Formas de vida da mulher em letras de canções brasileiras: as práticas semióticas do cotidiano nos séculos XX e XXI

Pós-graduação em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa - FCLAR

Projeto de Futuro na dimensão sócio afetiva: como se constroem as percepções de alunos(as) do Ensino Secundário em Portugal e do Ensino Médio no Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Il conflitto tra ragione e passioni nel pensiero morale, economico e politico di Bernard Mandeville

Effects of the conflict between reason and passion in Bernard Mandeville’s moral, economic and political thought My PhD dissertation focuses on Bernard Mandeville (1670-1732), a Dutch philosopher who moved to London in his late twenties. The aspect of Mandeville’s thought I take into account in my research is the conflicting relation between reason and passions, and the consequences that Mandeville’s view of this conflict has in the development of his theory of human nature which, I argue, is what grounds his moral, economic and, above all, political theory. According to Mandeville, reason is fundamentally weak. Passions influence with more strength human actions, and, eventually, are the ones which motivate them. The role of reason is merely instrumental, restricted to finding appropriate means in order to reach the desired ends, which are capricious and inconstant, since they all come from unstable passions. Reason cannot take decisions meant to act in the long term, pursuing an object which has not a selfish and temporary nature. There is no possibility, thus, that men’s actions aim just to achieve a good and just society, without their interests being directly involved. The basically selfish root of every desire leads Mandeville to claim that there is neither benevolence nor altruism which guides human behaviour. Hence he expresses a judgement on the moral character of human beings, always busy with their self-satisfaction, and hardly ever considering what would be good on a wider perspective, including other people’s sake. The anthropological features ascribed to men by Mandeville, are those which lead him to prefer a political system where governors are not supposed to have particular abilities, either from an intellectual or from a moral point of view, and peace and order are preserved by the bureaucratic machine, which is meant to work with the least effort on the part of the politicians, and no big harm can be done even by corrupted or wicked governors. This system is adopted with an eye at remedying human deficiencies: Mandeville takes into primary account, when he thinks of how to build a peaceful and functioning society, that everyone is concerned with his selfish interest, and that the rationality of a single politician, or of a group of them belonging to a same generation, cannot find a good “solution” to govern men able to last over the long period, and to work in different ages. This implies a refusal of the Hobbesian theory of the pactum subjectionis, which has the character of a rational and definitive choice, and leads Mandeville to consider the order which arises spontaneously, without any plan or rational intervention.

La memoria risorgimentale in Giustizia e Libertà (1929-1940)

The dissertation regards The memory on the Italian Risorgimento in “Justice and Freedom”(1929-1940) a theoretical core point in the history of the Movement, which so far has not been granted due attention. The work herewith presented is therefore aimed at filling a storiographical gap, analysing the historical events which continue to operate as traditions, raising feelings and passions and hence operating in politics, although as secondary factors. The point made is that the Justice and Freedom Movement, an antifascist political movement born in Paris in October 1929, bases its strength on the heroic choice of the antifascism movement to fight a Second Risorgimento, connecting the fight against the regime to the battles previously fought for the justice and the freedom, an entirely isolated event in the political opposition’s panorama. The dissertation, thus, attempts to explain how and why Justice and Freedom is so tightly interconnected in its political action to the Risorgimento tradition. The first chapter sets the cultural background of the foundation of the Justice and Freedom Movement. The centre of such foundation was Florence, where Gaetano Salvemini, along with a group of young people, would later on carry out some cultural experiences that ideally prepare the ground for the movement’s birth. In the second chapter are found the sites of the memory where the passage of the Risorgimento tradition between the generations takes place. The work therefore shifts from a public to a private level, concentrating on biographical paths. The choice made was for Nello Rosselli, a man very close to the Justice and Freedom Movement but who, as opposed to his comrades-in-arms, did not chose the political way to express his ethical choice, but rather the theoretical one, becoming a Risorgimento historian. The third chapter concentrates on the birth of the Justice and Freedom Movement in France, trying to reconstruct the cultural ties and the confrontation places and sites where the members of the Movement could interact with the French intellectual milieu, bringing back to light the propagandistic usage of the Risorgimento myth carried out by the Movement. Lastly, the fourth chapter focuses on the cultural debate on the Risorgimento, which took place on the press organs of the Movement, pointing out and periodizing the theoretical passages and the propagandistic uses of the myth as related to the stages of the Movement and the political needs.

