Discursos na/da educação profissional e tecnológica: a criação dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia

A presente pesquisa de doutorado tem como objeto de estudo as recontextualizações e ressignificações que a educação profissional e tecnológica passou nos últimos anos, com a criação dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, tomando por base os discursos circulantes que amparam as mudanças introduzidas a partir das políticas educacionais e curriculares. O problema de pesquisa foi desenvolvido por meio de um olhar dialético entre macro e microcontextos, tendo como preocupação o discurso na sua relação com a estrutura social, apoiando-se nas formulações da Análise Crítica do Discurso, a partir de Norman Fairclough. Ao mesmo tempo, foram utilizadas as teorizações de Stephen Ball, principalmente a abordagem do ciclo de políticas, que trabalha com as formulações discursivas dos diferentes contextos de produção e implementação de políticas educacionais. Toda a discussão conduzida neste trabalho sobre a conjuntura macroestrutural da sociedade, a partir do novo capitalismo, na sua relação com os aspectos do microcontexto, levou ao entendimento de que o gerencialismo e a performatividade penetraram profundamente nas relações, conduzindo a opções ideológicas pautadas em discursos que refletem essas tecnologias. Por meio das reflexões e análises sobre o contexto nacional, tendo como base textos diversos, e sobre o microcontexto do Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro, considerando observações, escutas, diálogos, vivências e experiências, essa pesquisa aponta para o potencial do contexto da prática. Compreende-se que as intervenções dos docentes, técnicos e gestores dos Institutos Federais nos discursos que interpretam, promovendo recontextualizações e ressignificações, definirão a formação que o novo e crescente contingente de discentes receberá e, neste ponto, essa pesquisa aposta em formulações discursivas contra-hegemônicas que apontam para uma formação politécnica para o mundo do trabalho.

The dynamics of industrial emergence

The need to stimulate, identify and nurture new industries is a prominent challenge in advanced economies. While basic science represents a valuable source of new ideas and opportunities, it can often take decades before this science finally finds application in the market. While numerous studies have to date focused on aspects of industrial evolution, (e.g. innovation, internationalisation, new product introduction, technological lifecycles and emerging technologies), far fewer have focused on technology-based industrial emergence. It is clear that if assistance is to be provided to firms and industrial policymakers attempting to navigate industrial emergence then we need an improved understanding of the characteristics and dynamics of this phenomenon. Accordingly, this paper reviews published work from a range of disparate disciplines - evolutionary theory, social construction of technology (SCOT), complexity science, industrial dynamics and technology management - to identify these dynamics. Through this review we conceptualise industrial emergence as a co-evolutionary process in which nonlinear dynamics operate. Industrial emergence is sensitive to the initial availability of resources and the market applications, with growth dependent on the supply-demand coupling, agents' actions to reduce uncertainty and catalytic events. Through synthesizing these key dynamics we go on to propose a conceptual model for industrial emergence. © 2010 IEEE.

The energy required to produce materials: constraints on energy-intensity improvements, parameters of demand.

In this paper, we review the energy requirements to make materials on a global scale by focusing on the five construction materials that dominate energy used in material production: steel, cement, paper, plastics and aluminium. We then estimate the possibility of reducing absolute material production energy by half, while doubling production from the present to 2050. The goal therefore is a 75 per cent reduction in energy intensity. Four technology-based strategies are investigated, regardless of cost: (i) widespread application of best available technology (BAT), (ii) BAT to cutting-edge technologies, (iii) aggressive recycling and finally, and (iv) significant improvements in recycling technologies. Taken together, these aggressive strategies could produce impressive gains, of the order of a 50-56 per cent reduction in energy intensity, but this is still short of our goal of a 75 per cent reduction. Ultimately, we face fundamental thermodynamic as well as practical constraints on our ability to improve the energy intensity of material production. A strategy to reduce demand by providing material services with less material (called 'material efficiency') is outlined as an approach to solving this dilemma.

Exploring industry dynamics and interactions

Within strategic technology management and innovation, often stakeholders extrapolate past industry dynamics, trends and patterns into the future. One frequently used concept is that of 'lifecycles' - an analogy of a sequence of stages encountered by living organisms. Lifecycle terms - such as technology, product, industry - are frequently used interchangeably and without clear definition. Within the interdisciplinary context of technology management and forecasting, this juxtaposition of dynamics can create confusion rather than simplification. This paper explores some of the dynamics typically associated with technology-based industries, illustrated with data from the early US automotive industry. A wide range of dimensions are seen to have potential to influence the path of industry development, and technology roadmapping architecture is used to present a simplified visualisation of some of these. Stakeholders need to consider the units of analysis, causality and synchronicity of relevant different dynamics, rather than isolated lifecycles. Some graphical curves represent simple aggregation of components; other dynamics have significant impact, but incur time lags, rather than being superimposed. To optimise alignment of the important dimensions within any technology development, and for future strategy decisions, understanding these interactions is critical. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.

mHealth and global mental health: still waiting for the mH2 wedding?

