Sobre a atividade da consciência infeliz na Fenomenologia do Espírito de Hegel

Realizamos uma análise da atividade da Consciência Infeliz (unglücklichesBewusstsein), tal como foi exposta por G.W.F. Hegel em sua obraFenomenologia do Espírito(PhänomenologiedesGeistes), de 1807.A Consciência Infeliz é uma denominação hegeliana referente a uma consciência religiosa que se cinde em duas; um destes seus lados, ela aliena de si e tem por sua essência que reside no além, o Imutável; ao outro lado, ela mesma, assevera como o Mutável, inessente, residente no aquém. Toda a sua atividade resume-se a unir isto que ela põe como o infinitamente desunido, a saber, ela e sua essência, pois a consciência ainda não é ciente de que esta essência absoluta que ela opôs a si mesma nada mais é do que ela mesma. Isto resulta num tender singular para seu objeto Universal absoluto e ao mesmo tempo não querer maculá-lo com esta sua singularidade; numa atividade que deve absolutamente ser e não-ser, busca de algo que não pode nem deve ser buscado. Enquanto herdeira do pensamento estóico e cético, a Consciência Infeliz aparece como consciência contraditória, curvada sobre si mesma e sempre dolorida, que além de efetivar um movimento de negação para com o mundo do aquém e tudo o que lhe diz respeito, busca se libertar da dor que é ser portadora desta contraditoriedade que surge justamente daquela sua atitude negativa. A fim de que possamos fundamentar esta atitude Infeliz, realizamos em nosso primeiro capítulo uma investigação acerca de suas características peculiares nas esferas anteriores ao seu aparecimento, a saber, a esfera do Entendimento (Verstand), a dialética do Senhor e do Escravo e do Estoicismo e Ceticismo. No segundo capítulo, discorremos acerca do conceito e da atividade da Consciência Infeliz, bem como procuramos investigar a necessidade de sua superação a partir de uma análise de sua suprassunção no momento da Razão (Vernunft). Por fim, em nosso terceiro e último capítulo, procuramos refletir sobre em que medida se poderia afirmar que as consciências contemporâneas continuam agindo de maneira infeliz, e para tanto, nos apoiamos em breves leituras de S. Freud, pensador do ―mal-estar‖ moderno e Z.Bauman, pensador do ―mal-estar‖ contemporâneo.

A pedagogia diferenciada numa escola secundária da região de lisboa: percepções dos professores e observação de sua prática lectiva

O objectivo principal desta tese é tentar perceber como é que os professores de uma escola secundária no centro de Lisboa reagem a necessidade de uma pedagogia diferenciada na sala de aula. O estudo pretende avaliar (a) se os professores envolvidos têm consciência do que uma pedagogia diferenciada exige; (b) se os professores levam em consideração as dificuldades discursivas, as diferenças cognitivas e motivacionais dos alunos na sala de aula; (c) se promovem actividades para dar resposta as diferenças dos alunos. O estudo, um estudo de caso envolveu cinco professores de diferentes áreas (Português, Francês, Inglês, Geografia e Matemática) de uma turma do 7º ano de escolaridade, no ano académico de 2008-2009. Uma entrevista semi estruturada com 12 itens para uma análise, foi apresentada aos professores. Além disso uma grelha para observação das práticas lectivas dos professores foi aplicada aos sujeitos do estudo. O objectivo era comparar a recolha directa de dados oriundos da observação na sala com o conteúdo das entrevistas e, deste modo avaliar se haveriam diferenças entre as percepções dos professores sobre as suas práticas e aquilo que de facto fazem na sala de aula. A análise descritiva de pesquisa permitiu afirmar que os professores envolvidos no estudo estão sensibilizados para os princípios de uma pedagogia diferenciada e respondem positivamente as diferenças com que se deparam na sala de aula. Deste modo conseguem promover actividades adequadas de modo a desenvolver o potencial pessoal dos alunos, tornando-os cidadãos activos para mais tarde melhorar e / ou renovar o mundo que herdaram dos seus antepassados.

