Biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis: new insights into regulatory strategies and assembly mechanisms

Biofilm formation is a social behaviour that generates favourable conditions for sustained survival in the natural environment. For the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis the process involves the differentiation of cell fate within an isogenic population and the production of communal goods that form the biofilm matrix. Here we review recent progress in understanding the regulatory pathways that control biofilm formation and highlight developments in understanding the composition, function and structure of the biofilm matrix.

'When I Look I am Seen, So I Exist to Change': Supplementing Honneth's Recognition Model for Social Work

The subject of identity continues to attract widespread interest and debate in the social sciences. The nature of who we are, our potential to be different, and our similarity with others, underpins many present-day social issues. This paper contributes to this debate by examining critically the work of Axel Honneth on optimal identity-formation. Although broadly supporting Honneth’s chief construct of inter-personal recognition, a gap in his thinking is highlighted and addressed through proffering a fourth dimension to his tripartite model. This additional dimension requires demonstrations of recognition that instil hope in the face of hardship and empower positive transformations in identity. The implications of this reworked model for social work are then considered in terms of a range of approaches that can be utilised to build flourishing identities characterised by self-esteem, self-confidence, self-respect and self-belief.

Rede social de leitores e escritores juniores: portal Biblon: a integração social on-line como catalisador da leitura, criação, expressão e partilha

Com enquadramento nas áreas de Ciência da Informação, Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e Educação, o estudo em voga visa formular propostas para o uso de rede social on-line de literatura infantil, em torno da biblioteca, para a educação básica, fundamentadas na teoria de comunidades de prática. O estudo de caso recaiu sobre quatro escolas, do 1º ciclo, da Educação Básica, do Agrupamento de Escolas de Aveiro-Portugal, tendo como instrumento para o experimento o Portal Biblon. A análise dos dados permite afirmar que a leitura de livros on-line não está inclusa nas atividades habituais da comunidade escolar pesquisada e, assim, o aluno encontra-se sem referencial para inserir esta prática cultural em suas rotinas e momentos de ócio. O cenário escolar atual não estimula a confluências da prática da leitura literária e da escrita dos alunos com as redes sociais on-line. O estudo aponta que, em uma rede social on-line, o livro de literatura infantil tem o papel de interagente, agregando leitores, em interação, em torno de si e que nas redes sociais on-line tem-se a presença dos “mediadores sociais centrais” que propiciam reforço e sustentação das práticas de leitura, através do contágio e da influência social e são propulsionadores da estrutura e do dinamismo da rede. Como conclusão geral tem-se que os utilizadores do Biblon desenvolvem experiências de leituras e escritas através da interação social, por meio de práticas, rotinas, diálogos e atividades comuns construídas na rede. A interação dentro da rede influencia o uso das ferramentas e o aprendizado para manuseá-las ocorre com as práticas. Assim, os laços associativos e as reações individuais envolvendo a leitura conduzem à formação de rede social em torno dos livros e os comportamentos e as preferências dos atores motivam a leitura e a escrita. Dessa forma, o Portal Biblon configura-se como um instrumento para formação de rede social on-line em torno da literatura infantil.

Représentations sociales de l'interdisciplinarité des enseignants du domaine de l'univers social au premier cycle du secondaire

Cette recherche présente les éléments de représentation sociale de l'interdisciplinarité scolaire du personnel enseignant du premier cycle du secondaire au Québec. Elle s'inscrit dans le contexte du Renouveau pédagogique qui s'actualise par l'implantation du Programme de formation de l'école québécoise (Gouvernement du Québec). Notre recherche débute par une mise en contexte de la situation de l'interdisciplinarité au secondaire. Ensuite notre recherche expose son cadre conceptuel par lequel sont proposés les attributs de l'interdisciplinarité scolaire ainsi [sic]. C'est à partir de ces attributs que se construira notre grille de collecte et d'analyse. Notre collecte de donnée s'effectuera auprès de douze enseignants de la couronne nord de Montréal.

Social Capital in Inter-Organizational Partnership Research

This chapter focuses on the use of social capital as a construct to examine and explain the formation and operation of inter-organizational partnerships. In particular it shows how social capital contributes to the sustainability of a public sector partnership. In this research context social capital is defined as the networks, trust, norms and values that enable individuals and organizations to achieve mutual goals through collaboration. This definition draws upon the author’s empirical research on partnerships and partnership working in the field of post-compulsory education and her practical experience of establishing, managing and leading international partnerships for teaching and research in teacher education. The emphasis is on the practical application of social capital to qualitative data and on identifying sources of evidence, including research literature from different disciplines in the social sciences to interpret and theorize primary data. The first section of the chapter considers the complexities of defining social capital in the context of rival theoretical and political perspectives and leads to a discussion of the dimensions of social capital that are found in effective and sustained partnerships.

