鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8段砂岩输导体定量表征研究

Migration carriers act as the “Bridges” connecting source rock and traps and play important roles in petroleum migration and accumulation system. Among various types of carriers, sandstone carrier constitutes the basis of carrier system consisting of connected sandstone bodies, of sand-bodies connected with other carriers, such as faults and/or unconformities. How do we understand sandstone carrier beyond the traditional reservoirs concept? How could we characterize quantitatively this kind of carriers for petroleum migration? Such subjects are important and difficult contents in dynamic studies on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Sandstone carrier of Chang 8 member in Longdong area of Ordos Basin is selected as the research target in this thesis. Through conducting integrated reservoir analysis on many single wells, the correlation between single sandstone thickness and oil thickness seems good. Sketch sandstone is defined in this thesis as the principal part of carrier based on systematical analysis on lithology and sandstone thickness. Geometry connectivity of sandstone bodies was identified by the spatial superposition among them and was proved by the oil property features in oilfields. The connectivity between sandstone carriers is also hydrodynamically studied by observing and analyzed various diagenetic phenomena, especially the authigenic minerals and their forming sequence. The results were used to characterize transporting capability of sandstone carriers during the key petroleum migration periods. It was found that compaction and cementation are main causes to reduce pore space, and resolution may but not so importantly increases pore space after the occurrence of first migration. The cements of ferrocalcite and kiesel seem like the efficient index to demonstrate the hydraulic connection among sandy bodies. Diagenetic sequence and its relationship with petroleum migration phases are analyzed. Sandstone carrier of Chang 8 member was then characterized by studying their pore space and permeable properties. The results show an average porosity and permeability of Chang 8 carriers are respectively 8% and 0.50md, belongs to low porosity - low permeability reservoirs. Further, the physical properties of Chang 81 member are commonly better than those of Chang 82 member. Methods to reconstruct property of sandstone carrier during petroleum migration phase (late Jurassic) are built based on diagenetic sequence. Planal porosity, porosity and permeability of sandstone carrier in this period are statistically analyzed. One combining index - product of thickness and ancient porosity - is selected as the idea parameter to characterize sandstone carrier of late Jurassic after contrast with other parameters. Reservoirs of Chang 8 member in Longdong area are lithological reservoir controlled by sand body in which oil layers in middle part are clamped with dry layers in upper and lower parts, in a sandwich way. Based a newly proposed “migration-diagensis-remigration” model in low permeability sandstone of Chang 8 member in Longdong area, oil migration and accumulation processes during different periods are simulated with the reconstructed sandstone carriers system. Results match well with current reservoir distributions. Finally, suggestions for next favorable exploration areas are given based on all research achievements.

大型反倾岩体变形破坏机制及稳定性分析———以金沙江宽谷坝址龙蟠边坡为例

A large number of catastrophic accidents were aroused by the instability and destruction of anti-dip rock masses in the worldwide engineering projects, such as hydropower station, mine, railways and so on. Problems in relation to deformation and failure about anti-dip rock slopes are significant for engineering geology research. This dissertation takes the Longpan slope in the Jinsha River as a case to study the deformation mechanism of large-scale anti-dip rock masses and the slope stability analysis method. The primary conclusions are as follows. The Dale Reach of Jinsha River, from Longpan to the debouchment of Chongjiang tributary, is located in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Longpan slope is the right embankment of Dale dam, it is only 26 km to the Shigu and 18 km to Tiger Leaping Gorge. The areal geology tectonic structures here area are complicated and blurry. Base on the information of geophysical exploration (CSAMT and seismology) and engineering geological investigation, the perdue tectonic pattern of Dale Reach is put forward for the first time in this paper. Due to the reverse slip of Longpan fault and normal left-rotation of Baihanchang fault, the old faulted valley came into being. The thick riverbed sediments have layered characters of different components and corresponding causes, which attribute to the sedimentary environments according with the new tectonic movements such as periodic mountain uplifting in middle Pleistocene. Longpan slope consists of anti-dip alternate sandstone and slate stratums, and the deformable volume is 6.5×107m3 approximately. It was taken for an ancient landslide or toppling failure in the past so that Dale dam became a vexed question. Through the latest field surveying, displacement monitoring and rock masses deforming characters analyses, the geological mechanism is actually a deep-seated gravitational bending deformation. And then the discrete element method is used to simulate the deforming evolution process, the conclusion accords very well with the geo-mechanical patterns analyses. In addition strength reduction method based on DEM is introduced to evaluate the factor of safety of anti-dip rock slope, and in accordance with the expansion way of the shear yielding zones, the progressive shear failure mechanism of large-scale anti-dip rock masses is proposed for the first time. As an embankment or a close reservoir bank to the lower dam, the stability of Longpan slope especially whether or not resulting in sliding with high velocity and activating water waves is a key question for engineering design. In fact it is difficult to decide the unified slip surface of anti-dip rock slope for traditional methods. The author takes the shear yielding zones acquired form the discrete element strength reduction calculation as the potential sliding surface and then evaluates the change of excess pore pressure and factor of stability of the slope generated by rapid drawdown of ponded water. At the same time the dynamic response of the slope under seismic loading is simulated through DEM numerical modeling, the following results are obtained. Firstly the effective effect of seismic inertia force is resulting in accumulation of shear stresses. Secondly the discontinuous structures are crucial to wave transmission. Thirdly the ultimate dynamic response of slope system takes place at the initial period of seismic loading. Lastly but essentially the effect of earthquake load to bringing on deformation and failure of rock slope is the coupling effect of shear stresses and excess pore water pressure accumulation. In view of limitations in searching the critical slip surface of rock slope of the existing domestic and international software for limit equilibrium slope stability analyses, this article proposes a new method named GA-Sarma Algorithm for rock slope stability analyses. Just as its name implies, GA-Sarma Algorithm bases on Genetic Algorithm and Sarma method. GA-Sarma Algorithm assumes the morphology of slip surface to be a broken line with traceability to extend along the discontinuous surface structures, and the slice boundaries is consistent with rock mass discontinuities such as rock layers, faults, cracks, and so on. GA-Sarma Algorithm is revolutionary method that is suitable for global optimization of the critical slip surface for rock slopes. The topics and contents including in this dissertation are closely related to the difficulties in practice, the main conclusions have been authorized by the engineering design institute. The research work is very meaningful and useful for the engineering construction of Longpan hydropower station.