Dimensionamento de um passadiço pedonal em estrutura metálica, com fundações em betão armado

A elaboração deste projecto, integrado no âmbito do Trabalho Final de Mestrado, para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil, tem como objectivo o dimensionamento de um passadiço pedonal em estrutura metálica, com fundações em betão armado. Este documento inclui quase todos os elementos necessários ao projecto de execução da referida estrutura. Para o dimensionamento do passadiço pedonal procedeu-se à quantificação das acções e posteriormente à verificação da segurança de todos os elementos estruturais tendo por base os critérios e especificações técnicas preconizados nas Normas Europeias relativas ao projecto estrutural (Eurocódigos estruturais). Tratando-se de um passadiço destinado à circulação de peões e cuja estrutura metálica apresenta um certo grau de flexibilidade devido à esbelteza dos elementos estruturais, esta poderá estar sujeita a acções dinâmicas periódicas provocadas pelas pessoas quando percorrem o passadiço, podendo ocasionar certos níveis de vibração que sob o ponto de vista de segurança estrutural serão pouco relevantes, sendo no entanto excessivos do ponto de vista do conforto humano. Foi por isso efectuado um estudo dinâmico, com o objectivo de caracterizar a resposta dinâmica da estrutura quando solicitada a carregamentos de natureza periódica como é o caso da acção do peão, de modo a garantir que a utilização desta estrutura esteja dentro dos parâmetros de conforto aceitáveis. A modelação da estrutura e consequente discretização geral desta, foi feita recorrendo a programa de elementos finitos, SAP2000, versão 14.0.0. O dimensionamento das ligações constitui outros dos aspectos fundamentais no projecto desta estrutura metálica.

Extraction of hemoglobin with calixarenes and biocatalysis in organic media of the complex with pseudoactivity of peroxidase

The present work involves the use of p-tert-butylcalix[4,6,8]arene carboxylic acid derivatives ((t)Butyl[4,6,8]CH2COOH) for selective extraction of hemoglobin. All three calixarenes extracted hemoglobin into the organic phase, exhibiting extraction parameters higher than 0.90. Evaluation of the solvent accessible positively charged amino acid side chains of hemoglobin (PDB entry 1XZ2) revealed that there are 8 arginine, 44 lysine and 30 histidine residues on the protein surface which may be involved in the interactions with the calixarene molecules. The hemoglobin-(t)Butyl[6]CH2COOH complex had pseudoperoxidase activity which catalysed the oxidation of syringaldazine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide in organic medium containing chloroform. The effect of pH, protein and substrate concentrations on biocatalysis was investigated using the hemoglobin-(t)Butyl[6]CH2COOH complex. This complex exhibited the highest specific activity of 9.92 x 10(-2) U mg protein(-1) at an initial pH of 7.5 in organic medium. Apparent kinetic parameters (V'(max), K'(m), k'(cat) and k'(cat)/K'(m)) for the pseudoperoxidase activity were determined in organic media for different pH values from a Michaelis-Menten plot. Furthermore, the stability of the protein-calixarene complex was investigated for different initial pH values and half-life (t(1/2)) values were obtained in the range of 1.96 and 2.64 days. Hemoglobin-calixarene complex present in organic medium was recovered in fresh aqueous solutions at alkaline pH, with a recovery of pseudoperoxidase activity of over 100%. These results strongly suggest that the use of calixarene derivatives is an alternative technique for protein extraction and solubilisation in organic media for biocatalysis.

Folk culture and political power: practices and representations of moliceiro culture in Portugal, cultural sociology

This article analyses the painted panels of the moliceiro boat, a traditional working boat of the Ria de Aveiro region of Portugal. The article examines how the painted panels have been invented and reinvented over time. The boat and its panels are contextualized both within the changing socio-economic conditions of the Ria de Aveiro region, and the changing socio-political conditions of Portugal throughout the 20th century and until the present day. The article historically analyses the social significance of ‘moliceiro culture’, examining in particular the power relations it expresses and its ambiguous past and present relationships with the political and the economic powers of the Portuguese state. The article unpacks some of the complexity of the relations that have pertained between public and private, local and national, folk culture and ‘art’, and popular and institutional in the Ria de Aveiro region in particular, and Portugal more generally.

