Elementos peatonales de las ciudades medias españolas : tipos, orígenes, relaciones y articulaciones

A través de esta tesis se busca aportar un análisis de los elementos peatonales que cubren las necesidades y las infraestructuras de apoyo al peatón, siendo un campo poco desarrollado en nuestro país a diferencia de otros como Dinamarca, Reino Unido, Alemania y Holanda, donde las actuaciones peatonales ejecutadas son tradicionales y muy exitosas. Se trata por tanto de un tema poco estudiado pero que adquiere singular importancia en estos años de búsqueda de nuevos modelos urbanos que eviten el derroche de recursos, y avancen hacia formas de movilidad más adecuadas a un mundo limitado y vulnerable. La investigación tiene un carácter eminentemente descriptivo cuyo principal valor es documentar y analizar sistemáticamente una realidad poco conocida, aportándose datos para entender el origen y desarrollo de las actuaciones peatonales. El propósito es ayudar a cimentar este campo en nuestro país, definiendo con precisión el estado de la cuestión geográficamente y dejando para un futuro una cartografía temática completa. El objeto general es estudiar y comprender los elementos peatonales de un número limitado de ciudades medias españolas, marcándose como objetivos específicos los siguientes: - Identificar y describir los principales elementos que conforman la red peatonal de las ciudades. ‐ Estudiar las tipologías espaciales dominantes, sus características y orígenes, pudiendo distinguir de un lado, las desarrolladas en la ciudad consolidada, como las actuaciones en los cascos antiguos; y por otro, las ejecutadas en la ciudad nueva a través de fórmulas arquitectónicas generalmente residenciales con espacios peatonales adjuntos. ‐ Analizar los referidos elementos para comprobar si han conformado redes de uso peatonal, si se han constituido articulando la ciudad como en el caso de los ejes lineales en las ciudades con río o mar, o si han influenciado el carácter del entorno en el que se han realizado, centrando el interés en los cascos históricos peatonalizados. ‐ Comprobar si hay actuaciones complementarias a los procesos de urbanización y mejora urbanística, así como la aprobación de ayudas y subvenciones para afrontar las mismas. ‐ Finalmente, describir y evaluar los procesos y procedimientos mediante los que se produce la peatonalización de determinadas áreas urbanas, los orígenes, los instrumentos y fechas de su puesta en marcha, aportando una cronología peatonal. La metodología comienza con la acotación de 22 ciudades españolas, capitales de provincia con una población entre 100.000 y 500.000 habitantes según los datos del INE del año 2009. La distribución es equilibrada con la selección de ciudades de costa, de interior, con río/ría, con carácter patrimonial, ciudades en islas, etc. El análisis de los elementos peatonales de estas urbes se realiza gracias a la gran resolución de las bases cartográficas públicas y privadas que hay en la actualidad en internet, especialmente con el uso de las herramientas de Google Earth y Google Maps en su versión “street view”, softwares que permiten un paseo virtual de cada ciudad detallándose con gran precisión las actuaciones peatonales. Las ciudades elegidas son: ‐ 11 ciudades costeras: Alicante, Almería, Bilbao, Cádiz, Castellón de la Plana, Huelva, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, San Sebastián y Tarragona. ‐ 11 ciudades de interior: Albacete, Burgos, Córdoba, León, Lérida, Logroño, Oviedo, Murcia, Pamplona, Valladolid y Vitoria. Finalmente, por tener los porcentajes mas elevados de las áreas peatonales de sus casco histórico, se eligen 3 casos de ciudades representativas para un desarrollo peatonal en profundidad, seleccionándose Burgos, San Sebastián y Pamplona. Otros aspectos metodológicos interesantes a destacar, es la extensa documentación adquirida a través de las fuentes de Internet, sobre todo a la hora de desarrollar el último capítulo “Procesos de peatonalización de las ciudades españolas” centrado en las 3 ciudades elegidas. Se consulta las hemerotecas de periódicos locales, los boletines oficiales, las actas de los plenos de los Ayuntamientos y los documentos de planificación (Planes Generales, Planes Especiales, Planes y Proyectos Municipales, Planes de Movilidad), adquiriéndose una precisa información en cuanto a la cronología de las fechas y extensión del trabajo. Se complementa la metodología con las entrevistas a actores claves en el proceso peatonal, como el personal técnico de los Ayuntamiento y los técnicos redactores de los proyectos; y con la colaboración directa de los técnicos de los consistorios de las 3 ciudades seleccionadas, aportando todo tipo de información demandada. En la tesis, se introduce los elementos peatonales mediante el estudio de los espacios peatonales y los procesos de peatonalización existentes, a través del análisis de la literatura consultada aportándose información valiosa en cuanto a la definición de los modelos peatonales, exponiéndose una breve historia de las peatonalizaciones. Destacan las publicaciones de los expertos europeos en la materia como los autores Carmen Hass-Klau, Rolf Monheim, Rob Krier y Collin Buchanan. En España, las actuaciones peatonales fueron tardías en el tiempo en comparación con el resto de Europa, con casi 40 años de retraso. Las referencias bibliográficas españolas en esta materia son escasas siendo las mas significativas las realizadas por Alfonso Sanz y por el profesor Julio Pozueta destacando una de sus últimas publicaciones “La ciudad paseable” describiéndose los elementos peatonales existentes en las ciudades, sirviendo como modelo y ejemplo para esta investigación. En base a lo anterior, se definen los elementos peatonales como aquellos espacios públicos libres de edificación que, por sus características y diseño, garantizan un confortable uso estancial, de tránsito peatonal y están expresamente reservados para ello. En la tesis se detectan y se especifican los siguientes elementos peatonales: las calles y plazas peatonales, las aceras y bulevares de una anchura superior a 8 metros, los paseos peatonales, los elementos de paso (tradicionales y mecánicos), espacios peatonales ligados a nuevas áreas residenciales, los soportales y