最优烃类指标方法的研究与应用

Nowadays, with the development of reservoir exploration, the method of exploration is growing. Together with well information and laboratory results, seismic information with high quality can predict reservoir successfully. Hydrocarbon Indicator is a method, which picks the most sensitive rock properties of hydrocarbons, scans the aim area with rock physics tools, and then indicates the area of reservoir. Obviously, the more is the difference between brine and oil/gas, the better this method works. Which parameter can be used as the Optimal Hydrocarbon Indicators is still in discussion. The author introduced several kinds of Hydrocarbon Indicators in this thesis. After analyzing the response of different parameter to reservoir, together with seismic information, the reservoir can be predicted. In this paper, the reservoir of Zhunge’er is studied to prove this kind of method is suitable for real exploration in China. Besides, the author chose Haila’er reservoir to testify whether this method could be used in metamorphic reservoir other than sandstone reservoir. The results highlighted the meaning of Optimal Hydrocarbon Indicators on reservoir identification. The author also mentioned some thoughts for the development of hydrocarbon indicators in the future.

复杂地质条件下高精度地震勘探技术研究与应用-以泌阳凹陷为例

In order to carry out high-precision three-dimensional "integration" for the characteristics of the secondary seismic exploration for Biyang Depression, in the implementation process, through a combination of scientific research and production, summed up high-precision seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technologies suitable for the eastern part of the old liberated areas, achieved the following results: 1. high-precision complex three-dimensional seismic exploration technology series suitable for shallow depression Biyang block group. To highlight the shallow seismic signal, apply goal-based observing system design, trail from the small panel to receive and protect the shallow treatment of a range of technologies; to explain the use of three-dimensional visualization and coherent combination of full-body three-dimensional fine interpretation identification of the 50-100 m below the unconformity surface and its formation of about 10 meters of the distribution of small faults and improve the small block and stratigraphic unconformity traps recognition. 2. high-precision series of three-dimensional seismic exploration technology suitable for deep depression Biyang low signal to noise ratio of information. Binding model using forward and lighting technology, wide-angle observation system covering the design, multiple suppression and raise the energy of deep seismic reflection processing and interpretation of detailed, comprehensive reservoir description, such as research and technology, identified a number of different types of traps. 3. high-precision seismic exploration technology series for the southern Biyang Depression high steep three-dimensional structure. The use of new technology of seismic wave scattering theory and high-precision velocity model based on pre-stack time migration and depth migration imaging of seismic data and other high-precision processing technology, in order to identify the southern steep slope of the local structure prediction and analysis of sandstone bedrock surface patterns provide a wealth of information.

