876 resultados para touch screens
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Nowadays, the great saphenous vein is the vascular conduit that is most frequently employed in coronary and peripheral revascularization surgery. It is known that saphenous vein bypass grafts have shorter patency than arterial ones, partly because the wall of the normal saphenous vein has different structural and functional characteristics. The features of this vein can be affected by the large distention pressures it is submitted to during its preparation and insertion into the arterial system. Indeed, a vein graft is subjected to considerable changes in hemodynamic forces upon implantation into the arterial circulation, since it is transplanted from a non-pulsatile, low-pressure, low-flow environment with minimal shear stress to a high-pressure system with pulsatile flow, where it undergoes cyclic strain and elevated shear. These changes can be responsible for functional and morphological alterations in the vessel wall, culminating in intima hyperproliferation and atherosclerotic degeneration, which contribute to early graft thrombosis. This review has followed a predetermined strategy for updating information on the human saphenous vein (HSV). Besides presenting the aspects relative to the basic pharmacology, this text also includes surgical aspects concerning HSV harvesting, the possible effects of the major groups of cardiovascular drugs on the HSV, and finally the interference of major cardiovascular diseases in the vascular reactivity of the HSV.
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Objective. In this study, presence of dentin infection in root canals, obturated with 4 techniques submitted to the bacterial leakage test, was evaluated using histologic methods. Study design. The canals of palatal roots of 160 molars were instrumented and divided into different groups, according to the obturation technique used (lateral condensation, MicroSeal system, Touch `n Heat + Ultrafil, and Tagger`s hybrid technique) and extent of the remaining obturation material (5 mm and 10 mm). Ten additional roots were used as control samples. The roots were sterilized in ethylene oxide and mounted on a device for evaluation of bacterial leakage using the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis for 120 days. After the leakage test, roots were microscopically analyzed for the presence of dentin infection in the root canals and dentinal tubules. Results. A total of 154 specimens were analyzed using both methodologies in the experimental groups; 50 root canals (32.4%) showed bacterial leakage at the end of the experimental period, and 118 (76.6%) showed the presence of bacteria in the root canals using the histologic criteria. The lateral condensation technique allowed lower penetration of bacteria in the root canals and dentinal tubules, followed by Touch `n Heat + Ultrafil, MicroSeal, and Tagger`s hybrid technique, which allowed significantly greater penetration of bacteria. Root canals with 10 mm of remaining obturation material presented similar bacterial penetration as root canals with 5 mm. Conclusions. Even when an adequate seal of the apical foramen was shown by the absence of turbidity in the bacterial leakage test, E. faecalis dentin infection was present in a high percentage of the root canals after 120 days of root filling exposure to the bacteria. Tagger`s hybrid technique presented greater quantity of bacteria in histologic sections than root canals obturated with the other techniques. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 788-794)
Bacterial leakage in root canals obturated by different techniques. Part 1: microbiologic evaluation
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Objective. This study compared the coronal bacterial leakage of root canals obturated by different techniques and with different lengths of obturation. Study design. The canals of palatal roots of 160 maxillary molars were instrumented and divided into different groups according to the obturation technique used (lateral condensation, Microseal system, Touch `n Heat + Ultrafil system, or Tagger`s hybrid technique) and the length of obturation (5 mm or 10 mm). The roots were impermeabilized, sterilized in ethylene oxide, and mounted on a device for evaluation of the bacterial leakage. Results. Tagger`s hybrid technique produced a statistically greater number of specimens with coronal leakage than the other techniques. There was no statistically significant difference between the lateral condensation, Touch `n Heat + Ultrafil, and Microseal groups. Root canals with 10 mm of obturation produced a statistically significantly smaller number of specimens with leakage than root canals with 5 mm of obturation. Conclusion. Tagger`s hybrid technique produced a greater number of specimens with coronal leakage than the other techniques, and a greater number of root canals with 5 mm of obturation leaked than root canals with 10 mm of obturation.
