Doppler ultrasound in pregnancy assessment in bitches - literature review

Doppler ultrasound enables the assessment of blood flow in real time and has been widely used to aid in pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring in dogs and cats. This technique has a diferencial when compared with the B-mode ultrasound, as it allows the evaluation of vascular hemodynamic characteristics, while the two-dimensional ultrasound allows the diagnosis of pregnancy and fetal viability. Thus, the objective of this review is to describe how circulation is characterized in the uterine and fetal arteries in bitches during pregnancy using Doppler ultrasonography.

Conventional and Doppler Abdominal Ultrasonography in Pacas (Cuniculus paca)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ultrasonografia Doppler na reprodução de pequenos animais

The Doppler ultrasound allows the assessment of blood flow and the differentiate vessels according to each spectral pattern, location and organ that irrigate, helping the examinations and disease diagnosis. The main methods used are Pulsed Doppler, Color Doppler and Power Doppler. In Brazil veterinary medicine, it shows progress since 1990, but its use is limited by the equipment high cost, the need for operator experience and patient cooperation. There are studies in obstetrics and reproduction of dogs and cats, such as evaluation of the testicular vasculature, including the use of contrast material, and attempts to evaluate prostate in healthy dogs or pathological conditions (cancer and testicular torsion , orchitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia; estrous cycle monitoring, evaluation of irrigation in follicles and corpus luteum, uterus and breasts (mammary tumors) in bitches; monitoring pregnancy from the assessment of maternal, fetal and placental hemodynamics, both in dogs as in cats, and aspirations for early detection of pregnancy in dogs. However, new studies are still required, given the lack of these species, especially cats

Avaliação uterina e ovariana de éguas por meio da ultrassonografia Doppler

Doppler ultrasonography is a new technology that has been study by researchers to improve the physiologic and pathologic knowledge about reproduction. This technology is based on Doppler-shifts frequencies or ultrasonic, these frequencies can be increase or decrease according to the movements of the red cells in the vessel. Color Doppler and power Doppler are the two possibilities to use the Doppler ultrasonography. Color Doppler is based in more the one color that show the direction of the blood f low and power Doppler is based in one color that change according of the flow intensity. Doppler ultrasonography can be demonstrated with the spectral mode to verify blood flow in large vessels, because of this, it is not use in equine reproduction. Studies in equine reproduction have been doing to verify uterus blood flow in cyclic mares and to observe the vascular perfusion in mares with cists, uterine vascular perfusion post breeding and verify the affects of drugs to decrease the uterus fluid in mares with problems in uterus perfusion. The ovarian irrigation during the estrus cycle was analyze with the measurement of the principal hormones during the estrus cycle in mares, the integrity of the corpus luteus, the irrigation of the future dominant follicle and the consequences in the ovarian irrigation after luteolyse induction also were study. Nevertheless, more than the knowledge that existed about Doppler ultrasonography, new studies have been doing to improve the forms to use Doppler ultrasonography in equine reproduction

Termografia e ultrassonografia Doppler do plexo pampiniforme e termografia do escroto de touros: correlação com a qualidade do sêmen

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Ultrassonografia convencional e Doppler da glândula mamária de caprinos para diagnóstico de mastite

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Avaliação ultrassonográfica hepática ao modo-B, dúplex e tríplex Doppler de cães com sobrepeso e obesos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Conventional and Doppler ultrasonography on a goat with gangrenous mastitis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Doppler and Elastography as complementary diagnostic methods for mammary neoplasms in female cats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Quantified power Doppler as a predictor of delayed graft function after renal transplantation

No safe ultrasound (US) parameters have been established to differentiate the causes of graft dysfunction.To define US parameters and identify the predictors of normal graft evolution, delayed graft function (DGF), and rejection at the early period after kidney transplantation.Between June 2012 and August 2013, 79 renal transplant recipients underwent US examination 1-3 days posttransplantation. Resistive index (RI), power Doppler (PD), and RI + PD (quantified PD) were assessed. Patients were allocated into three groups: normal graft evolution, DGF, and rejection.Resistive index of upper and middle segments and PD were higher in the DGF group than in the normal group. ROC curve analysis revealed that RI + PD was the index that best correlated with DGF (cutoff = 0.84). In the high RI + PD group, time to renal function recovery (6.33 +/- A 6.5 days) and number of dialysis sessions (2.81 +/- A 2.8) were greater than in the low RI + PD group (2.11 +/- A 5.3 days and 0.69 +/- A 1.5 sessions, respectively), p = 0.0001. Multivariate analysis showed that high donor final creatinine with a relative risk (RR) of 19.7 (2.01-184.7, p = 0.009) and older donor age (RR = 1.17 (1.04-1.32), p = 0.007) correlated with risk DGF.Quantified PD (RI + PD) was the best DGF predictor. PD quantification has not been previously reported .