Culture, politics and identity: critical readings on gender in southeast Asia

Indian Journal of Gender Studies October 2012 vol. 19 no. 3 437-467

Analysis of ground reaction force and electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle during double support

O documento em anexo encontra-se na versão post-print (versão corrigida pelo editor).

Concepção e implementação do time-driven activity based costing numa PME industrial: evidência de um estudo empírico

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças Orientador: Mestre Paulino Manuel Leite da Silva

Production of hydroxamic acids by immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells Kinetic analysis in reverse micelles

Intact cells from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain L10 containing amidase were used as biocatalysts both free and immobilized in a reverse micellar system. The apparent kinetic constants for the transamidation reaction in hydroxamic acids synthesis, were determined using substrates such as aliphatic, amino acid and aromatic amides and esters, in both media. In reverse micelles, K-m values decreased 2-7 fold relatively to the free biocatalyst using as substrates acetamide, acrylamide, propionamide and glycinamide ethyl ester. We have concluded that overall the affinity of the biocatalyst to each substrate increases when reactions are performed in the reversed micellar system as opposed to the buffer system. The immobilized biocatalyst in general, exhibits higher stability and faster rates of reactions at lower substrates concentration relatively to the free form, which is advantageous. Additionally, the immobilization revealed to be suitable for obtaining the highest yields of hydroxamic acids derivatives, in some cases higher than 80%. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Clinical and genetic factors predicting response to therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease

Aim - To identify clinical and/or genetic predictors of response to several therapies in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Methods - We included 242 patients with CD (133 females) aged (mean ± standard deviation) 39 ± 12 years and a disease duration of 12 ± 8 years. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied were ABCB1 C3435T and G2677T/A, IL23R G1142A, C2370A, and G9T, CASP9 C93T, Fas G670A and LgC844T, and ATG16L1 A898G. Genotyping was performed with real-time PCR with Taqman probes. Results - Older patients responded better to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and to azathioprine (OR 1.07, p = 0.003 and OR 1.03, p = 0.01, respectively) while younger ones responded better to biologicals (OR 0.95, p = 0.06). Previous surgery negatively influenced response to 5-ASA compounds (OR 0.25, p = 0.05), but favoured response to azathioprine (OR 2.1, p = 0.04). In respect to genetic predictors, we observed that heterozygotes for ATGL16L1 SNP had a significantly higher chance of responding to corticosteroids (OR 2.51, p = 0.04), while homozygotes for Casp9 C93T SNP had a lower chance of responding both to corticosteroids and to azathioprine (OR 0.23, p = 0.03 and OR 0.08, p = 0.02,). TT carriers of ABCB1 C3435T SNP had a higher chance of responding to azathioprine (OR 2.38, p = 0.01), while carriers of ABCB1 G2677T/A SNP, as well as responding better to azathioprine (OR 1.89, p = 0.07), had a lower chance of responding to biologicals (OR 0.31, p = 0.07), which became significant after adjusting for gender (OR 0.75, p = 0.005). Conclusions - In the present study, we were able to identify a number of clinical and genetic predictors of response to several therapies which may become of potential utility in clinical practice. These are preliminary results that need to be replicated in future pharmacogenomic studies.

A literature review on the optimization of legged robots

Over the last two decades the research and development of legged locomotion robots has grown steadily. Legged systems present major advantages when compared with ‘traditional’ vehicles, because they allow locomotion in inaccessible terrain to vehicles with wheels and tracks. However, the robustness of legged robots, and especially their energy consumption, among other aspects, still lag behind mechanisms that use wheels and tracks. Therefore, in the present state of development, there are several aspects that need to be improved and optimized. Keeping these ideas in mind, this paper presents the review of the literature of different methods adopted for the optimization of the structure and locomotion gaits of walking robots. Among the distinct possible strategies often used for these tasks are referred approaches such as the mimicking of biological animals, the use of evolutionary schemes to find the optimal parameters and structures, the adoption of sound mechanical design rules, and the optimization of power-based indexes.