Values in middle childhood: Social and genetic contributions

Theories of value development often identify adolescence as the period for value formation, and cultural and familial factors as the sources for value priorities. However, recent research suggests that value priorities can be observed as early as in middle childhood, and several studies, including one on preadolescents (Knafo & Spinath, 2011), have suggested a genetic contribution to individual differences in values. In the current study, 174 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic 7-year old Israeli twins completed the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children (PBVS–C; Döring et al., 2010). We replicated basic patterns of relations between value priorities and variables of socialisation – gender, religiosity, and socioeconomic status– that have been found in studies with adults. Most important, values of Self-transcendence, Self-enhancement, and Conservation, were found to be significantly affected by genetic factors (29%, 47% and 31% respectively), as well as non-shared environment (71%, 53% and 69% respectively). Openness to change values, in contrast, were found to be unaffected by genetic factors at this age and were influenced by shared (19%) and non-shared (81%) environment. These findings support the recent view that values are formed at earlier ages than had been assumed previously, and they further our understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved in value formation at young ages.

Interação social entre agentes em ambientes de recursos limitados

Trabalho final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Redes de Comunicação e Multimédia

A sequential analysis of therapist scaffolding and child concept formation in narrative therapy

Narrative therapy is a postmodern therapy that takes the position that people create self-narratives to make sense of their experiences. To date, narrative therapy has compiled virtually no quantitative and very little qualitative research, leaving gaps in almost all areas of process and outcome. White (2006a), one of the therapy's founders, has recently utilized Vygotsky's (1934/1987) theories of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) and concept formation to describe the process of change in narrative therapy with children. In collaboration with the child client, the narrative therapist formalizes therapeutic concepts and submits them to increasing levels of generalization to create a ZPD. This study sought to determine whether the child's development proceeds through the stages of concept formation over the course of a session, and whether therapists' utterances scaffold this movement. A sequential analysis was used due to its unique ability to measure dynamic processes in social interactions. Stages of concept formation and scaffolding were coded over time. A hierarchical log-linear analysis was performed on the sequential data to develop a model of therapist scaffolding and child concept development. This was intended to determine what patterns occur and whether the stated intent of narrative therapy matches its actual process. In accordance with narrative therapy theory, the log-linear analysis produced a final model with interactions between therapist and child utterances, and between both therapist and child utterances and time. Specifically, the child and youth participants in therapy tended to respond to therapist scaffolding at the corresponding level of concept formation. Both children and youth and therapists also tended to move away from earlier and toward later stages of White's scaffolding conversations map as the therapy session advanced. These findings provide support for White's contention that narrative therapists promote child development by scaffolding child concept formation in therapy.

The formation of conscience : pedagogy of the sacred

This qualitative study explores Thomas Green's (1999) treatise, Voices: The Educational Formation of Conscience; for the purpose of reconstruing the transformative usefulness of conscience in moral education. Conscience is "reflexive judgment about things that matter" (Green, 1999, p. 21). Paul Lehmann (1963) suggested that we must "do the conscience over or do the conscience in" (p. 327). Thomas Green "does the conscience over", arguing that a philosophy of moral education, and not a moral philosophy, provides the only framework from which governance of moral behaviour can be understood. Narratives from four one-to-one interviews and a focus group are analysed and interpreted in search of: (a) awareness and understanding of conscience, (b) voices of conscience, (c) normation, (d) reflexive emotions, and (e) the idea of the sacred. Participants in this study (ages 16-21) demonstrated an active awareness of their conscience and a willingness to engage in a reflective process of their moral behaviour. They understood their conscience to be a process of self-judgment about what is right and wrong, and that its authority comes from within themselves. Narrative accounts from childhood indicated that conscience is there "from the beginning" with evidence of selfcorrecting behaviour. A maturing conscience is accompanied by an increased cognitive capacity, more complicated life experiences, and individualization. Moral motivation was grounded in " a desire to connect with things that are most important." A model for conscience formation is proposed, which visualizes a critical path of reflexive emotions. It is argued that schools, striving to shape good citizens, can promote conscience formation through a "curriculum of moral skills"; a curriculum that embraces complexity, diversity, social criticism, and selfhood.

An Exploration Into Doctoral Students' Sense of Community and its Influence on the Formation of Informal Mentoring Relationships

This exploratory mixed method research project was designed to investigate an area of doctoral education that has received little attention in the past. This research focused specifically on the non-intellectual, hoped-for by-products of doctoral education; the dynamic processes of developing and maintaining both a sense of community and informal mentoring relationships. The design of the study captured the experiences of doctoral students and alumni at various time periods in the doctoral program. Participants represented a diverse group of students with differences in professional and academic backgrounds and life stages. A pilot study for this research suggested that the presence of a sense of community and informal mentoring may provide the necessary relationships to support this diversity. The primary question at the forefront of this study was: Do doctoral students feel connected to one another? Five subquestions were developed to address this research topic: Does a sense of community already exist and flourish in doctoral education? Are the programs and resources of the doctoral program organized to nurture the creation and maintenance of a sense of community? Is a sense of community a foundational element in the formation of naturally occurring relationships among doctoral students? What educational and socio-emotional benefits are associated with informal mentoring relationships during the doctoral experience? and Do doctoral students perceive a change in their development as stewards of their discipline over time? The principal methods used to investigate these research questions combined both quantitative and qualitative techniques in a concurrent time sequence. The quantitative portion of the study involved a questionnaire, while the qualitative portion involved two approaches; face-to-face interviews and an open-ended question at the end of the questionnaire. Findings from the study indicated that the presence of both sense of community and informal mentoring enhance the overall quality of doctoral education. Program elements that enhanced or hindered connection between students were identified. Both the dynamics and the emotional, social, and academic benefits of informal mentoring were elucidated. Over time participants perceived changes in their development of the qualities assqciated with stewardship. This study brought the "hoped-for by-products" associated with doctoral education from the background shadows to an illuminated position at the forefront of inquiry.