BACKGROUND: Two phenomena have become increasingly visible over the past decade: the significant global burden of disease arising from mental illness and the rapid acceleration of mobile phone usage in poorer countries. Mental ill-health accounts for a significant proportion of global disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years lived with disability (YLDs), especially in poorer countries where a number of factors combine to exacerbate issues of undertreatment. Yet poorer countries have also witnessed significant investments in, and dramatic expansions of, mobile coverage and usage over the past decade. DEBATE: The conjunction of high levels of mental illness and high levels of mobile phone usage in poorer countries highlights the potential for "mH(2)" interventions--i.e. mHealth (mobile technology-based) mental health interventions--to tackle global mental health challenges. However, global mental health movements and initiatives have yet to engage fully with this potential, partly because of scepticism towards technological solutions in general and partly because existing mH(2) projects in mental health have often taken place in a fragmented, narrowly-focused, and small-scale manner. We argue for a deeper and more sustained engagement with mobile phone technology in the global mental health context, and outline the possible shape of an integrated mH(2) platform for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of mental health. SUMMARY: Existing and developing mH(2) technologies represent an underutilised resource in global mental health. If development, evaluation, and implementation challenges are overcome, an integrated mH2 platform would make significant contributions to mental healthcare in multiple settings and contexts.

The industrial emergence of commercial inkjet printing

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how supply and demand interact during industrial emergence. Design/methodology/approach: The paper builds on previous theorising about co-evolutionary dynamics, exploring the interaction between supply and demand in a study of the industrial emergence of the commercial inkjet cluster in Cambridge, UK. Data are collected through 13 interviews with professionals working in the industry. Findings: The paper shows that as new industries emerge, asynchronies between technology supply and market demand create opportunities for entrepreneurial activity. In attempting to match innovative technologies to particular applications, entrepreneurs adapt to the system conditions and shape the environment to their own advantage. Firms that successfully operate in emerging industries demonstrate the functionality of new technologies, reducing uncertainty and increasing customer receptiveness. Research limitations/implications: The research is geographically bounded to the Cambridge commercial inkjet cluster. Further studies could consider commercial inkjet from a global perspective or test the applicability of the findings in other industries. Practical implications: Technology-based firms are often innovating during periods of industrial emergence. The insights developed in this paper help such firms recognise the emerging context in which they operate and the challenges that need to overcome. Originality/value: As an in depth study of a single industry, this research responds to calls for studies into industrial emergence, providing insights into how supply and demand interact during this phase of the industry lifecycle. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Climbing vertical terrains with a self-contained robot

Vertical climbing on a variety of flat surfaces with a single robot has been previously demonstrated using vacuum suction, electrostatic adhesion, and biologically inspired approaches, etc. These methods generally have a low attachment strength, and it is not clear whether they can provide satisfactory attachment on vertical terrains with richer 3D features. Recent development of a climbing technology based on hot melt adhesives (HMAs) has shown its advantage with a high attachment strength through thermal bonding and viability to any solid surfaces. However, its feasibility for vertical climbing has only been proven on flat surfaces and with external energy supplies. This paper provides quantitative measurements for vertical climbing performance on five types of surfaces and terrains with a self-contained robot exploiting HMAs. We show that robust vertical climbing on multiple terrains can be achieved with reliable high-strength attachment. © 2012 IEEE.

GIS的历史、现状与未来

地理信息系统是现代地理学与空间信息科学相结合的产物 ,经过 30多年的发展 ,它现已成为地学与计算机科学的交叉学科领域的一个研究热点 ,在自身的发展及应用方面取得了重大的突破 .对GIS的发展历史进行了简要的回顾 ,就GIS的结构、功能、分类等问题进行了探讨 ,并对GIS今后的发展动向、研究领域的分化等问题进行了预测和论述

A new empirical model for retrieving sea surface salinity in L band

Sea surface salinity is a key physical parameter in ocean science. It is important in the ocean remote sensing to retrieve sea surface salinity by the microwave probe technology. Based on the in situ measurement data and remote sensing data of the Yellow Sea, we have built a new empirical model in this paper, which can be used to retrieve sea surface salinity of the Yellow Sea by means of the brightness temperature of the sea water at L-band. In this model, the influence of the roughness of the sea surface is considered, and the retrieved result is in good agreement with the in situ measurement data, where the mean absolute error of the retrieved sea surface salinity is about 0.288 psu. This result shows that our model has greater retrieval precision compared with similar models.