地震资料叠前储层预测综合研究--以辽中凹陷东二下段浊积扇气藏为例

Reservoir prediction techniques from prestack seismic are among the most important ones for exploration of lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir. In this paper, we set the turbidite fan sandstone reservoir in Liao-Zhong depress as our researching target, and aims to solve the apllication difficulties on pre-stack inversion in the area, where the drilling data is scarce and the reservoir is lateral varied. Meanwhile, AVO analysis and pre-stack inversion for gas-bearing detection is systematically researched. The seismic reflection characters of gas-bearing sandstone in turbidite fan with different fluid content are defined, after analyzing results from AVO seismic simulation and porous fluid replacement of real log data, and under the guides of the seismic characters from classical gas-bearing sandstone reservoir and numerical simulation for complicate gas-bearing sandstone. It is confirmed that detecting gas-bearing sandstone in turbidite fan via AVO technologies is feasible. In terms of AVO analysis, two AVO characters, fluid detection factor and product of intercept and gradient, can effectively identify top and bottom boundaries and lateral range of tuibidite gas sand by comparing real drilling data. Cross-plotting of near and far angle stack data could avoid the correlation existing in P-G analysis. After comparing the acoustic impedance inversions with routine stacked data and AVO intercept, impedance derived from AVO intercept attribute could reduce the acoustic impedance estimating error which is caused by AVO. On the aspect of elastic impedance inversion, the AVO information in the pre-stack gathers is properly reserved by creating partial angle stack data. By the far angle elastic impedance alone, the gas sand, with abnormally low range of values, can be identified from the background rocks. The boundary of gas sand can also be clearly determined by cross-plotting of near and far angle elastic impedances. The accuracy of far angle elastic impedance is very sensitive to the parameter K, and by taking the statistical average of Vp/Vs on the targeted section in key wells, the accuracy of low frequency trends is gurranteed; the intensive absorsion within the area of the gas sand, which tends to push the spectral of seismic data to the lower end, will cause errors on the inversion result of elastic impedance. The solution is to confine the inversion on the interested area by improving the wavelet. On the aspect of prestack AVA simultaneous inversion, the constraint of local rock-physical trends between velocities of P-wave、S-wave and density successfully removes the instability of inversion, thus improves the precision of the resulting elastic parameters. Plenty of data on rock properties are derived via AVO analysis and prestack seismic data inversion. Based on them, the fluid anomaly is analysized and lithological interpretation are conducted. The distribution of gas sand can be consistently determined via various of ways, such as cross-plotting of P and G attributes, near and far partial angle stack data, near and far angle elastic impedances, λρ and Vp/Vs, etc. The shear modulo and density are also reliable enough to be used for lithological interpretation. We successfully applied the AVO analysis and pre-stack inversion techniques to gas detecting for turbidite fan sand reservoir in Liao-Zhong depression.

鄂尔多斯盆地志丹地区延长组储层综合评价

Sedimentary provenance direction，sedimentary facies，reservoir geological characteristic，pore structure； physical property characteristic，reservoir classification and evaluation ，forthermore，favorable area area are forecasted of Yanchang formation in ZhiDan region， by mainly study on the data of field section observation ，core observation, well logging explaination and routine microscope slice identification，scanning Electron Microscope and reservoir analysis of lithology and physical property , Under the guidance of such advanced theories and methods as sedimentology，reservoir sedimentology，lithological oil pool and so on，in the thesis. The following fruits are mainly achieved in this paper： Yanchang formation stratum is divided and correlated in this entire region， and the characteristic of oil layer unit is detailed discussed , respectively. According to main marker bed and supplementary ones.and research result shows that the source of provenance direction during Yanchang Formation mianly is north-east. Delta and lake are mainly developed in study area ，sub-facies and micro-facies are divided，distribution of sedimentary micro-facies in plane and palaeogeographic evolution are described，and gentle slope type- shallow water delta depositional model is established. Fine-grain arkose sandstone is the main reservoir，and which have experienced such different degree diagenesis as compaction, cementation, replacement and dissolution, and in which compaction and cementation are mainly factors to reduce sandstone physical property and dissolution effectively improved physical property during burial diagenesis procedure. All reservoirs of Yanchang Formation have entered A period of late diagenetic stage according to scheme of diagenesis period division . Intergranular porosity，dissolution porosity，fissure porosity are main pore types. And porosity structure are analyse by mercury penetration capillary pressure parameter，fine-shortness type and fine- length throat type are mainly developed. as a whole，the reservoir， with the characteristic of porosity and permeability altering apparently，strong inhomogeneity ， is a medium- porosity and medium permeability one. In plane，higher- porosity and higher-permeability are corresponded well with distributary channel area， physical property and inhomogeneity are affected by both deposition and diagenesis，and distributary channel and underwater distributary channel are favorable facies . According to such characteristic as lithology，physical property，pore structure ，diagenesis and sandstone distribution, the sandy reservoir can be classified 4 types, and the main sandy in every oil layer unit are evaluated according to the standard. The analysis result of petroleum concentration rule shows that Yanchang Formation are with not only favourable oil source rock，reservoir，covering combination ，but also good entrapment condition in study area. Lithology and structure-lithology oil pool are mainly developed ，based on condition of favorable reservoir developments，accounting for deliverability and sandstone superface elevation，zone of profitabilitis are forecasted.