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Changes in gene expression have been measured 24 h after injury to mammalian spinal cords that can and cannot regenerate In opossums there is a critical period of development when regeneration stops being possible at 9 days postnatal cervical spinal cords regenerate, at 12 days they do not By the use of marsupial cDNA microarrays we detected 158 genes that respond differentially to injury at the two ages critical for regeneration For selected candidates additional measurements were made by real time PCR and sites of their expression were shown by immunostaining Candidate genes have been classified so as to select those that promote or prevent regeneration Up regulated by injury at 8 days and/or down regulated by injury at 13 days were genes known to promote growth, such as Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 or transcripton factor TCF7L2 By contrast, at 13 days up regulation occurred of Inhibitory molecules including annexins ephrins and genes related to apoptosis and neurodegeneranve diseases Certain genes such as calmodulin 1 and NOGO changed expression similarly in animals that could and could not regenerate without any additional changes in response to injury These findings confirmed and extended changes of gene expression found in earlier screens on 9 and 12 day preparations without lesions and provide a comprehensive list of genes that serve as a basis for testing how identified molecules singly or in combination, promote and prevent central nervous system regeneration (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved
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In humans, hydromorphone (HMOR) is metabolised principally by conjugation with glucuronic acid to form hydromorphone-3-glucuronide (H3G), a close structural analogue of morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), the major metabolite of morphine. In a previous study we described the biochemical synthesis of H3G together with a preliminary evaluation of its pharmacology which revealed that it is a neuro-excitant in rats in a manner analogous to M3G. Thus the aims of the current study were to quantify the neuro-excitatory behaviours evoked by intracerebroventricular (icv) H3G in the rat and to define its potency relative to M3G. Groups of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received icy injections (1 muL) of H3G (1 - 3 mug), M3G (2 - 7 mug) or vehicle via a stainless steel guide cannula that had been implanted stereotaxically seven days prior to drug administration. Behavioural excitation was monitored by scoring fifteen different behaviours (myoclonic jerks, chewing, wet-dog-shakes, rearing, tonic-clonic-convulsions, explosive motor behaviour, grooming, exploring, general activity, eating, staring, ataxia, righting reflex, body posture, touch evoked agitation) immediately prior to icy injection and at the following post-dosing times: 5, 15, 25, 35, 50, 65 and 80 min. H3G produced dose-dependent behavioural excitation in a manner analogous to that reported previously for M3G by our laboratory and reproduced herein. H3G was found to be approximately 2.5-fold more potent than M3G, such that the mean (+/- S.D.) ED50 values were 2.3 (+/- 0.1) mug and 6.1 (+/- 0.6) mug respectively. Thus, our data clearly imply that if H3G crosses the BBB with equivalent efficiency to M3G, then the myoclonus, allodynia and seizures observed in some patients dosed chronically with large systemic doses of HMOR, are almost certainly due to the accumulation of sufficient H3G in the central nervous system, to evoke behavioural excitation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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Goal-directed, coordinated movements in humans emerge from a variety of constraints that range from 'high-level' cognitive strategies based oil perception of the task to 'low-level' neuromuscular-skeletal factors such as differential contributions to coordination from flexor and extensor muscles. There has been a tendency in the literature to dichotomize these sources of constraint, favouring one or the other rather than recognizing and understanding their mutual interplay. In this experiment, subjects were required to coordinate rhythmic flexion and extension movements with an auditory metronome, the rate of which was systematically increased. When subjects started in extension on the beat of the metronome, there was a small tendency to switch to flexion at higher rates, but not vice versa. When subjects: were asked to contact a physical stop, the location of which was either coincident with or counterphase to the auditor) stimulus, two effects occurred. When haptic contact was coincident with sound, coordination was stabilized for both flexion and extension. When haptic contact was counterphase to the metronome, coordination was actually destabilized, with transitions occurring from both extension to flexion on the beat and from flexion to extension on the beat. These results reveal the complementary nature of strategic and neuromuscular factors in sensorimotor coordination. They also suggest the presence of a multimodal neural integration process-which is parametrizable by rate and context - in which intentional movement, touch and sound are bound into a single, coherent unit.
