Aplicación de la teoría de redes complejas a procesos dinámicos en la sociedad

Podemos definir la sociedad como un sistema complejo que emerge de la cooperación y coordinación de billones de individuos y centenares de países. En este sentido no vivimos en una isla sino que estamos integrados en redes sociales que influyen en nuestro comportamiento. En esta tesis doctoral, presentamos un modelo analítico y una serie de estudios empíricos en los que analizamos distintos procesos sociales dinámicos desde una perspectiva de la teoría de redes complejas. En primer lugar, introducimos un modelo para explorar el impacto que las redes sociales en las que vivimos inmersos tienen en la actividad económica que transcurre sobre ellas, y mas concretamente en hasta qué punto la estructura de estas redes puede limitar la meritocracia de una sociedad. Como concepto contrario a meritocracia, en esta tesis, introducimos el término topocracia. Definimos un sistema como topocrático cuando la influencia o el poder y los ingresos de los individuos vienen principalmente determinados por la posición que ocupan en la red. Nuestro modelo es perfectamente meritocrático para redes completamente conectadas (todos los nodos están enlazados con el resto de nodos). Sin embargo nuestro modelo predice una transición hacia la topocracia a medida que disminuye la densidad de la red, siendo las redes poco densascomo las de la sociedad- topocráticas. En este modelo, los individuos por un lado producen y venden contenidos, pero por otro lado también distribuyen los contenidos producidos por otros individuos mediando entre comprador y vendedor. La producción y distribución de contenidos definen dos medios por los que los individuos reciben ingresos. El primero de ellos es meritocrático, ya que los individuos ingresan de acuerdo a lo que producen. Por el contrario el segundo es topocrático, ya que los individuos son compensados de acuerdo al número de cadenas mas cortas de la red que pasan a través de ellos. En esta tesis resolvemos el modelo computacional y analíticamente. Los resultados indican que un sistema es meritocrático solamente si la conectividad media de los individuos es mayor que una raíz del número de individuos que hay en el sistema. Por tanto, a la luz de nuestros resultados la estructura de la red social puede representar una limitación para la meritocracia de una sociedad. En la segunda parte de esta tesis se presentan una serie de estudios empíricos en los que se analizan datos extraídos de la red social Twitter para caracterizar y modelar el comportamiento humano. En particular, nos centramos en analizar conversaciones políticas, como las que tienen lugar durante campañas electorales. Nuestros resultados indican que la atención colectiva está distribuida de una forma muy heterogénea, con una minoría de cuentas extremadamente influyente. Además, la capacidad de los individuos para diseminar información en Twitter está limitada por la estructura y la posición que ocupan en la red de seguidores. Por tanto, de acuerdo a nuestras observaciones las redes sociales de Internet no posibilitan que la mayoría sea escuchada por la mayoría. De hecho, nuestros resultados implican que Twitter es topocrático, ya que únicamente una minoría de cuentas ubicadas en posiciones privilegiadas en la red de seguidores consiguen que sus mensajes se expandan por toda la red social. En conversaciones políticas, esta minoría de cuentas influyentes se compone principalmente de políticos y medios de comunicación. Los políticos son los mas mencionados ya que la gente les dirige y se refiere a ellos en sus tweets. Mientras que los medios de comunicación son las fuentes desde las que la gente propaga información. En un mundo en el que los datos personales quedan registrados y son cada día mas abundantes y precisos, los resultados del modelo presentado en esta tesis pueden ser usados para fomentar medidas que promuevan la meritocracia. Además, los resultados de los estudios empíricos sobre Twitter que se presentan en la segunda parte de esta tesis son de vital importancia para entender la nueva "sociedad digital" que emerge. En concreto hemos presentado resultados relevantes que caracterizan el comportamiento humano en Internet y que pueden ser usados para crear futuros modelos. Abstract Society can be defined as a complex system that emerges from the cooperation and coordination of billions of individuals and hundreds of countries. Thus, we do not live in social vacuum and the social networks in which we are embedded inevitably shapes our behavior. Here, we present an analytical model and several empirical studies in which we analyze dynamical social systems through a network science perspective. First, we introduce a model to explore how the structure of the social networks underlying society can limit the meritocracy of the economies. Conversely to meritocracy, in this work we introduce the term topocracy. We say that a system is topocratic if the compensation and power available to an individual is determined primarily by her position in a network. Our model is perfectly meritocratic for fully connected networks but becomes topocratic for sparse networks-like the ones in society. In the model, individuals produce and sell content, but also distribute the content produced by others when they belong to the shortest path connecting a buyer and a seller. The production and distribution of content defines two channels of compensation: a meritocratic channel, where individuals are compensated for the content they produce, and a topocratic channel, where individual compensation is based on the number of shortest paths that go through them in the network. We solve the model analytically and show that the distribution of payoffs is meritocratic only if the average degree of the nodes is larger than a root of the total number of nodes. Hence, in the light of our model, the sparsity and structure of networks represents a fundamental constraint to the meritocracy of societies. Next, we present several empirical studies that use data gathered from Twitter to analyze online human behavioral patterns. In particular, we focus on political conversations such as electoral campaigns. We found that the collective attention is highly heterogeneously distributed, as there is a minority of extremely influential accounts. In fact, the ability of individuals to propagate messages or ideas through the platform is constrained by the structure of the follower network underlying the social media and the position they occupy on it. Hence, although people have argued that social media can allow more voices to be heard, our results suggest that Twitter is highly topocratic, as only the minority of well positioned users are widely heard. This minority of influential accounts belong mostly to politicians and traditional media. Politicians tend to be the most mentioned, while media are the sources of information from which people propagate messages. We also propose a methodology to study and measure the emergence of political polarization from social interactions. To this end, we first propose a model to estimate opinions in which a minority of influential individuals propagate their opinions through a social network. The result of the model is an opinion probability density function. Next, we propose an index to quantify the extent to which the resulting distribution is polarized. Finally, we illustrate our methodology by applying it to Twitter data. In a world where personal data is increasingly available, the results of the analytical model introduced in this work can be used to enhance meritocracy and promote policies that help to build more meritocratic societies. Moreover, the results obtained in the latter part, where we have analyzed Twitter, are key to understand the new data-driven society that is emerging. In particular, we have presented relevant information that can be used to benchmark future models for online communication systems or can be used as empirical rules characterizing our online behavior.