柴西南区下干柴沟组下段层序地层格架内沉积相展布及有利储集砂体分布研究

Lower member of the lower Ganchaigou Formation in the southwestern of Qaidam Basin is one of the main targeted exploration zones. With the advancement of exploration, the targets are gradually switching into the lithologic reservoirs and it is urgent to gain the more precise research results in distribution of sedimentary facies and sandstones. Guided by the theory of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology as well as on the basis of many logging data, drillings, seismic data and chemical tests, the paper comprehensively analyzes the sedimentary facies and sandstones in the lower member of lower Ganchaigou Formation in the southern of Chaixi. According to the identification marks of the key interface in sequence stratigraphy, the key interfaces in lower member of lower Ganchaigou Formation in the southwestern of Qaidam Basin are identified as two third-order sequences SQ1、SQ2. By calibrating the synthetic seismogram, the seismic sequence, well drilling and logging sequences are united. Based on the works above, this paper chooses seven primary cross-sections and builds connecting-well stratigraphic correlation of seven main connecting-well sections. Ultimately, the high-resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks in the lower member of the lower Ganchaigou Formation, which are uniform to logging and seismic data, are figured out. In terms of study on each sequence features, the main style of the base-level cycle overlay which forms the third-order sequence is confirmed. It contains asymmetric “becoming deep upward” style and symmetry style. Researching on the spreading characters of sequence stratigraphy indicates that SQ1 and SQ2 are rather thicker near northwest well Shashen 20 and Shaxin1 while they are quite thiner near Hongcan 1, Yuejin, Qie 4 and Dong8-Wu3, and the thickness of SQ1 is thicker than SQ2.Based on the deep analysis of the marks for depositional facies, it is proposed that the lake facies and braid river deltas facies mainly occurred in study areas. Besides, the sorts of sub-facies and micro-facies model are divided and described. Under the control of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework, three source directions from Arlarer Mountain、Qimantage Mountain and Dongchai Mountain are identified by using the features of heavy mineral assemblage and paleogeomorphy. In addition, regularities of distribution sedimentary facies in sequence stratigraphic framework are studied in accordance with research thinking of the "point" (single well) "line" (section) "face" (plane). In the stage of lower member in the lower Ganchaigou Formation in the southwestern of Qaidam Basin, it is at the early phrase of evolution of the lake basin with the gradual outspread and the rise of the lake level. Combined with physical analysis of reservoir sands formed in different sedimentary environment, the paper studies the style of favorable sandstone bodies that are underwater distributary channel of braided rive delta front, coarse sand in mouth bar and the sand body in sand flat of shore-shallow lacustrine facies. Finally, this article comprehensively analyzes the distribution relationship between sedimentary facies and favorable sandstone body and proposes the ideas that sequence SQ1 Yuejin area, well east 8-wu3 area, well qie4-qie1 area and well hongcan2 area are distributed areas of favorable sandstone.

特提斯喜马拉雅带晚白垩世-始新世沉积源区分析及其构造意义

Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) is located at the frontier of the India-Asia collision zone, which can preserve critical information about collision. This paper reports detailed petrology, geochemistry, spinels electron microprobe data, and in situ U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopic data on detrital zircons from the late Cretaceous to early Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba area, south Tibet that provide important constraints on the early tectonic evolution of the India-Asia collision. In Gyantze, the lithic arkose in Zongzhuo mélange is characterized by, SiO2 =80.4%, Al2O3=8.6%, Na2O=1.6%, K2O=1.1%, LaN/YbN=8.90, and εNd (0) =-10.27. Spinels compositions are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.1%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 80. The largest population of detrital zircons is within the 73-169Ma range with high εHf (t) and > 500 Ma with complex εHf (t) values. The lithic arkose in Rilang conglomerate is characterized by, SiO2 =56.5%, Al2O3=15.6%, Na2O=4.7%, K2O=0.6%, LaN/YbN=5.00-5.29, and εNd (0) =1.92. Spinels of 2006T98 display high TiO2 (generally >0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 70 and 85, other spinels are characterized by low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number mainly between 60 and 90. The largest population of detrital zircons is within 90-146 Ma range with high εHf (t). The lithic arkose in Jiachala formation is characterized by, SiO2 =64.6%, Al2O3=12.1%, Na2O=1.9%, K2O=1.8%, LaN/YbN=7.73-9.13, and εNd (0) =-5.52~-8.43. Spinels in the Jiachala formation have low TiO2 (generally <0.2%) and a Cr number between 39 and 88. Detrital zircons have a wide range of age distribution of 82-3165Ma with complex εHf (t). In Gamba, The quartze sandstone in Jidula formation is characterized by, SiO2=97.4%, Al2O3=0.9%, Na2O=0.03%, K2O=0.18%, LaN/YbN=18.70-21.684, and εNd (0) between -13.1~-7.4. While the lithic arkose in Zhepure formation is characterized by, SiO2=68.4%, Al2O3=7.3%, Na2O=1.15%, K2O=0.52%, LaN/YbN=6.09-8.99, and εNd(0)=-5.8~-6.3. Based on our geochemical analysis, spinles electron microprobe data, U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons of the late Cretaceous-Eocene strata in Gyantze and Gamba, southern Tibet, the following major conclusions can be drawn: 1. In Gyantze, the Zongzhuo mélange was mainly derived from accretionary prism/THS of continental slop and Gangdese arc. Rilang conglomerate was totally from Gangdese arc. The Jiachala formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 2. In Gamba, the Jidula formation was from India craton, while the Zhepure formation was derived from THS, suture zone and Gangdese arc. 3. The deposite of Zongzhuo mélange and Rilang conglomerate (73-55Ma) marks the collision between India and Asia. 4. Late Paleocene-Eocene tectonic evolution is consistent with foreland basin system.