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The cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes involved in drug metabolism are among the most versatile biological catalysts known. A small number of discrete forms of human P450 are capable of catalyzing the monooxygenation of a practically unlimited variety of xenobiotic substrates, with each enzyme showing a more or less wide and overlapping substrate range. This versatility makes P450s ideally suited as starting materials for engineering designer catalysts for industrial applications. In the course of heterologous expression of P450s in bacteria, we observed the unexpected formation of blue pigments. Although this was initially assumed to be an artifact, subsequent work led to the discovery of a new function of P450s in intermediary metabolism and toxicology, new screens for protein engineering, and potential applications in the dye and horticulture industries.
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Coins and commemorative medals constitute one special repository of the history of military medicine. The numismatic record has proven to be the most enduring, albeit one of the most selective, records of the progress of history. Matters of health, and especially of military medicine, have been central to the endeavors and indeed the survival of many cultures and societies. Many such themes in the national and international history of military medicine are preserved in the medallic record. Coins and medallions thus constitute one record of the chronology of this profession, one parallel to that of the more traditional history to be found in oral and written records. This account presents a four-part classification of medical coins and medals of military interest. These examples include (1) medals that portray military surgeons and physicians; (2) medals that commemorate special events of military medicine; (3) coins that portray the themes of the discipline of military medicine and health; and (4) a miscellaneous group that includes such examples as disease touch pieces and the militarily worn medals of such bodies as the International Red Cross and the Order of St. John, the latter of which are awarded inter alia for contributions to prehospital care in the field. A representative photo archive of such exemplars is included in this account.
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It was previously published by the authors that granules can either coalesce through Type I (when granules coalesce by viscous dissipation in the surface liquid layer before their surfaces touch) or Type II (when granules are slowed to a halt during rebound, after their surfaces have made contact) (AIChE J. 46 (3) (2000) 529). Based on this coalescence mechanism, a new coalescence kernel for population balance modelling of granule growth is presented. The kernel is constant such that only collisions satisfying the conditions for one of the two coalescence types are successful. One constant rate is assigned to each type of coalescence and zero is for the case of rebound. As the conditions for Types I and II coalescence are dependent on granule and binder properties, the coalescence kernel is thus physically based. Simulation results of a variety of binder and granule materials show good agreement with experimental data. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The Torres Strait in northernmost Queensland, Australia, is subject to periodic outbreaks of dengue. A large outbreak of dengue 2 in 1996-97 affected five islands, resulting in 200 confirmed cases. On most of the affected islands, rainwater tanks were a common breeding site for vector mosquitoes. Rainwater tanks, wells and household containers filled with water are the most common breeding sites for dengue mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), the primary vector of dengue in Queensland. We report on surveys conducted in February 2002 to measure the productivity of rainwater tanks and wells on Yorke Is. (Torres Strait), the first time the productivity of rainwater tanks has been measured in Australia. Of 60 rainwater tanks sampled, 10 had broken screens. Using a sticky emergence trap, 179 adult mosquitoes were collected, consisting of 63 Aedes scutellaris and 116 Culex quinquefasciatus. One unscreened tank produced 177 (99%) of the adults. A plankton net was used to sample 16 wells; 12 positive wells yielded 111 immature (larvae and pupae) mosquitoes, consisting of 57% and 43% Ae. scutellaris and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. The apparent displacement of Ae. aegypti by Ae. scutellaris is discussed. Measures to reduce the likelihood of future dengue outbreaks are recommended.