pasajes peatonales con una anchura mínima de 4 metros, recintos feriales, espacios libres y zonas verdes y parques. Para cada una de las 22 ciudades seleccionadas se realiza un exhaustivo inventario de los anteriores elementos a través de fichas, aportando un gran número de proyectos individuales ejecutados en cada urbe. Esta información se recoge gráficamente en 2 fotoplanos, conformándose como herramientas fundamentales para esta investigación. El Fotoplano 1 se hace sobre la base de la ciudad del Google Earth diferenciándose las áreas peatonales y las zonas verdes. En el Fotoplano 2, y con el soporte anterior, se distinguen las tipologías persistentes y dominantes como son los grandes ejes peatonales, las redes peatonales locales y los elementos peatonales singulares. Finalmente, a partir de los 2 fotoplanos, se realiza la denominada “Huella peatonal” que destaca por su atractivo y pregnancia, algo de lo que el campo de lo peatonal es muy útil. A través de la huella se obtiene una rápida información al tener el plano dos colores, color naranja para lo peatonal (formado por las áreas peatonales y zonas verdes) y color negro para el resto el resto no peatonal. Toda esta documentación gráfica y descriptiva de los elementos peatonales de cada ciudad, queda ampliamente recogida en el Anexo de la tesis. La “Huella peatonal” se considera como el plano básico en la investigación obteniendo una percepción rápida, clara y visual del espacio peatonal de cada ciudad. Se arroja información morfológica con respecto a la distribución espacial, articulación, equilibrio, modulación, cohesión, concentración peatonal, etc. de cada una de las ciudades seleccionadas. A través de la huella se resuelve muchos de las cuestiones enmarcadas como objetivos de la tesis, comprobándose de forma general, que los elementos peatonales dentro de la trama urbana están desarticulados ya que no hay una estructura que module la ciudad como un conjunto cohesionado. Se localizan pequeñas redes conectadas entre sí, que de forma heterogénea, están dispersas por la ciudad. Se verifica que los elementos peatonales con mayor concentración y presencia en las ciudades analizadas son los ejes peatonales, los cascos históricos y los elementos peatonales en las nuevas áreas residenciales. En la investigación, además de estos 3 elementos mencionados, se analiza con mayor profundidad otros tipos que destacan por su persistencia y repetición en la “Huella peatonal” de cada una de las 22 ciudades, como son las plazas peatonales, los soportales y los elementos singulares peatonales: espacios tradicionales (recintos feriales, pasajes, puentes históricos), nuevos elementos peatonales (pasarelas peatonales, elementos mecánicos de paso), áreas peatonales entorno a edificios culturales y otros casos como los consistentes en la recuperación y transformación de edificaciones y construcciones urbanas de diferente uso y tipología, en nuevas áreas peatonales. Se aporta luz sobre su definición, localización, cronología, proporción, presencia y génesis, facilitando resultados de cada uno de ellos. De forma paralela, se obtiene información de índole cuantitativa a través de las mediciones de la huella, obteniéndose datos y porcentajes de extensión de la ciudad, de las zonas peatonales y de las zonas verdes, de los cascos históricos y de sus superficies peatonales, de los metros lineales de dichos cascos históricos y de sus calles peatonales. Se proporcionan ratios e índices que se consideran fundamentales para una mejor comprensión peatonal de cada urbe. Se establece una clasificación de las ciudades en cada uno de los ámbitos descritos, destacando las ciudades de Pamplona, San Sebastián y Burgos por arrojar las cifras peatonales más positivas encabezando la mayoría de las tablas clasificatorias. La peor ciudad valorada es Alicante, seguida según criterio, de Almería, Palma de Mallorca y Las Palmas de GC. En el capítulo final de la investigación, se eligen las ciudades de Burgos, San Sebastián y Pamplona como casos de estudio representativos. El objetivo es obtener un conocimiento más preciso en cuanto a su origen, cronología y procesos de las peatonalizaciones. Cada ciudad se compone de un cuadro cronológicos por etapas, desarrollándose de forma exhaustiva cada una de ellas, enunciadas normalmente, como instrumentos de planeamiento o proyectos de urbanización, acompañadas de los planos de las actuaciones peatonales. Al final de cada etapa se aportan datos de las cifras de las peatonalizaciones que se van realizando, con un cuadro numérico de localizaciones, superficie peatonal, superficie reurbanizada, longitud peatonal y el grado de peatonalización del casco histórico, además de los datos acumulados por etapa. De las conclusiones cruzadas de estas 3 ciudades, destaca la comprobación de la tendencia de ir peatonalizando los centros antiguos llegando incluso al 100% de calles peatonales en el caso de San Sebastián. No obstante, es difícil confirmar si el objetivo es una peatonalización global de los cascos, ya que son muchas las variables que afectan e influyen en el proceso peatonal de cada ciudad. Se coteja adicionalmente cómo se extiende la cultura peatonal desde el interior al exterior, mas allá de los cascos históricos hacia los ensanches próximos. En cuanto al origen de las peatonalizaciones, se concluye que no hay una concepción inicial y teórica marcada, a partir de la cual se va desarrollando la trama peatonal de cada ciudad. Se puede afirmar que los procesos peatonales ejecutados son variados y de diversa índole, sin poder precisar un hecho como causa principal. Según el momento y las circunstancias, las peatonalizaciones responden a distintas iniciativas promovidas por los comerciantes, por las administraciones locales o por los técnicos de planeamiento, con sus expertas aportaciones en los planes. Estos tres agentes actúan como impulsores de proyectos individuales peatonales que se van solapando en el tiempo. Como punto final de la tesis, se propone una serie de nuevas líneas de investigación que pueden servir como estudio adicional y complementario, respondiendo a aspectos tan relevantes como cuestiones de índole económica, social y de movilidad, fuertemente ligadas a las peatonalizaciones, tal y como se demuestra en la literatura consultada. ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyse the pedestrian elements dealing with the needs and infrastructures that support pedestrians, as this is a field that is little developed in our country, in comparison to other regions such as Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands, where the pedestrian actions implemented are traditional and highly successful. Therefore, even though little research has been done about this topic, this field is increasingly important throughout these years of search for urban models intended to prevent the waste of resources and to develop new mobility ways, more adapted to a limited, vulnerable world. This research is essentially descriptive and it mainly aims to document and systematically analysed a scarcely known reality by providing data in order to understand the origin and development of pedestrian actions. This thesis intends to lay the foundations of this field in Spain, accurately defining the state of the art from a geographical point of view and preparing a full thematic map that may be used in the future. The overall aim is to study and understand the pedestrian elements of a limited number of Spanish medium-size cities, establishing the following specific goals: - To identify and describe the main elements comprising cities' pedestrian networks. - To study of special predominant typologies, their features and origins, with the possibility to, on the one hand, make a difference between the typologies developed in well-established cities, such as the actions in historic quarters, and, on the other hand, those implemented in new cities through generally residential architectural formulae with adjoining pedestrian areas. - To analyse the said elements in order to check whether they have resulted in pedestrian-use networks, whether they have been established by organising the city, such as the linear axes in coastal and riverside cities, or whether they have had an impact on the character of the areas where these elements have been implemented, focusing on pedestrian historic quarters. - Check whether there are actions supplementary to the urban development and urban improvement processes, as well as the approval of financial support and subventions to deal with these actions. - Finally, to describe and assess the processes and procedures by which the pedestrianisation of certain urban areas is carried out, the origins, the instruments and the date of their implementation, providing a pedestrian timeline. The methodology starts by defining 22 Spanish cities, province capitals with a population ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants, according to the data recorded by the Spanish Statistics Institute (INE) in 2009. The distribution of coastal, riverside and interior cities, as well as of patrimonial cities and cities in islands, etc. is well balanced. The analysis of the pedestrian elements of these cities is made with the great resolution of the public and private map databases that can be accessed on the Internet, especially using the "street-view" version of tools such as Google Earth and Google Maps, software applications that allow to go for a virtual walk in each city, providing highly precise details about the pedestrian actions. The following cities have been chosen: ‐ 11 coastal cities: Alicante, Almería, Bilbao, Cádiz, Castellón de la Plana, Huelva, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Palma de Mallorca, Santander, San Sebastián and Tarragona. ‐ 11 interior cities: Albacete, Burgos, Córdoba, León, Lérida, Logroño, Oviedo, Murcia, Pamplona, Valladolid and Vitoria. Finally, as they have the highest percentages regarding the pedestrian areas found in the historic quarters, 3 cities representing a deep pedestrian development have been chosen: Burgos, San Sebastián and Pamplona. Other significant methodological aspects are the many documents found from online sources, especially when preparing the last chapter: “Processes for the pedestrianisation of Spanish cities”, which focuses on the 3 cities chosen. Local newspaper and periodical libraries, official gazettes, the minutes of plenary sessions of councils and the zoning regulation documents (General Zoning Plans, Special Zoning Plans, Municipal Plans and Projects, Mobility Plans, etc.) have been consulted, obtaining accurate information regarding the timeline and the extension of the works carried out. The methodology is supplemented by interviews with key players in the pedestrianisation process, such as the technical staff in councils and the officers drafting and designing the projects, as well as with the direct collaboration by the officers of the councils of the 3 cities chosen, who provided all the information requested. The thesis introduces the pedestrian elements by studying pedestrian areas and existing pedestrianisation processes through the analysis of the literature consulted, providing valuable information for the definition of pedestrian models and showing a brief history and background of the pedestrianisation process. Remarkable papers published by some European experts in the field, such as Carmen Hass-Klau, Rolf Monheim and Collin Buchanan, are covered in the thesis. In Spain, the pedestrianisation actions were late in time in comparison to the rest of Europe, with at least 40 years of delay. The Spanish literature references in this field are limited. The most significant papers are those published by Alfonso Sanz and by Professor Julio Pozueta, with a special mention of one of his last works "La ciudad paseable" (The Walkable City), which describes the pedestrian elements found in the cities and is used a model and an example for this research. Based on the elements above, pedestrian elements are defined as those construction-free public areas that, due to their features and design, ensure the comfortable, convenient use of the spaces, characterised by pedestrian traffic and specifically reserved for this purpose. The thesis detects and specifies the following pedestrian elements: pedestrian streets and squares, pavements (sidewalks) and boulevards with a width exceeding 8 metres, pedestrian promenades, crossing elements (traditional and mechanical), pedestrian spaces linked to new