复杂碎屑岩储层动、静态参数计算理论与方法研究

Reservoir characterization and reservoir modeling are two key techniques in petroleum exploration and development. They all are based on the reliable static and dynamic properties of the reservoirs, especially the static and dynamic properties of the reservoirs at each borehole. Without the static and dynamic properties of the reservoir, reservoir characterization and reservoir modeling will pass into nothingness. In fact, the static and dynamic properties of the reservoir are needed in every domain and stage of petroleum exploration & development Today, petroleum industry has reached a stage worldwide that most of the simple & large massive reservoirs have been well explored and developed. As a result, oil companies are paying more and more attention to the exploration & development of the complex & middle to small clastic reservoirs (such as low resistivity sandstone reservoirs, low or no resistivity contrast sandstone reservoirs, conglomerate reservoirs, volcanoclastic reservoirs). In the recent years, oil companies inside and outside China are focusing on the exploration and development elastic reservoirs. Most of the theories & methods being applicable for simple clastic reservoirs can not be used in complex clasic reservoirs. Some theories & methods that are not resolved in the case of simple clasic reservoirs become more impossible to be resolved in the case of complex elastic reservoirs. A set of theories & methods being applicable for computing the static and dynamic properties of the complex elastic reservoirs are developed in this paper and they have been put into practice successfully. These theories & methods are developed by integrating multi-subjects such as geology, well logging and reservoir engineering, in which geology is used as direction and modern well logging technology is used as basis and reservoir engineering is used as assistance and computer technology is used as tool. There are three outstanding breakthroughs in this paper: of the low porosity fractured and/or vuggy carbonate/igneous reservoirs too. A set of practical theories and methods of computing the static properties (such as porosity, saturation, lithology and fluid type) & dynamic properties (such as permeability and production rate) of simple clastic reservoirs have been developed with the hard efforts of many petroleum engineers and scientists in the past 70 years. However, only some of the theories & methods being applicable for simple clastic reservoirs can be used in complex clastic reservoirs after little modification because of the complexity of the complex clastic reservoirs. Most of the theories & methods being applicable for simple clastic reservoirs can not be used in complex clasic reservoirs. Some theories & methods that are not resolved in the case of simple clasic reservoirs become more impossible to be resolved in the case of complex clastic reservoirs. A set of theories & methods being applicable for computing the static and dynamic properties of the complex clastic reservoirs are developed in this paper and they have been put into practice successfully. These theories & methods are developed by integrating multi-subjects such as geology, well logging and reservoir engineering, in which geology is used as direction and modern well logging technology is used as basis and reservoir engineering is used as assistance and computer technology is used as tool. There are three outstanding breakthroughs in this paper:

西南极南设得兰群岛中新生代火山岩基底沉积学及其大地构造制约

Livingston Island, the second island of South Shetland Island, constains Mesozoic-Cenozoic basement, Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic sequences, plutonic intrusions and post-subduction volcanic rocks, which document the history and evolution of an important part of the South Shetland Islands magmatic arc. The sedimentary sequence is named the Miers Bluff Formation (MBF) and is interpreted as turbidite since the first geological study on South Shetland Islands, and is interpreted as turbidite. It base and top are not exposed, but a thickness of more than 3000m has been suggested and seems plausible. The turbidite is overlain by Mid - Cretaceous volcanic rocks and intruded by Eocene tonalites. The age of the Miers Bluff Formation is poorly constrained Late Carboniferous -Early Triassic. Sedimentary Environment, tectonic setting and forming age of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation were discussed by means of the methods of sedimentology, petrography and geochemistry, combinig with the study of trace fossils and microfossil plants. The following conclusions are obstained. A sedimentary geological section of Johnsons Dock is made by outside measuring and watching, and then according the section, the geological map near the Spanish Antarctic station was mapped. Four pebbly mudstone layers are first distinguished, which thickness is about 10m. The pebbly mudstone is the typical rock of debris flow, and the depostional environment of pebbly mudstone may be the channel of mid fan of submarine fan. The sedimentsry structural characteristics and size analysis of sandstones show the typical sedimentary feature of turbidity flow and the Miers Bluff Formation is a deep-water turbidite (include some gravity-flow sediments). The materials of palaeocurrents suggest the continental slope dip to southeast, and indicate the provenance of turbidity sediment in the northwest area. By facies analysis, six main facies which include seven subfacies were recognized, which are formed in mid-fan and lower-fan of submarine, meanwhile, the sedimentary features of each facies and subfacies are summarized. The study of clastic composition, major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements indicates the forming setting of the Miers Bluff Formaton is active continental margin and continental island arc and the provenance is dissected magmatic arc which main composition is felsic gneiss. Many trace fossils of the whole succession were found in the turbidites of the Miers Bluff Formation. All these trace fossils are deep sea ichnofossils. There are fifteen ichnogenus, sixteen ichnospecies. Moreover, a new trace fossil was found and a new ichnogenus and new ichnospecies was proposed - Paleaichnus antarctics ichnogen, et ichnosp, nov.. Except the new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, others had been found in deep-sea flysch turbidites. Some are in mudstone and are preserved in the cast convex of overlying sandstone sole, they formed before turbidity flows occurred and belong to the high-different Graphoglyptida of fiysch mudstone. Others as Fucusopsis and Neonereites are preserved in sandstones and stand for trace assemblages after turbidity sedimentation. These trace fossils are typical members of abyssal "Nereites" ichnofacies, and provide for the depositional environment of the Miers Bluff Formation. Fairly diverse microfossil plants have been recovered from the Miers Bluff Formation, Livingston Island, including spores, pollen, acritarchs, wood fragments and cuticles. Containing a total of about 45 species (forms) of miospores, the palynofiora is quantitatively characterized by the dominance of non-striate bisaccate pollen, but spores of pteridophytes and pollen of gymnosperms are proportionate in diversity. It is somewhat comparable to the subzone C+D of the Alisporites zone of Antarctica, and the upper Craterisporites rotundus zone and the lower Polycingulatisporites crenulatus zone of Australia, suggesting a Late Triassic (possibly Norian-Rhaetian) age, as also evidenced by the sporadic occurrence of Aratrisporites and probable Classopollis as well as the complete absence of bisaccate Striatiti. The parent vegetation and paleoclimate are preliminarily deduced. At last, the paper prooses the provenance of sedimentary rocks of the Miers Bluff Formation locates in the east part to the southern Chile(or Southern South American). In the Triassic period, contrasting with New Zealand, Australia and South American of the Pacific margin of Gondwanaland, the Miers Bluff Formation is deposited in the fore-arc basin or back-arc basin of magmatic arc.