O PAPEL DA COMUNICAÇÃO FACE A FACE NAS ORGANIZAÇÕES NO CONTEXTO DA SOCIEDADE MIDIATIZADA

Este estudo trata da comunicação face a face nas organizações sob diferentes abordagens teóricas. Considera a perspectiva da simultaneidade dos meios, já que as empresas utilizam diversos canais para dialogar com seus públicos de interesse. Leva em conta o fenômeno da midiatização, que reestrutura o modo como as pessoas se relacionam na sociedade contemporânea. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é sistematizar papeis potencialmente exercidos pela interação face a face e conhecer algumas circunstâncias que envolvem sua prática nas organizações. Por se tratar de uma tese teórica, a pesquisa bibliográfica se apresenta como um dos principais procedimentos metodológicos; análises de casos empíricos e um estudo de caso desenvolvido na Embrapa Pantanal constituem situações ilustrativas. Conclui-se que a comunicação face a face nas empresas ocorre de forma simultânea e combinada a outros canais de comunicação, porém, ela proporciona resultados práticos e filosóficos ainda pouco explorados. É rara a utilização estratégica de contatos presenciais como mecanismo para estabelecer relacionamentos, conhecer as reações alheias e ajustar a comunicação, aliar o discurso corporativo às práticas empresariais e avaliar o contexto onde se desenvolvem as interações, o que pode ser decisivo para a comunicação organizacional.

COMUNICAÇÃO INSTITUCIONAL E UNIVERSIDADE: diretrizes para a divulgação científica no estado de Mato Grosso

O estudo visa identificar as iniciativas de Divulgação Científica empreendidas pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT) e Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (Unemat), com vistas à atualização e ao aperfeiçoamento da comunicação institucional, maior interação com interlocutores e fortalecimento da imagem do estado como produtor de CT&I. Foram empreendidas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, áreas prioritárias de fomento e difusão científica; entrevistas; auditoria de imagem na mídia estadual; diagnóstico dos principais produtos de jornalismo científico desenvolvidos pela UFMT e Unemat, assim como iniciativas conjuntas (revista Fapemat Ciência e Rede de Divulgação Científica). O método investigativo adotado pode ser caracterizado como Pesquisa Participante, concebido em estreita associação com resolução de problemas, tomada de consciência ou produção de novos conhecimentos (THIOLLENT, 1996, 1997). Tal estratégia agrega distintas técnicas de pesquisa social, definidas em função de cada fase do processo de investigação. A partir da análise dos conteúdos científicos publicados nos jornais estaduais, foi possível verificar que essas IES públicas ainda não ocupam lugar relevante em tais veículos, o que pode ser justificado pela inadequação de linguagem ou canais de relacionamento, assim como, pela necessidade de uma política de divulgação mais eficiente. O mapeamento dos portais e canais de mídias sociais institucionais evidenciou que a utilização desses veículos ainda pode ser mais bem dinamizada. Por fim, as conclusões apontam que diferenças culturais e institucionais entre as duas IES inviabilizam a adoção de uma Política de Comunicação Científica integrada, comum entre UFMT e Unemat. O que pode ser considerado, é o desenvolvimento de ações para a dinamização de divulgação dessas instituições, no âmbito do Sistema Estadual de CT&I.