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Objective. This is an over-view of the cellular biology of upper nasal mucosal cells that have special characteristics that enable them to be used to diagnose and study congenital neurological diseases and to aid neural repair. Study Design: After mapping the distribution of neural cells in the upper nose, the authors' investigations moved to the use of olfactory neurones to diagnose neurological diseases of development, especially schizophrenia. Olfactory-ensheating glial cells (OEGs) from the cranial cavity promote axonal penetration of the central nervous system and aid spinal cord repair in rodents. The authors sought to isolate these cells from the more accessible upper nasal cavity in rats and in humans and prove they could likewise promote neural regeneration, making these cells suitable for human spinal repair investigations. Methods: The schizophrenia-diagnosis aspect of the study entailed the biopsy of the olfactory areas of 10 schizophrenic patients and 10 control subjects. The tissue samples were sliced and grown in culture medium. The ease of cell attachment to fibronectin (artificial epithelial basement membrane), as well as the mitotic and apoptotic indices, was studied in the presence and absence of dopamine in those cell cultures. The neural repair part of the study entailed a harvesting and insertion of first rat olfactory lamina propria rich in OEGs between cut ends of the spinal cords and then later the microinjection of an OEG-rich suspension into rat spinal cords previously transected by open laminectomy. Further studies were done in which OEG insertion was performed up to 1 month after rat cord transection and also in monkeys. Results: Schizophrenic patients' olfactory tissues do not easily attach to basement membrane compared with control subjects, adding evidence to the theory that cell wall anomalies are part of the schizophrenic lesion of neurones. Schizophrenic patient cell cultures had higher mitotic and apoptotic indices compared with control subjects. The addition of dopamine altered these indices enough to allow accurate differentiation of schizophrenics from control patients, leading to, possibly for the first time, an early objective diagnosis of schizophrenia and possible assessment of preventive strategies. OEGs from the nose were shown to be as effective as those from the olfactory bulb in promoting axonal growth across transected spinal cords even when added I month after injury in the rat. These otherwise paraplegic rats grew motor and proprioceptive and fine touch fibers with corresponding behavioral improvement. Conclusions. The tissues of the olfactory mucosa are readily available to the otolaryngologist. Being surface cells, they must regenerate (called neurogenesis). Biopsy of this area and amplification of cells in culture gives the scientist a window to the developing brain, including early diagnosis of schizophrenia. The Holy Grail of neurological disease is the cure of traumatic paraplegia and OEGs from the nose promote that repair. The otolaryngologist may become the necessary partner of the neurophysiologist and spinal surgeon to take the laboratory potential of paraplegic cure into the day-to-day realm of clinical reality.
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Our groups have had a long-term interest in utilizing bacterial systems in the characterization of bioactivation and detoxication reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (P450) and glutathione transferase (GST) enzymes. Bacterial systems remain the first choice for initial screens with new chemicals and have advantages, including high-throughput capability. Most human P450s of interest in toxicology have been readily expressed in Escherichia coli with only minor sequence modification. These enzymes can be readily purified and used in assays of activation of chemicals. Bicistronic systems have been developed in order to provide the auxiliary NADPH-P450 reductase. Alternative systems involve these enzymes expressed together within bacteria. In one approach, a lac selection system is used with E. coli and has been applied to the characterization of inhibitors of P450s 1A2 and 1131, as well as in basic studies involving random mutagenesis. Another approach utilizes induction of the SOS (umu) response in Salmonella typhimurium, and systems have now been developed with human P450s 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4, which have been used to report responses from heterocyclic amines. S. typhimurium his reporter systems have also been used with GSTs, first to demonstrate the role of rat GST 5-5 in the activation of dihalomethanes. These systems have been used to compare these GSTs with regard to activation of dihaloalkanes and potential toxicity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Random mutagenesis and genetic screens for impaired Raf function in Caenorhabditis elegans were used to identify six loss-of-function alleles of lin-45 raf that result in a substitution of a single amino acid. The mutations were classified as weak, intermediate, and strong based on phenotypic severity. We engineered these mutations into the homologous residues of vertebrate Raf-1 and analyzed the mutant proteins for their underlying biochemical defects. Surprisingly, phenotype strength did not correlate with the catalytic activity of the mutant proteins. Amino acid substitutions Val-589 and Ser-619 severely compromised Raf kinase activity, yet these mutants displayed weak phenotypes in the genetic screen. Interestingly, this is because these mutant Raf proteins efficiently activate the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascade in living cells, a result that may inform the analysis of knockout mice. Equally intriguing was the observation that mutant proteins with non-functional Ras-binding domains, and thereby deficient in Ras-mediated membrane recruitment, displayed only intermediate strength phenotypes. This confirms that secondary mechanisms exist to couple Ras to Raf in vivo. The strongest phenotype in the genetic screens was displayed by a S508N mutation that again did not correlate with a significant loss of kinase activity or membrane recruitment by oncogenic Ras in biochemical assays. Ser-508 lies within the Raf-1 activation loop, and mutation of this residue in Raf-1 and the equivalent Ser-615 in B-Raf revealed that this residue regulates Raf binding to MEK. Further characterization revealed that in response to activation by epidermal growth factor, the Raf-S508N mutant protein displayed both reduced catalytic activity and aberrant activation kinetics: characteristics that may explain the C. elegans phenotype.