residential areas, colonnades and pedestrian passages or narrow streets with a minimum width of 4 metres, exhibition sites, free spaces and green areas and parks. For each of the 22 cities chosen, a thorough inventory of the elements mentioned above has been made by using worksheets, providing a significant number of individual projects developed in each city. This information is graphically collected and displayed on 2 photomaps, resulting in tools essential for this research. Photomap 1 is made based on the city displayed by Google Earth, making a difference between pedestrian areas and green areas. On Photomap 2, using the tool mentioned above, a difference can be made between persistent and predominant typologies, such as the big pedestrian axes, the local pedestrian networks and singular pedestrian elements. Finally, the 2 photomaps are used in order to establish the so-called "pedestrian footprint", which is highlighted by its attractiveness and appeal, concepts for which the pedestrian field is very useful. With the pedestrian footprint, quick information can be obtained, since the map shows two colours: orange for pedestrian elements (made up of pedestrian areas and green areas) and black for the other non-pedestrian elements. A significant part of these graphic, descriptive documents about each city's pedestrian elements can be found in the thesis appendix. The "Pedestrian Footprint" is regarded in the research as the basic map, obtaining a quick, clear and visual perception of each city's pedestrian space. This footprint provides morphological information regarding the space distribution, the organisation, the balance, the modulation, the cohesion, the pedestrian concentration, etc. in each of the cities chosen. The pedestrian footprint helps solve many of the questions established as the thesis goals, proving that, in general, the pedestrian elements are not organised in the urban plot, as there is no structure modulating the city as a properly linked set of elements. Small networks linked to each other and heterogeneously scattered all over the city are found. It has been verified that the pedestrian elements with the highest concentration and presence in the cities analysed are the pedestrian axes, the historic quarters and the pedestrian elements found in the new residential areas. Besides these 3 elements mentioned, the research analyses in depth other types that are remarkable due to their persistence and repetition in the "Pedestrian Footprint" of each of the 22 cities, such as the pedestrian squares, the colonnades and the singular pedestrian elements: traditional spaces (exhibition sites, passages, historic bridges), new pedestrian elements (pedestrian footbridges, mechanical crossing elements), pedestrian areas around cultural buildings and other cases such as those consisting of recovering and transforming building and urban constructions, intended for a wide range of purposes and of different types, into new pedestrian areas. This work puts light on the definition, location, timeline, proportion, presence and origin, providing results for each of these concepts. At the same time, quantitative information is obtained by measuring the footprint, getting data and percentages on the size of the city, the pedestrian areas and the green areas, the historic quarters and the pedestrian zones, the linear metres of such historic quarters and pedestrian streets. The footprint also provides ratios and rates that are considered as essential in order to better understand the pedestrian elements of each city. A classification of cities is established for each of the areas described, highlighting the cities of Pamplona, San Sebastián and Burgos, as they provide the most positive pedestrian figures and lead most of the classification tables or rankings. According to the criteria considered, the city with the worst values is Alicante, followed by Almería, Palma de Mallorca and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. In the final chapter in the thesis, the cities of Burgos, San Sebastián and Pamplona are chosen as representative study cases. The aim is to gain more accurate knowledge regarding the pedestrianisation origin, timeline and processes. Each city comprises a chronological sequence made of stages, each of which is thoroughly developed and usually announced as zoning plans or urban development projects, accompanied by the plans of the pedestrian actions. At the end of each stage, data with the figures of the pedestrianisation projects are provided, including a numerical chart with locations, pedestrian area, redeveloped urban areas, pedestrian length and pedestrianisation degree in the historic quarter, as well as the data cumulated throughout each stage. In the crossed conclusions on the three cities, the trend of gradually pedestrianising the historic quarters (even reaching the 100% of the pedestrian streets as in San Sebastián) is verified. However, it is difficult to confirm whether the purpose is to reach an overall pedestrianisation of the historic quarters, since there are many variables that affect and influence each city's pedestrianisation process. In addition, the spread of the pedestrian culture from the internal areas to the external areas, beyond the historic quarters to the nearby expansion areas, is compared. Regarding the origin of pedestrianisations, the thesis comes to the conclusion that there is no initial or theoretical conception from which each city's pedestrian plot is developed. The pedestrian processes implemented are varied and diverse but no fact can be specified as the main cause. Based on the moment and circumstances, the pedestrianisation processes are due to different initiatives promoted by shopkeepers, by the local administrations or by the zoning officers, with their expert contributions to the plans. These three players promote and drive individual pedestrianisation projects that overlap in the course of time. Finally, new lines of research are put forwards, as they can be taken as an additional study and as a supplement to this research, dealing with aspects as significant as the economic, social and mobility factors, closely linked to the pedestrianisation processes, as proven in the literature consulted.