松辽盆地南部岩性油藏成藏模式与分布规律

According to the basic geologic conditions, the paper is directed by the modem oil-gas accumulation theory and petroleum system in which typical oil pools are analyzed and the shape of lithologic trap and geologic factors are pointed out. The process during which oil and gas migrate from source rock to lithologic trap is rebuilt, and the accumulation model of oil pool is set up. With the comprehensive application of seismic geologic and log data and paying attention to the method and technology which is used to distinguish lithologic accumulation. Promising structural-lithofacies zones are got and the distribution rule of various lithologic accumulation is concluded. With making use of the biologic mark compound, different reservoirs are compared. As a result, the oil and gas in HeiDimiao come from Nenjiang Group's source rocks; in SaErTu from QingShenkou Group's and Nenjiang Group's, and in PuTaohua. GaoTaizi and FuYang from QingShankou Group's. According to the development and distribution of effective source rock, oil distribution and the comparison in the south of SongLiao basin, the characteristic of basin structure and reservoir distribution is considered, and then the middle-upper reservoir of SongLiao basin south are divided into two petroleum system and a complex petroleum system. Because of the characteristic of migration and accumulation, two petroleum systems can furtherly be divided into 6-7 sub-petroleum systems,20 sub-petroleum systems in all. As a result of the difference of the migration characteristic, accumulation conditions and the place in the petroleum system, the accumulation degree and accumulation model are different. So three accumulation mechanism and six basic accumulation model of lithologic trap are concluded. The distribution of lithologic pools is highly regular oil and gas around the generation sag distribute on favorable structural-lithofacies zones, the type of lithological pool vary regularly from the core of sandstone block to the upper zone. On the basic of regional structure and sedimentary evolution, main factors which control the form of trap are discovered, and it is the critical factor method which is used to discern the lithologic trap. After lots of exploration, 700km~2 potential trap is distinguished and 18391.86 * 10~4 tons geologic reserves is calculated. Oil-water distribution rule of pinch-out oil pool is put up on plane which is the reservoirs can be divided into four sections. This paper presented the law of distribution of oil and water in updip pinch-out reservoir, that is, hydrocarbon-bearing formation in plane can be divided into four zones: bottom edge water zone, underside oil and water zone, middle pure oil zone and above residual water zone. The site of the first well should be assigned to be middle or above pure oil zone, thus the exploration value of this type of reservoir can be recognized correctly. In accordance with the characteristics of seism and geology of low permeability thin sandstone and mudstone alternation layer, the paper applied a set of reservoir prediction technology, that is: (1)seism multi-parameter model identification; (2) using stratum's absorbing and depleting information to predict reservoir's abnormal hydrocarbon-bearing range. With the analysis of the residual resource potential and the research of two petroleum system and the accumulation model, promising objective zones are predicted scientifically. And main exploration aim is the DaRngZi bore in the west of ChangLin basin, and YingTai-SiFangZi middle-upper assembly in Honggang terrace.