L’influence des médias électroniques sur la formation de l’opinion publique : du mythe à la réalité

Un résumé en anglais est également disponible.

Fondements épistémologiques et représentations sociales d’enseignants d’histoire du secondaire à l’égard de l’enseignement de l’histoire et de la formation citoyenne

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux fondements épistémologiques et à la vision que des enseignants d’histoire au secondaire entretiennent à l’égard de l’enseignement de l’histoire et de la formation citoyenne. La réflexion s’inscrit dans le contexte de la refonte des programmes d’enseignement de l’histoire qui engage dorénavant les maîtres d’histoire à éduquer à la citoyenneté démocratique. Ce projet éducationnel repose sur le postulat suivant : l’apprentissage de l’histoire, de sa pensée et de sa méthode permet de former des individus capables de réflexion critique autonome et informée. Cette vision de l’enseignement de l’histoire implique que les élèves s’exercent à la pensée historienne, à l’analyse des sources et à la construction d’interprétations historiques. Ce faisant, ils développeraient une compréhension du monde fondée sur la maîtrise de concepts et une pensée complexe, ce qui servirait de ce fait la citoyenneté. La recherche a par ailleurs démontré que les maîtres avaient recours à des méthodes pédagogiques plus traditionnelles (Charland, 2003; Martineau, 1997). C’est donc à des changements de pratiques qu’appelle le ministère de l’Éducation. Or un tel changement ne se déclare pas « d’en haut ». Les convictions des maîtres sont lentes à se transformer et ce sont elles qui déterminent la formation historienne et citoyenne que recevront les élèves. Nous en avons fait notre objet d’étude pour cette recherche en recourant à la théorie des représentations sociales. Nous avons adopté le modèle du noyau central (Abric, 1994) et celui des principes organisateurs qui permet d’identifier les relations existantes entre plusieurs représentations. Nous avons effectué une recherche exploratoire de type qualitative. Des entretiens individuels semi-dirigés d’une durée moyenne de 120 minutes ont été réalisés avec un échantillon comptant 18 enseignants d’histoire au secondaire de Montréal, de Québec et de communautés amérindiennes du Québec. L’outil de cueillette et d’analyse des données s’inspire grandement des développements méthodologiques réalisés par la recherche sur les représentations sociales (évocation hiérarchisée continuée ou limitée, schémas conceptuels) (Abric, 1994; 1997). Les résultats permettent d’identifier les fondements épistémologiques et didactiques, le contenu et la structure, de même que les relations existant entre les représentations de l’enseignement de l’histoire et de la formation à la citoyenneté. Ils ont également mis en lumière les convictions idéologiques et pédagogiques des maîtres d’histoire.

Le Mercosur et la protection de la propriété intellectuelle : formation, évolution historique et importance dans ses relations internationales

Depuis le début de son histoire, l’être humain cherche, pour de nombreuses raisons à s’associer et développer le milieu où il vit. Ces caractéristiques culminèrent dans les phénomènes de mondialisation et de révolution technologique responsables de la diminution des distances physiques et temporelles du monde contemporain. Ces facteurs ont stimulé les processus d’intégration régionaux, lesquels ont pour but le renforcement de ses adhérents face à la nouvelle réalité mondiale. Parmi ces processus, on note le Mercosur qui vise à la création d’un marché commun entre l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Paraguay et l’Uruguay. Fondé sur l’intergouvernabilité et avec une structure organisationnelle définie, ce bloc économique possède un cadre normatif en évolution, cherchant constamment la sécurité juridique dans divers secteurs. Quant à la protection des droits de propriété intellectuelle, on constate une ancienne préoccupation de la région sur le thème. Toutefois, le peu de normes existantes au sein du bloc confèrent des droits subjectifs minimaux et la plupart d’entre eux ne sont pas intégrés dans les législations nationales, lesquelles sont alignées sur les traités internationaux. Dans ses relations internationales, le Mercosur a une longue histoire de négociations avec l’Union Européenne et une histoire plus modeste avec le Canada, dans lesquelles l’attention portée aux droits de propriété intellectuelle n’est pas uniforme. De plus, sa participation dans les organismes internationaux responsables de ces droits est faible. Dans ce contexte, même avec un futur incertain le Mercosur présente de grandes expectatives. Toutefois, la préoccupation à protéger les droits de propriété intellectuelle est présente et réelle et commence à prendre de l’ampleur dans ses relations internes et externes.