REFLEXOS INDIVIDUAIS DO USO PESSOAL E EXCESSIVO DE COMUNICADORES INSTANTÂNEOS NO AMBIENTE DE TRABALHO

A Internet está inserida no cotidiano do indivíduo, e torna-se cada vez mais acessível por meio de diferentes tipos de dispositivos. Com isto, diversos estudos foram realizados com o intuito de avaliar os reflexos do seu uso excessivo na vida pessoal, acadêmica e profissional. Esta dissertação buscou identificar se a perda de concentração e o isolamento social são alguns dos reflexos individuais que o uso pessoal e excessivo de aplicativos de comunicação instantânea podem resultar no ambiente de trabalho. Entre as variáveis selecionadas para avaliar os aspectos do uso excessivo de comunicadores instantâneos tem-se a distração digital, o controle reduzido de impulso, o conforto social e a solidão. Através de uma abordagem de investigação quantitativa, utilizaram-se escalas aplicadas a uma amostra de 283 pessoas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas como a Análise Fatorial Exploratória e para auferir a relação entre as variáveis, a Regressão Linear Múltipla. Os resultados deste estudo confirmam que o uso excessivo de comunicadores instantâneos está positivamente relacionado com a perda de concentração, e a variável distração digital exerce uma influência maior do que o controle reduzido de impulso. De acordo com os resultados, não se podem afirmar que a solidão e o conforto social exercem relações com aumento do isolamento social, devido à ausência do relacionamento entre os construtos.