三角洲储层孔隙结构模型与剩余油分布研究——以临南油田沙河街组储层为例

The study of pore structure in reservoir was paid attention to in the early reservoir research and now a systematic research methodology is set up. On the limits of tools and conditions, methodologies and technologies on formation condition and distribution laws of pore structure and the relationship between remaining oil distribution and pore structure are uncertain and some knownage about it is also uncertain. As the development of petroleum industry, the characterization of pore structure and the prediction of remaining oil are the hot spot and difficult point in the research of oil development. The author pays a close attention to this subject and has done much research on it. In a case study in Linnan oilfield Huimin sag Jiyang Depression Bohai Bay basin by using a new method, named varied scale comprehensive modeling of pore structure, the author builds pore structure models for delta reservoir, reveals the remaining oil distribution laws in delta facies, and predicts the distribution of remaining oil in Linnan oilfield. By the application of stratigraphy, sedimentology and structure geology. the author reveals the genetic types of sandbody and its distribution laws, builds the reservoir geological models for delta sandstone reservoir in Shahejie group in Linnan oilfield and points out the geological Factors that control the development of pores and throats. Combining petrology and the reservoir sensitive analysis, the author builds the rock matrix models. It is the first time to state that rocks in different sentimental micro facies have different sensitive .response to fluid pressed into the rocks. Normally. the reservoirs in the delta front have weaker sensitivity to fluid than the reservoirs in delta plain, In same subfacies, the microfacies that have fine grain, such as bank and crevasse splay, have stronger reservoir sensitivity than the microfacies that have coarse grains, such as under-water branched channel and debauch bar. By the application of advanced testing, such as imagine analysis, scan electronic microscope, and morphology method, the author classifies the pore structure and set up the distribution models of pore, throat and pore structure. By the application of advanced theory in well-logging geology, the author finds the relationship between microscope pore structure and macroscopic percolation characteristics, and then builds the well-logging interpretation formulae for calculating pore structure parameters. By using the geostatistics methods, the author reveals the spatial correlative characteristics of pore structure. By application of conditional stochastic simulation methods, the author builds the 3D models of pore structure in delta reservoir. It is the base of predicting remaining oil distribution. By a great deal of experiments and theoretical deduction, The author expounds the laws of percolation flow in different pore structures, and the laws by which the pore structure controls the micro distribution of remaining oil, and then, states the micro mechanism of remaining oil distribution. There are two types of remaining oil. They are by-pass flow caused by micro-fingering and truncation caused by non-piston movement. By new method, the author states the different pore structure has different replacement efficiency, reveals the formation condition and distribution laws of remaining oil. predicts the remaining oil distribution in Linnan oil field, and put forward some idea about how to adjust the oil production. The study yielded good results in the production in Linnan oilfield.

松辽徐家围子断陷层序地层充填模式及含油气性特征

Based on the principle and method of sequence, the author describes the sequence-filling model of the rifting basin of Xujiaweizi and its gas exploration potential. The object of this paper belongs to the area around Shengping-Wangjiatun anticline. Its srtatigraphy includes Huoshiling Formation (neutral and basic volcanic rocks), Shahezi Formation (coal bedding and mud and some sandstone) and Yingcheng Formation from bottom to top. These stratigraphy units are defined by author as mesosequences respectively. The author emphasizes that the main control factors of sequence change with the types of basin and stage of basin. So the sequence is researched according to the types of basin. This viewpoint is very new, and it is consistent with the principle of sequence. Volcanic action is very frequent and acute, topography difference is obvious. Between the volcanic events, Shahezi Formation is formed, which mainly consists-of sedimentary rocks. Based on the datum from seismic section and drilling core and well-logging, the author analyzes the single unit and unit set and system tract and sedimentary fancies, then, according to the accommodation space change and marking of sequence boundary, Shahezi Formation is divided into two Third-scale sequences. The sedimentary fancies and depth distribution are described. The author also pointed out that the volcanic rocks consume the accommodation space, so volcanic rocks can influence the development of sequence. Based on the concept of accommodation space, the author put volcanic rocks into sequence frame, which normally consists of sedimentary rocks. The topography of volcanic is controlled by lithology of volcanic rocks, the pattern of volcanic eruption and the topography before volcanic eruption. The topography of volcanic can influence sedimentation and the filling pattern of sedimentary rocks. The author describes the composition and lithology fancies and depth distribution of volcanic rocks. The volcanic rocks and Volcanic building, volcanic structure is recognized on seismic section. The author paid a special attention to the relationship between sedimentation and volcanism. Finally, the author analyses the combination of source-reservoir-cover unit in sequence frame. The mudstone of Shahezi Formation has a great depth, the Kerogene in it belongs to type II and III, which tends to produce gas. The Yingcheng Formation lies between Shahezi Formation and Denglouku Formation, belonging to good reservoir. The volcanic rocks of Huoshiling Formation often formed high building, which can capture the gas produced from Shahezi Formation. The stratigraphy of rifting basin of Xujiaweizi has the great potential of gas exploration. This paper claims the following creative points: 1. The author applied the principle and method of sequence to rifting basin, greatly extending its research area and topic issues. 2. The author pointed out that basin of different type and of different stage has a different type of sequence. This is caused by the different main control factors of sequence. 3. Put volcanic rocks into the sequence frame, discussing the probability of regarding the volcanic rocks as the component of sequence, dealing with the relationship between sedimentation and volcanism and its influence to the source-reservoir-cover system. 4. The author pointed out that the filling pattern of rifting basin are determined by the filling pattern of megasequence, whose filling pattern is determined by the filling pattern of system tract and the change of accommodation space.