基于马尔可夫随机场模型的图像分割技术研究

本文针对基于马尔可夫随机场模型（MRF）的图像分割技术进行研究，通过深入分析马尔可夫随机场模型用于图像分割时的优缺点，提出了改进方案，将其用于单帧图像的无监督分割和动态场景下的运动目标分割。主要研究内容包括以下几部分。 第一部分详细介绍了马尔可夫随机场模型，包括邻域系统和基团的概念、初始标记场的获取、能量函数的确立和MAP估算方法。 第二部分针对噪声图像的预处理，提出一种多尺度双边滤波算法来综合不同尺度下双边滤波的去噪效果。为降低双边滤波的计算复杂性，提出一种双边滤波快速计算方法。该算法能够在去除噪声的同时较好地保留边缘。 第三部分针对MRF模型用于图像分割中遇到的过平滑问题，定义了一种间断自适应高斯马尔可夫随机场模型（DA-GMRF），提出一种基于该模型的无监督图像分割方法。利用灰度直方图势函数自动确定分类数及分割阈值，进行多阈值分割得到标记场的初始化，用Metroplis采样器算法进行标记场的优化，得到最终的分割结果。该方法考虑了平滑约束在图像边缘处的自适应性，避免了边缘处的过平滑，将其应用于无监督图像分割取得了较好的效果。 第四部分针对动态场景下的运动目标分割，提出一种基于间断自适应时空马尔可夫随机场模型的运动目标分割方法。解决了传统时空马尔可夫随机场模型不能对运动造成的显露遮挡现象进行处理问题，也克服了全局一致平滑假设造成的过平滑问题。帧差图像二值化得到初始标记场，初始标记场进行‘与’操作获得共同标记场，用Metroplis采样器算法实现共同标记场的优化。该方法既使用了平滑约束，而又保留了间断，从而使分割得到的运动目标边缘更加准确。

基于视觉的室内移动机器人自定位技术研究

在关于移动机器人的诸多研究领域中，机器人自定位是十分关键的技术，是实现机器人自主运动和其他任务的基础，而且涉及领域广泛，有很多难点有待解决，因而是一个具有重要研究价值的课题。 本论文以沈阳新松机器人股份有限公司自主研发的家庭服务机器人为研发平台，系统地研究了基于计算机视觉的室内移动机器人自定位问题，成功设计了基于单目视觉人工路标以及粒子滤波的室内移动机器人自定位系统。 本文首先根据室内移动机器人自主导航定位的要求，设计了一种简易美观的新型视觉人工路标，并且研究与实现了该路标的实时准确检测以及不同路标的识别。 其次，在位姿计算方面，本文研究了共面P4P（4点透视）问题的解法及其在位姿计算方面的应用，并分析比较了两种不同P4P解法的优缺点，成功地将两种算法结合起来用于机器人位姿计算。 最后，在机器人自定位方面，本文将单目彩色摄像机作为传感器，在基于贝叶斯滤波理论的自定位理论框架下，利用粒子滤波自定位方法融合视觉信息与码盘信息，实现了自主移动机器人的自定位。 实践证明，本文设计的基于单目视觉人工路标的自定位系统能够成功地应用在室内移动机器人上，具有较高的应用推广价值。

基于工业以太网的高可用性网络冗余技术研究与开发

随着计算机网络、通信和控制技术的发展，以太网技术在工业控制领域中的应用倍受关注。但控制系统对高可用性和稳定性的要求限制了工业以太网的发展。同时面对国内工业生产的安全现状，基于工业以太网技术的控制系统越来越多的被用于安全仪表系统（Safety Instrumented System SIS）中，所以迫切需要开展总线安全技术的研究工作，提高工业以太网控制系统的安全性和可用性。 为了满足总线控制系统对工业以太网的安全性和可用性要求，本文重点研究了基于工业以太网的高可用性网络技术，提出了三种网络冗余协议，描述了设计和开发过程，最后，通过实验数据给出了性能分析。 论文首先介绍了工业以太网和高可用性网络技术在控制领域的应用情况。分析了目前普遍应用的环网冗余技术，包括通用的生成树协议、快速生成树协议和自动化厂商自己开发的专用环网冗余协议。讨论了以上环网冗余协议在高可用性控制系统中应用的不足。 论文针对环网冗余协议在故障恢复时间等方面的不足，设计了三种基于工业以太网的网络冗余协议：单网冗余协议、双网备份冗余协议和双网并行冗余协议。本文所设计的网络冗余协议都要求将冗余管理下放到节点设备，实现分布式的冗余管理，冗余节点和非冗余节点能够同时在网络中并存，而且所有的冗余管理对于上层应用协议具有透明性。但是每种网络冗余协议在拓扑结构、故障探测和故障恢复方面各不相同。结合EPA（Ethernet for Plant Automation EPA）通信协议栈，选择合适的软硬件环境，本文实现了所设计的三种网络冗余协议，包括协议栈结构，帧结构和通信过程。 为了对网络冗余协议的进行功能测试和性能评估，论文提出了故障恢复时间，故障定位时间等评估指标，在实验室环境下搭建了测试网络平台，针对每个评估指标设计了测试方案，最后给出了每个网络冗余协议的性能和测试结果。