O DISCURSO DE HUMANIZAÇÃO COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE APROXIMAÇÃO COM O CONSUMIDOR NAS PUBLICIDADES DAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS

Este trabalho propõe o estudo analítico de estratégias discursivas das organizações empregadas nas publicidades das mídias sociais no Brasil em que, na tentativa de aproximação com os consumidores, as empresas emitem discursos de humanização. A pesquisa ocupou-se em identificar e analisar as publicidades das marcas notabilizadas nesse ambiente superabundante de informação, capazes de comunicar-se efetivamente com os consumidores, a ponto de levá-los ao engajamento com os interesses da organização pela interação e compartilhamento dos conteúdos nas mídias sociais, e de torná-los os agentes da marca, aqueles que divulgam voluntariamente os seus benefícios para a sua rede de amigos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória de teor qualitativo, cuja busca se dará pelas delineações de um espaço discursivo. Utilizou-se a análise do discurso (AD), da linha francesa, sob a perspectiva dos estudos do ethos, cenas de enunciação e contrato de comunicação que contemplam os discursos organizacionais. Além da conceituação teórica e revisão de literatura vinculadas às mídias sociais e cultura organizacional, o trabalho analisou as publicidades em vídeo publicadas no Facebook e YouTube, nos anos de 2014 e 2015, cujo intuito era a aproximação com o consumidor. A pesquisa demonstrou que o ambiente das mídias sociais requer outra postura das organizações, uma linguagem dialógica e interativa com a participação do consumidor nas suas publicidades. A supervalorização do consumidor e a sua inclusão nas narrativas é uma tentativa de humanizar as relações entre organização e seus públicos e demonstram ser o eixo conciliador entre ambos na nova ambiência midiática.

Sistematização da experiência da cooperapas: uma cooperativa de produtores agroecológicos de parelheiros, São Paulo/SP

A transição agroecológica, enquanto um processo de estímulo à adoção de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis implica na gradual construção do conhecimento agroecológico, por meio da troca de saberes, experiências e interpretação dos (as) agricultores (as) sobre os contextos em que vivem e produzem, configurando-se em um modo alternativo de produção, em contraponto ao modelo atual convencional. Novos caminhos que tragam a conservação da biodiversidade, a autorrealização individual e comunitária, e a autogestão política e econômica são prioritários e urgentes. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo sistematizar a experiência de transição agroecológica da CooperAPAs, localizada em Parelheiros, zona sul do município de São Paulo, por meio da identificação de representações de agroecologia, relações saúde, ambiente e políticas públicas, bem como os principais interesses e dificuldades de agricultores e técnicos envolvidos em algum momento específico da trajetória de formação, implementação e/ou desenvolvimento da CooperAPAs. Foi utilizado o método de sistematização de experiências, tendo como instrumentos de pesquisa a análise documental, entrevistas e oficina de construção da linha do tempo. De modo geral, os participantes reconheciam impactos positivos e negativos de suas ações sobre a saúde e o ambiente. Dentre as necessidades identificadas, destacou-se maior sensibilização e empoderamento de todos os cooperados, para que possam contribuir mais ativamente no fortalecimento da cooperativa, a fim de garantir maior acesso às políticas públicas vigentes, ao mercado, e à comercialização, melhorando, consequentemente, condições socioambientais e econômicas destes agricultores. Para tal, recomenda-se a adoção, pela cooperativa, de estratégias socioeducativas participativas, como a Aprendizagem Social, que favoreçam o diálogo, a negociação de conflitos e a gestão compartilhada, como um novo caminho para a CooperAPAs.

Program Evaluation of an After-School Socialization Group Program

Use of evidence-based practice is becoming more expected and necessary for mental health practitioners. This allows for proof, accountability, and rigorous standards to be upheld, facilitates healthcare reimbursement, and provides a wider range of services to more clients. Appropriate monitoring and outcome measurement is essential to determine the effectiveness of a given intervention. An organization providing group social skills interventions for children 7-18 years was analyzed to facilitate the best plan for evaluating treatment effectiveness. Measurable goals and objectives consistent with the organizations mission and values were developed. Appropriate social skills measurement tools were identified. Strengths and weaknesses of each measure were compared, and existing literature was reviewed to ensure cohesion between this evaluation and current standards in literature. Parent report, self report, and teacher report on Piers-Harris II, BASC-2, and Skills Improvement System Rating Scales were determined to be the most relevant measures of social skills development. A timeline for administration and plan for how to implement measurement and use data was suggested as well as considerations for future research.

