TCDD in E. andrei exposed to the same conditions were also measured using analytical chemical procedures. The results demonstrated that tissues of worms exposed to even minimal amount of B[a]P and TCDD reacted positively and specifically to anti-PAHs and -dioxins antibody. Immunofluorescence revealed a much more intense staining for the gut compared to the body wall; moreover, positively immunoreactive amoeboid coelomocytes were also observed, i.e. cells in which we have previously demonstrated the occurrence of genotoxic damage. The double immunolabelling with antibodies against B[a]P/TCDD and the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D demonstrated the lysosomal accumulation of the organic xenobiotic compounds, in particular in the cells of the chloragogenous tissue as well as in coelomocytes, involved into detoxification and protection of animals against toxic chemicals. The method described is timesaving, not expensive and easily applicable.

Early-type stars in the Galactic halo from the Palomar-Green survey - III. Completion of a magnitude range limited sample

High-resolution (R approximate to 40 000) echelle spectroscopic observations of 13 high-latitude early-type stars are presented. These stars comprise the final part of a complete magnitude range limited sample based on low-resolution spectroscopy of targets drawn from the Palomar-Green survey. The magnitude range under consideration is 13 less than or equal to B-PG less than or equal to 14.6, corresponding to an approximate distance limit for main-sequence B-type objects of 5 less than or equal to d less than or equal to 40 kpc. Three stars are found to be apparently normal, young stars, based on their positions on the (T-eff, log g) diagram, normal abundance patterns and relatively large projected rotational velocities. A further star, PG 1209+263, was found to belong to the chemically peculiar (CP) silicon star class of objects. The remainder are evolved subluminous stars lying on post- horizontal branch (post-HB) tracks, with the exception of PG 2120+062, which appears to be in a post-asymptotic giant branch evolutionary stage. For the young stars in the sample, we have derived distance and age estimates through comparison of the atmospheric parameters with recent theoretical evolutionary models. We discuss formation scenarios by comparing times-of- flight and evolutionary time-scales. It is found that all stars could have formed in the Galactic disc and been ejected from there soon after their birth, with the exception of PG 1209+263. The adopted proper motion is found to be a crucial factor in the kinematical analysis. We also present some number densities for young B-type halo stars, which indicate that they are extremely scarce objects.

A search for circumstellar material around B-type stars in the Galactic halo

19 B-type stars, selected from the Palomar-Green Survey, have been observed at infrared wavelengths to search for possible infrared excesses, as part of an ongoing programme to investigate the nature of early-type stars at high Galactic latitudes. The resulting infrared fluxes, along with Stromgren photometry, are compared with theoretical flux profiles to determine whether any of the targets show evidence of circumstellar material, which may be indicative of post-main- sequence evolution. Eighteen of the targets have flux distributions in good agreement with theoretical predictions. However, one star, PG 2120 + 062, shows a small near-infrared excess, which may be due either to a cool companion of spectral type F5-F7, or to circumstellar material, indicating that it may be an evolved object such as a post-asymptotic giant branch star, in the transition region between the asymptotic giant branch and planetary nebula phase, with the infrared excess due to recent mass loss during giant branch evolution.