Interlimb relation during the double support phase of gait: an electromyographic, mechanical and energy based analysis

The purpose of this study is to analyse the interlimb relation and the influence of mechanical energy on metabolic energy expenditure during gait. In total, 22 subjects were monitored as to electromyographic activity, ground reaction forces and VO2 consumption (metabolic power) during gait. The results demonstrate a moderate negative correlation between the activity of tibialis anterior, biceps femoris and vastus medialis of the trailing limb during the transition between midstance and double support and that of the leading limb during double support for the same muscles, and between these and gastrocnemius medialis and soleus of the trailing limb during double support. Trailing limb soleus during the transition between mid-stance and double support was positively correlated to leading limb tibialis anterior, vastus medialis and biceps femoris during double support. Also, the trailing limb centre of mass mechanical work was strongly influenced by the leading limbs, although only the mechanical power related to forward progression of both limbs was correlated to metabolic power. These findings demonstrate a consistent interlimb relation in terms of electromyographic activity and centre of mass mechanical work, being the relations occurred in the plane of forward progression the more important to gait energy expenditure.

Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres

Fitness centres are special places where conditions for microbiological proliferation should be considered. Moisture due to human perspiration and water condensation as a result of human physical activities are prevalent in this type of buildings. Exposure to microbial contaminants is clinically associated with respiratory disorders and people who work out in polluted environments would be susceptible to contaminants. This work studied the indoor air contamination in three gymnasiums in Lisbon. The sampling was performed at two periods: at the opening (morning) and closing (night) of the three gymnasiums. The airborne bacterial and fungal populations were sampled by impaction directly onto Tryptic Soy Agar (for bacteria) and Malt Extract Agar (for fungi) plates, using a Merck MAS-100 air sampler. Higher bacterial concentrations were found at night as compared to the morning but the same behaviour was not found for fungal concentrations. Gram-negative catalase positive cocci were the dominant bacteria in indoor air samples of the studied gymnasiums. In this study, 21 genera/species of fungal colonies were identified. Chrysosporium sp., Chrysonilia sp., Neoscytalidium hialinum, Sepedonium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most prevalent species identified in the morning, while Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Acremonium sp. and Chrysonilia sp. were more prevalent at night. A well-designed sanitation and maintenance program for gymnasiums is needed to ensure healthier space for indoor physical activity.

Comparative analysis of drills for composite laminates

The characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics allow a very broad range of uses. Drilling is often necessary to assemble different components, but this can lead to various forms of damage, such as delamination which is the most severe. However, a reduced thrust force can decrease the risk of delamination. In this work, two variables of the drilling process were compared: tool material and geometry, as well as the effect of feed rate and cutting speed. The parameters that were analyzed include: thrust force, delamination extension and mechanical strength through open-hole tensile test, bearing test, and flexural test on drilled plates. The present work shows that a proper combination of all the factors involved in drilling operations, like tool material, tool geometry and cutting parameters, such as feed rate or cutting speed, can lead to the reduction of delamination damage and, consequently, to the enhancement of the mechanical properties of laminated parts in complex structures, evaluated by open-hole, bearing, or flexural tests.

Fractional order models of leaves

Leaves are mainly responsible for food production in vascular plants. Studying individual leaves can reveal important characteristics of the whole plant, namely its health condition, nutrient status, the presence of viruses and rooting ability. One technique that has been used for this purpose is Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, which consists of determining the electrical impedance spectrum of the leaf. In this paper we use EIS and apply the tools of Fractional Calculus to model and characterize six species. Two modeling approaches are proposed: firstly, Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance electrical networks are used to approximate the leaves’ impedance spectra; afterwards, fractional-order transfer functions are considered. In both cases the model parameters can be correlated with physical characteristics of the leaves.