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Ninguém consegue sair ileso de um encontro com o currículo e com a escola, principalmente diante de relações tão assimétricas de poder que não valorizam o que as crianças têm a dizer. Quantas narrativas curriculares sobre as crianças? Quantas narrativas curriculares com as crianças? As narrativas e as fotografias se seguirão nesta pesquisa, porque com elas nos colocamos a pensar nos processos de criação curricular, explorando novas sensibilidades, novas maneiras de ver e falar, a partir das redes de sentidos, forjadas nos contextos vividos, imaginados ou pensados, dentrofora da escola. Também incluímos a forma como as crianças se relacionam com as práticas pedagógicas dos professores e do modo como se relacionam com a escola. Nessa perspectiva, interessa-nos pensar em como os usos (CERTEAU, 1994) da imagem fotográfica são capazes de afetar (e até transformar) as práticas curriculares, traçando algo da potência da/na imagem fotográfica em sua função fabuladora por meio das oficinas de fotografias realizadas com as crianças em virtude da pesquisa. A fotografia se torna potente como um recurso para provocar a invenção tessitura de outros sentidos em currículo não porque em sua materialidade ela está repleta de sentidos de currículo à priori, mas porque pode ou não, ao ser usada (CERTEAU, 1994), ao ser vista pelas crianças, agenciar outros possíveis para o currículo. Assim, o foco da discussão não é a fotografia em si nem a criança em si, ou seja, não há protagonismo nem da criança nem da fotografia. O foco está nas relações, naquilo que nos passa, isto é, na experiência estética (LARROSA, 2004b) que ocorre ao entrarmos em contato, ao vermos, ao compormos com as fotografias! Nesse sentido, pensamos as oficinas de fotografias como um dispositivo de criação e produção de acontecimentos em currículo, considerando-as máquinas de fazer “ver e falar”, o que as justifica como uma estratégia narrativa capaz de produzir acontecimentos na imagem e no mundo. Que sentidos de currículo são produzidos em multiplicidades? Pelas minoridades pretendemos movimentar nosso pensamento: que quer pensar um currículo como fabulação sem dizer o que ele é, mas no que ele vai se transformando com a chegada das crianças. No encontro das imagens com as palavras, em que o currículo vai se transformando? Sob a mesma superfície chamada currículo em extensão com as crianças, co-habitantes, encontrar os modos de olhar esse currículo e de dizê-lo por meio das fotografias, das narrativas, dos cartazes, dos desenhos, das poesias... As conversas com as crianças provocam o real, colocam em desequilíbrio algumas ideias feitas em educação, exigindo reordenações e invenções de outros pensamentos para a educação. É dessa criação de efeitos impensáveis que surge a invenção de currículos possíveis. Aprender a olhar mais (até cansar!) aquilo que não percebemos no dia a dia tem uma dimensão política muito importante; por meio desse gesto (que aprendemos com as crianças) podemos criar um novo pensamento político em educação. A partir daquilo que nos dá a ver, as crianças vão inaugurar sentidos impertinentes, desestabilizadores daquilo que chamamos de currículo e escola. O desafio consiste em falar da força contida na imagem fotográfica sem vontade de interpretá-la ou descrevê-la, mas escrever e pensar pelas fotografias num movimento de criação de sentidos e acontecer por elas.