Elaboración de un mapa de inventario de inestabilidades de los taludes del Polígono Industrial Santiago Payá (Alcoy, Alicante)

Los mapas de inventario de movimientos de ladera se realizan durante las primeras etapas de investigación de los procesos de inestabilidad de laderas y de zonas inestables. Estos mapas resultan de gran utilidad dado que facilitan las tareas de prevención y el análisis de estabilidad. En el presente trabajo se muestra la metodología seguida para elaborar un mapa de inventario de movimientos de ladera en el Polígono Industrial de Santiago Payá situado en el término municipal de Alcoy (Alicante) así como la cartografía resultante.

Arquitectura. Ritos y ritmos

Este libro está dedicado a cuantos aún creen en el beneficio de la Arquitectura que a todos y a todas y en todas partes, salvo cuando ocasionalmente navegamos, nos sustenta y envuelve. No es, ni de lejos, un recetario. Es más bien un cuestionario que invita a pensar. Convencido de que la Arquitectura no se enseña, sino más bien ella nos enseña a vivir, el autor ha puesto por escrito aquellos interrogantes que, a lo largo de cuatro décadas, él mismo formuló de palabra, invitando a sus estudiantes y estudiosos a aprender de ella, interrogándola. Hablamos, pues, de Arquitectura. Hace dos tercios de siglo, Bruno Zevi, arquitecto e historiador vinculado al llamado Movimiento Moderno, publicó un libro titulado Saber ver la arquitectura. En su época fue un best-seller. Este libro apunta a algo diferente. Pues no trata de saber ver, sino de saber habitar la arquitectura. Lo que podría haber sido su título, porque éste es su propósito: y el que traza su itinerario. Un itinerario que va del lugar que habitamos en el planeta (la tierra) a la luz que nos remite al sistema (el cosmos) al que pertenecemos. El trayecto del libro contempla, a lo largo de sus 28 capítulos, otras tantas estaciones, o cuestiones, en las que el lector puede a su antojo subirse al tren o apearse de su discurso. Bien entendido que la fe en el poder de la Arquitectura no se discute: se da por supuesta. Ella está presente en cada uno de nuestros pasos sobre la tierra, alimenta el fuego de nuestros hogares, vehicula y canaliza el agua que sacia nuestra sed y ventila el aire que respiramos. En ella se dan cita, pues, los cuatro elementos de la sabiduría clásica del mundo. El libro agrupa las dichas 28 cuestiones en cuatro paquetes de siete, dos y dos. Los dos primeros atienden a los ritos, o protocolos, en los que se ejercita la voluntad de habitación. Los cuales, a su vez, suponen una toma de posesión con respecto al territorio, su geografía y su historia, su topografía y su paisaje, sus asentamientos y sus mitos. Y los dos siguientes refieren sus ritmos, materiales y formales, a través de los cuales la arquitectura se confabula con la vida y redunda en ella. Por medio del ritmo la arquitectura escenifica el rito de la habitación.

Aplicación de las teorías de la emoción fílmica: análisis de "El niño con el pijama de rayas"

En los últimos años el estudio de las emociones ha alcanzado una gran importancia. No nos relacionamos sólo con personas, objetos y paisajes del mundo real, sino que también lo hacemos con lo que llega de los mundos ficticios. Por este motivo, desde hace unas décadas se ha empezado a estudiar el poder emocional del cine en el espectador. Una de las teorías que tratan la emoción fílmica es la mood-cue approach de Greg Smith. Para demostrar su validez vamos a aplicarla a una película con mucho impacto emocional. La elegida es "El niño con el pijama de rayas" dirigida por Mark Herman y basada en el Best Seller de John Boyne.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 1 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 1 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing a north central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 2 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 2 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing a northwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 3 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 3 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the northeastern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 4 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 4 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the southeastern portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 5 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 5 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing a south central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 6 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 6 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, England, 1748 (Image 7 of 7) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A new and accurate map of the county of Cornwall : from an actual survey, made by Thos. Martyn. It was printed and sold by Robt. Sayer, map & print seller opposite Fetter Lane Fleet Street in 1748. Scale [ca. 1:65,000]. This layer is image 7 of 7 total images of the nine sheet source map, representing a north central portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the 'British National Grid' coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, administrative boundaries, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes inset of the Isles of Scilly and illus. of "The arms of the nobility and gentry that have subscrib'd for this map."This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, 1800 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A chart of the harbour of Boston : with soundings, sailing marks, &c. taken from Holland's survey's [sic], carefully revised and corrected by Osgood Carleton, Esqr. Republished and sold by W. Norman, book and chart-seller ca. 1800. Scale [ca. 1:25,500]. Covers Boston Harbor and adjacent lands. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows coastal features such as rocks, channels, points, coves, islands, and more. Depths are shown by soundings and shading. It also shows land features such as roads, drainage, and more. Relief is shown pictorially and by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.