Prospects for regulatory convergence under TTIP. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2013/15, October 2013

An ambitious, comprehensive and high-standard trade and investment agreement between the European Union and the United States is feasible, but a key concern is whether the transatlantic trade partners will succeed in creating a meaningful agreement within the tight timeline of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations. The target of a ratified pact before a new European Commission takes office in November 2014 is an objective that is likely to conflict with the level of ambition on the substance. Regulatory congruence would require the unilateral and unconditional recognition by the TTIP partners of each other’s standards, procedures and conformity assessment tests. The way forward is to create a ‘living’ (or progressive commitment) agreement on regulatory cooperation with a horizontal template for coherence and conformity assessment and a detailed monitoring mechanism, with implementation starting immediately for a few selected sectors. Regulatory harmonisation under TTIP may not lead to emerging markets automatically upgrading to the higher TTIP standards. Domestic priorities and the high demand from a rising price-sensitive group of consumers will likely result in a dual regulatory regime in emerging markets in the medium-term.

EU's response to Burma/Myanmar. ACES Working Papers (student research grant), August 2009

This paper so far includes documentation on the timeline of relations between the EU and Burma/Myanmar.

EU Climate and Energy Governance: There’s more to it than meets the eye. CEPS Commentary, 14 July 2015

In this new CEPS Commentary, a team of climate and energy specialists argue that a reliable system of climate and energy governance in the EU would certainly need to go beyond the issues that are identified in the 2030 framework for climate and energy and the Energy Union. In their view, such a system would consist of no less than seven complex areas, which they proceed to outline and discuss their interrelationships. To ensure that these areas are dealt with in an integrated manner, they recommend that the European Commission creates a roadmap – possibly in the form of a Communication – that would indicate the direction, interactions and a timeline for their adoption.

Lung structure at preterm and term birth

When lung development is not interrupted by premature birth and unaffected by genetic or environmental disturbances, all components develop with complex control to form a functional organ with a predictable timeline during fetal development. In this chapter we describe the relationship between morphological development and function in both physiological and pathological conditions in human lung development. Tree-like growth of the lung begins during the first few weeks postconception, with the embryonic stage characterized by branching morphogenesis in both the airways and blood vessels, separately in the left and right lung buds, which appear near day 26 postcoitus (p.c.). Branching continues through the embryonic stage, with proliferation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells and apoptosis near branch points and in the areas of new formation. The pseudoglandular stage (weeks 5–17 p.c.) is characterized by accelerated cellular proliferation and airway and vascular branching, with epithelial differentiation in proximal and distal airways. Further epithelial differentiation, angiogenesis of the parenchymal capillary network, and the first formation of the air–blood barrier characterize the canalicular stage (16–26 weeks p.c.), just before the completion of branching morphogenesis (saccular stage, weeks 24–38 p.c.) and the start of alveolarization (week 36 through adolescence).

"Streamlined auditing and monitoring of community based services: first steps toward a more efficient system for providers, state government, and the community" : report to the Illinois General Assembly as required by PA 96-1141 /

The Steering Committee recognizes that the Departments may need to implement reviews necessary to address specific Federal requirements and that while consolidated reporting should be used when possible, the review and reporting processes should facilitate the ability to garner Federal funding. However, the analysis thus far confirms the need for change and a significant potential to reduce redundant monitoring and reporting. At the end of this Executive Summary, there is a summary presentation, including a timeline and progress indicators, that gives more details on these recommendations.

The ethanol industry in Illinois /

Provides an overview of the ethanol industry in Illinois including a timeline on the history of the U.S. ethanol industry. Also discusses government support of the industry in the state of Illinois and summarizes controversies associated with the industry and its financial impact on the Illinois economy.

Geology and landslide geomorphology of the Burpee Hills, Skagit County, Washington, USA