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Problematiza a constituição do currículo (e da “formação docente” no campo curricular), no cotidiano escolar, na dimensão das conversações. Objetiva acompanhar os movimentos curriculares concernentes ao Proeja entre formas e forças complexas no cotidiano do Ifes – campus Venda Nova do Imigrante (VNI). Compõe com as linhas de pensamentos principalmente de Alves (2008, 2010, 2012); Carvalho (2004, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2012); Deleuze (1988, 2002, 2010); Deleuze e Guattari (1995); Ferraço (2007, 2008a, 2008b); Garcia (2011); Guattari (1987, 2004, 2012); Kastrup (2009, 2013); Lopes e Macedo (2011); Lopes (2010, 2011); Oliveira (2005, 2009, 2012); Paiva (2004, 2009); Rolnik (1989); e Spinoza (2013), entremeando os conceitos de movimentos e afetos no campo do currículo em redes na relação híbrida com os encontros-formações docente do/no Proeja. Adota a (não) metodologia cartográfica ao acompanhar movimentos curriculares (des)(re)territorializantes nas redes de conversações, especialmente nos encontrosformações: “Rodas de conversas com professores e demais servidores do Proeja”. Utiliza como principais instrumentos metodológicos a observação participante, a gravação das vozes e o registro em diário de campo. Contribui para outros movimentos de pesquisa ao capturar produzir e analisar dados em que se percebe que: ainda que tenha ocorrido um planejamento coletivo, outras temáticas surgiram nos encontros formações (que não se pretendiam engessados e não objetivavam a paralisação dos fluxos que pedem passagem), e tais assuntos puderam ser usados como disparadores para criação de outros movimentos curriculares; as concepções dos professores sobre a “dificuldade/facilidade” em ministrar aulas para o Proeja e os lugares estabelecidos entre estudantes e docentes no processo ensino-aprendizagem não estão relacionados diretamente, em relação de causa e efeito, à disciplina/área de conhecimento específica que ministram, mas aos agenciamentos, aos ligamentos e às rupturas produzidas nas relações com essas redes de saberes fazeres poderes que envolvem múltiplos agentes: docentes, outros servidores, alunos, experiências e encontros múltiplos dentro fora no espaço tempo do Ifes; uma tríade-refrão coopera para a criação de uma fôrma triangular que enfatiza a noção de um padrão em um processo molar enraizado nas árvores do conhecimento: perfil, seleção e nivelamento, contudo, algumas linhas de fuga dissonantes são criadas por entre as fissuras dos pretensos tons harmônicos; as frases “os professores do IF não estão preparados para ministrar aulas para o Proeja” ou “não há formação/qualificação para os docentes se relacionarem com o Proeja” são utilizadas, em alguns discursos, como escudos-argumentos para a opção-política de não oferta de vagas para a modalidade EJA em composição com fios que afirmam tal especificidade da educação básica, dentro da rede federal, como um “favor social”; processos que envolvem a (des)organização da matriz curricular são considerados por alguns participantes como início, “produto” e objetivo das conversas curriculares e provocam tensões que (i)mobilizam, (não) movimentam entre os afetos dos corpos, podendo levar à (não) ação coletiva; a noção de “mercado de trabalho” ainda impera nos discursos, ciclicamente, enquanto início fim das problematizações do currículo do Ensino Médio e da EJA; a expressão “integração curricular” é constantemente usada nos discursos que circulam o campus, no entanto, os sentidos produzidos, as concepções e as teorias curriculares que embasam a noção de “integração” no currículo são bem diversos; não há totalidades nos discursos, não há homogeneização, não foi efetivada nenhuma coesão/única voz representante (e esse também não era o objetivo desta pesquisa); ainda que o tema da roda se propusesse às conversas curriculares do/no Proeja, nesses encontros, os participantes manifestaram a necessidade de intensificar os movimentos produzidos nas rodas visando à discussão dos currículos textos de todos os cursos e modalidades ofertados pelos campus VNI e na intensificação de espaços para trocas de experiências curriculares cotidianas; na potencialização das diferenças como possibilidades de inventividade nos encontros-formações docente e nas danças curriculares que envolvem diversas relações de aprendizagem no Ifes, algumas experimentações foram produzidas, entre afetos, criando composições(des)(re)territorializantes e ressonando com movimentos que não se restringiram às rodas de conversas, contudo, enredaram-se em fios de outros espaços tempos do campus em tentativas de propagações de currículos multidão.