青海德尔尼铜钴锌矿床地质构造背景与成因

The Derni large Cu-Co-Zn sulfide deposit is occurred in the Derni melange belt, which is located in the eastern section of the A'nyemaqen ophiolite melange belt. The Derni deposit is hosted in the mantle peridotites and is very special in the world. Because the studying area is of very bad natural environment and very low geological research, the geotectonic setting and genesis of the deposit have long been debated. This paper studied these two questions and answered them. The research is of great significance to reveal impotant information of deep geology, crust-mantle interaction and geotectonic evolution, to enrich theories in the study of mineral deposit and provide scientific basic data for exploration and exploit of this kind of deposit. Based on the series of new achievements and new cognitions, to start with the geologic setting of the Derni deposit, through detailed field, tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, isotopic geochronology, microfossil, and study of mineral deposit, belongs to a melange belt, including mantle peridotites slice with ore, Late Precambrian sandstone and slate slice, metamorphic rock slice. 2. Petrological and geochemical characteristics indicate that the Derni mantle peridotite is not ophiolite mantle peridotite, but is occurred under the continental crust. 3. The U-Pb isotopic age of single-grain zircon form the accumulative rock suggests that the Derni mantle peridotite were formed in 747±10Ma, and underwent a great period of metamorphic process in 441.5±2.5Ma. 4. Microfossil assemblage from the carbonaceous slate belongs to Late Precambrian. Through petrography and petrochemistry, sandstone and slate were formed in the continental margin. 5. Sideronitic texture, which is first discovered in this study, reveals the characteristics of magmatic liquation. 6. Fluid inclusion explosion temperature of pyrite is in the range of -6.15～+6.64‰, and Pb isotope is consistent with mantle peridotite, which suggest ore-forming materials are from the mantle. To sum up, the upper mantle was melting partially, when it was metasomated by the mantle fluids with abundant Cu, Co, Zn, S, Au and LREE etc. The pockets of magma became enlarged by mantle tenacity shearing, and the pockets of magma occurred magmatic differentiation in the stable field, then the magma and ore pulp together with mantle refractory remnant dirpired and crystallized in the shallow part of the crust.

新第三纪红河盆地特征及红河断裂活动对其形成与发育的控制

Based on geodynamic analysis of sedimentary basins, combined sedimentology with structural geology and other methods, the author studied the Honghe basin located in Yunnan province of Southwestern China. Sandstone slice grain size analysis, combined with field geology and indoors study indicate that a set of inland alluvial fan diposits, fluvial deposites, delta deposits and some lacustrine sediments are in Honghe basin. Studying on shape of the Honghe basin, sedimentary and structural characteristic and distribution of different kinds of conglomerate and its structural significance, we hold the idea that the formation and evolution of Honghe basin are controlled by the activity of Red River faut. Correlation of lithostratic cross section in Honghe basin and studying on activity of Red River fault indicate that Honghe basin was formed in two stages. It is a complex basin constitutes of the first-stage trans-releasing basin and the second-stage trans-downfaulted basin. Due to the uplift of Qinghai-Xizang plateau and deformation of orogeny, the western Yunnan and adjacent area move to SE direction as a result of Tectonic Escape. Right lateral strike slip occurred along Red River fault, trans-releasing basin formed at the bend part of the fault due to stress relexation. As the block escaping, it moves away from the other block of the Red River fault, the upper block move down obliquely and trans-downfaulted basin formed. Combined the age of phytolite and regional structural events, we think the first-stage transreleasing basin was formed in late Miocene, on the other words, the dextral strike slip of Red River fault may began in late Miocene (10-7Ma). The second-stage trans-downfaulted basin may be formed in early stage of Pliocene (about 4.7Ma). Subsequently, the bilateral faults dipping to the inside of the plateau and thrusting outwards occurred in the marginal region of Qinghai-Xizang plateau during its uplifting as a fan-shaped mountain body, this results in the uplift of the strata to the east of Red River fault and supply large quantity of provenance for the Honghe basin. In last Pliocene (about 3Ma), strong uplift of Qinghai-Xizang plateau leads to massive clastic sediment entered Honghe basin and causes its closure. As a kind of trans-tentional basin, trans-releasing basin is different to pull-apart basin. The author compared the Mosha trans-releasing basin with Jinggu pull-apart basin in SW Yunan, China, and described their character correspondingly. Otherwise, the author combined the predecessors' studding with conclusion of own study, discussed the kinematics of Ailaoshan-Red River belt in Cenozoic, and the relationship between the formation of Honghe basin and uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang plateau.