Landforms within the Skagit Valley record a complex history of land evolution from Late Pleistocene to the present. Late Pleistocene glacial deposits and subsequent incision by the Skagit River formed the Burpee Hills terrace. The Burpee Hills comprises an approximately 205-m-thick sequence of sediments, including glacio-lacustrine silts and clays, overlain by sandy advance outwash and capped by coarse till, creating a sediment-mantled landscape where mass wasting occurs in the form of debris flows and deep-seated landslides (Heller, 1980; Skagit County, 2014). Landslide probability and location are necessary metrics for informing citizens and policy makers of the frequency of natural hazards. Remote geomorphometric analysis of the site area using airborne LiDAR combined with field investigation provide the information to determine relative ages of landslide deposits, to classify geologic units involved, and to interpret the recent hillslope evolution. Thirty-two percent of the 28-km2 Burpee Hills landform has been mapped as landslide deposits. Eighty-five percent of the south-facing slope is mapped as landslide deposits. The mapped landslides occur predominantly within the advance outwash deposits (Qgav), this glacial unit has a slope angle ranging from 27 to 36 degrees. Quantifying surface roughness as a function of standard deviation of slope provides a relative age of landslide deposits, laying the groundwork for frequency analysis of landslides on the slopes of the Burpee Hills. The south-facing slopes are predominately affected by deep-seated landslides as a result of Skagit River erosion patterns within the floodplain. The slopes eroded at the toe by the Skagit River have the highest roughness coefficients, suggesting that areas with more frequent disturbance at the toe are more prone to sliding or remobilization. Future work including radiocarbon dating and hydrologic-cycle investigations will provide a more accurate timeline of the Burpee Hills hillslope evolution, and better information for emergency management and planners in the future.

Single-cell ELISA and flow cytometry as methods for highlighting potential neuronal and astrocytic toxicant specificity

The timeline imposed by recent worldwide chemical legislation is not amenable to conventional in vivo toxicity testing, requiring the development of rapid, economical in vitro screening strategies which have acceptable predictive capacities. When acquiring regulatory neurotoxicity data, distinction on whether a toxic agent affects neurons and/or astrocytes is essential. This study evaluated neurofilament (NF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) directed single-cell (S-C) ELISA and flow cytometry as methods for distinguishing cell-specific cytoskeletal responses, using the established human NT2 neuronal/astrocytic (NT2.N/A) co-culture model and a range of neurotoxic (acrylamide, atropine, caffeine, chloroquine, nicotine) and non-neurotoxic (chloramphenicol, rifampicin, verapamil) test chemicals. NF and GFAP directed flow cytometry was able to identify several of the test chemicals as being specifically neurotoxic (chloroquine, nicotine) or astrocytoxic (atropine, chloramphenicol) via quantification of cell death in the NT2.N/A model at cytotoxic concentrations using the resazurin cytotoxicity assay. Those neurotoxicants with low associated cytotoxicity are the most significant in terms of potential hazard to the human nervous system. The NF and GFAP directed S-C ELISA data predominantly demonstrated the known neurotoxicants only to affect the neuronal and/or astrocytic cytoskeleton in the NT2.N/A cell model at concentrations below those affecting cell viability. This report concluded that NF and GFAP directed S-C ELISA and flow cytometric methods may prove to be valuable additions to an in vitro screening strategy for differentiating cytotoxicity from specific neuronal and/or astrocytic toxicity. Further work using the NT2.N/A model and a broader array of toxicants is appropriate in order to confirm the applicability of these methods.

Illness perceptions predict reassurance following a negative exercise stress testing result

Many patients are not reassured after receiving normal results following cardiac investigations. While previous studies have shown anxiety to be a contributing factor, little research has investigated the influence of patients’ illness perceptions on reassurance. In this study we investigated whether illness perceptions predicted patients’ reassurance following normal exercise stress test results. Sixty-two chest pain patients without prior diagnosed cardiac pathology completed questionnaires assessing anxiety and illness perceptions prior to exercise stress testing. Patients completed a reassurance questionnaire immediately following their appointment and again one month later. Illness perceptions (consequences, timeline, identity, illness concern, and emotional effect) but not anxiety, significantly predicted reassurance immediately following testing. We found both state anxiety and illness perceptions to predict reassurance one month later. After controlling for anxiety, longer timeline and lower treatment control beliefs predicted lower reassurance. The results suggest that an intervention targeting patients who have high anxiety and negative illness perceptions prior to testing may improve reassurance and decrease disability and the subsequent use of medical care.

The role of illness perceptions:psychological distress and treatment seeking delay in patients with genital warts.

This study examined the relationships between illness perceptions, psychological distress and treatment-seeking delay in genital warts patients. Sixty-six genital warts patients were approached while attending a sexual health clinic. They completed a questionnaire assessing their illness perceptions, psychological distress and treatment-seeking delay. Negative perceptions of illness consequences and control and a perceived cyclical timeline were associated with increased psychological distress. Perceived illness consequences maintained significance in a multiple regression equation, which accounted for 25% variance in distress. Depression was associated with treatment-seeking delay (r = 0.28, P = 0.03). In conclusion, illness perceptions may play an important role in the experience of psychological distress in genital warts patients. The implications of these findings for the design of health-care interventions are discussed.