B-Mode and doppler sonography of the mammary glands in dairy goats for mastitis diagnosis

Contents This study aimed to evaluate the sonographic characteristics of the udder and teats and to determine the Doppler indexes of mammary artery in healthy and undergoing subclinical and clinical mastitis goats. Thirty animals among Saanen and Alpine Brown goats were arranged in three groups, healthy goats (HG), goats with subclinical mastitis (SMG) and goats with clinical mastitis (CMG). Using the B-mode, the sonographic characteristics (echotexture and echogenicity) and biometry (diameter and area of the udder cistern, diameter and area of the teat cistern and thickness of the teat wall) were evaluated. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the vascular indexes of the mammary artery were obtained. It was observed hyperechogenicity with solid component in the gland cistern when comparing animals with clinical mastitis and healthy mammary tissue. Regarding the echotexture of the breast tissue, there was heterogeneity in the mammary parenchyma on the three groups, for the milk, it was observed homogeneity for animals on HG and SMG and heterogeneity for animals on CMG. Grey-scale quantitative assessment revealed increase in echogenicity (mean value) for all the structures when comparing the three groups. Biometry did not reveal statistical difference between groups, for none of the evaluated structures. Doppler examination of the mammary artery showed the decrease of end diastolic velocity and raise of pulsatility index between groups. The association of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of the udder of dairy goats with mastitis. It is a sensitive and specific method for the study of this disease. Doppler mode was unable to establish reliable criteria for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. Moreover, the quantification of echogenicity is a useful technique for the evaluation of the milk in animals with mastitis; therefore, it is suggested that it can be used as complementary technique for the diagnosis of mastitis in goats.

Avaliação da pressão arterial sistêmica em cães obesos: comparação entre os métodos oscilométrico e doppler ultrassônico

Obesity is the most common nutritional problem in dogs and it can cause various harmful effects on animal health. However, the effect of this condition on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in obese dogs is controversial. The indirect method of measuring PAS is the most commonly used in veterinary medicine for the diagnosis of systemic hypertension, because it is more practical and easy to access. There is little scientific information about the comparison of the two non- invasive methods of measurement of blood pressure in obese dogs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the SBP in obese dogs by comparing both indirect methods of measuring blood pressure, with oscillometric and doppler vascular in order to verify the differences in blood pressure values, but also the best method to assess the SBP dogs in this body score condition. The study complain blood pressure measurement of 50 dogs, with were divided in obese dogs with mean body condition score (BCS) of 8.42 +/- 0.50 (n = 25) and dogs with ideal BCS of 4.56 +/- 0.51 (n = 25). At comparison of blood pressure values, SBP values obtained by doppler method (152 +/- 16mmHg) were higher than the oscillometric (136 +/- 11mmHg). Correspondence analysis determined by multivariate statistical analysis showed correlation between body condition and the procedure of the SBP. These findings suggest that the indirect method doppler can better reflect the SBP in obese dogs.

Mode B ultrasonography and abdominal Doppler in crab-eating-foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

Annually hundreds of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) are referred to rehabilitation centers and zoos in Brazil. The ultrasonographic study of wildlife species is an important tool for a non-invasive and accurate anatomical description and provides important information for wildlife veterinary care. The aim of the present study was to determine the characteristics of the main abdominal organs as well as the vascular indexes of the abdominal aorta and renal arteries of crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) using mode B ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography, respectively. Ultrasonographic features of the main abdominal organs were described and slight differences were noticed between ultrasound imaging of abdominal organs of crab-eating foxes and other species. The bladder presented wall thickness of 12 +/- 0.01 mm, with three defined layers. Both, the right and left kidneys presented corticomedullary ratio of 1: 1 and similarly to the adrenals and the liver, they were homogeneous and hypoechoic compared to the spleen. The spleen was homogeneous and hyperechoic compared to the kidneys. The stomach presented 3 to 5 peristaltic movements per minute, wall thickness of 39 +/- 0.05 mm and lumen and mucosa with hyperechoic and hypoechoic features, respectively. Small and large intestines presented 2 to 3 peristaltic movements per minute, wall thickness of 34 +/- 0.03 mm and three defined layers with hyperechogenic (submucosa and serosa) and hypoechogenic (muscular) features. Ovaries of the female crab-eating fox were hypoechoic compared to the spleen and with heterogeneous parenchyma due to the presence of 2x2 mm ovarian follicles. Prostates of the six males were regular and with a well defined boundary, with a homogeneous and hyperechoic parenchyma compared to the spleen. Vascular indexes of the abdominal aorta (PSV: 25.60 +/- 0.32 cm/s; EDV: 6.96 +/- 1.68cm/s; PI: 1.15 +/- 0.07 e RI: 0.73 +/- 0.07) and right (PSV: 23.08 +/- 3.34cm/s; EDV: 9.33 +/- 2.36cm/s; PI: 1.01 +/- 0.65 e RI: 0.65 +/- 0.16) and left renal arteries (PSV: 23.74 +/- 3.94cm/s; EDV: 9.07 +/- 3.02cm/s; PI: 1.04 +/- 0.31 e RI: 0.64 +/- 0.10) were determined. Thus, conventional and Doppler ultrasonographic imaging provides basic information that can be used as reference for the species as well for other wild canids and it is a precise and non-invasive method that can be safely used to evaluate and diagnose abdominal injuries in these patients.

Evaluation of the temporal acoustic window for transcranial doppler in a multi-ethnic population in Brazil

The aim of this study was to relate the presence of a temporal acoustic window (TAW) to the variables sex, age and race. This observational study was conducted in patients under etiologic investigation after stroke, sickle-cell anemia and hospitalization in an intensive therapy neurologic unit. TAW presence was confirmed by bilateral assessment by two neurologists via transcranial Doppler (TCD). Multiple logistic regression was performed to explain the presence of the window as a function of sex, age and race. In 20% of the 262 patients evaluated, a TAW was not present. The incidence of TAW presence was greater in men (odds ratio [OR] = 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.5-11.7, p < 0.01); lower with increased age (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.92-0.97, p < 0.01); and lower among those of African and Asian descent (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14-0.70, p = 0.005). On the basis of the results, more men than women had TAWs, and the decrease in TAWs was associated with increased age and African or Asian descent.

Avaliação hepática de cães naturalmente infectados por leishmaniose visceral canina: aspectos ultrassonográficos modo B e Doppler

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)