Lexis paidike. L'infanzia in Origene

La tesi considera la trattazione del tema dell’infanzia nell’opera di Origene di Alessandria attraverso l’analisi dei testi trasmessi nell’originale greco e delle traduzioni latine di Rufino e Gerolamo. Il motivo dell’infanzia è considerato nei suoi molteplici significati, a più livelli: esegetico, antropologico, filosofico, teologico. La ricerca non si limita dunque ad un’analisi di taglio storico, ma ambisce a definire la concezione e la considerazione della prima età dal punto di vista di Origene e nel contesto più ampio della letteratura coeva. Attraverso una lettura estensiva del corpus dell’Alessandrino sono stati isolati tutti i passi che si riferiscono all’infanzia a livello letterale e metaforico. Ne emerge una trattazione complessa del tema: il bambino è per Origene, in linea con le contemporanee dottrine filosofiche, un essere eminentemente irrazionale. Il pieno sviluppo della facoltà razionale si colloca al termine di questa prima fase dell’esistenza. L’irrazionalità infantile previene nei più piccoli l’insorgere delle passioni. A questa dottrina, di matrice stoica, si ricollegano alcuni sviluppi di grande rilievo: la non-imputabilità dei minori ed il legame tra razionalità e responsabilità individuale; la riflessione sulla sofferenza dei bambini e la ricerca di una sua causa, che non intacchi il principio della giustizia divina; l’ipotesi della preesistenza delle anime. Sul piano teologico la ricerca si focalizza sulle nozioni di paternità e filiazione e sul tema, centrale nell’orizzonte origeniano, della pedagogia. Origene concepisce la pedagogia umana, sul modello di quella divina, come una rete dinamica di relazioni che ricalca i rapporti parentali. A fianco di questi ambiti d’interesse principali l’analisi considera aspetti ulteriori: risalto è concesso, in particolare, all’elemento biografico ed all’aspetto linguistico e letterario della prosa origeniana, quest'ultimo spesso trascurato dalla critica. Lo studio mostra inoltre la vitalità di alcuni modelli esegetici origeniani nella tradizione successiva.

Uno sguardo riflesso dal cinema al teatro Mise en abyme e sottotitolaggio nel cortometraggio Mouettes

L’un des buts de ce mémoire est de définir le concept de « mise en abyme » appliqué au court-métrage Mouettes, réalisé en 2013 par le cinéaste belge Zeno Graton. Un autre but est celui de présenter une version sous-titrée en langue italienne de ce même court-métrage tout en explorant le monde de la traduction audiovisuelle et notamment du sous-titrage. Ce mémoire est divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre porte principalement sur la mise en abyme, sur les différents types de mise en abyme, à savoir pictural, littéraire et filmique, sur les études réalisées et les théories conçues à propos de ce procédé, à partir d’André Gide jusqu’à Lucien Dällenbach en passant par Jean Ricardou. Ce chapitre se penche également sur les différences entre la mise en abyme filmique et d’autres modes de réflexivité cinématographique, pour ensuite se concentrer sur le court-métrage Mouettes, décrire le procédé de la mise en abyme hétérogène utilisée dans Mouettes et présenter les thèmes abordés dans le court-métrage. Parmi les thèmes exposés, l’un des plus évocateurs est celui de la figure de l’acteur qui ne sait plus distinguer, parfois, ses passions et ses sentiments réels de ceux ressentis dans le rôle du personnage qu’il doit jouer. Ensuite, le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux différents procédés utilisés dans la traduction audiovisuelle, du doublage, au voice-over au respeaking, en analysant surtout la technique du sous-titrage, la théorie et les problèmes liés. Enfin, le dernier chapitre propose mon travail de sous-titrage à travers un tableau avec le time code, le texte de départ transcrit, la traduction et, si nécessaire, l’adaptation. Dans le troisième chapitre, il y a également un commentaire sur les difficultés rencontrées pendant le travail de sous-titrage, dans la traduction ainsi que dans l’utilisation du logiciel Jubler.

Traduzione del primo canto dell'inferno dantesco in arabo

In this thesis, I have chosen to translate from Italian into Arabic Canto I of the Inferno, from Dante Alighieri’s epic poem the Divine Comedy (La Divina Commedia) because it’s a masterpiece in both Italian and world literature. Also I have selected it for its artistic value and the universal themes that it depicts. In fact, my purpose in translating this great work into Arabic is to extol the cultural and universal aspects that can be common to human beings everywhere. My paper is written in Arabic and has six sections: A brief introduction on Dante’s life, an introduction to the Divine Comedy, a summary of Canto 1 of the Inferno and its analysis, Canto I of the Inferno in Italian, its translation into Arabic and finally a comment on the translation. The first part -a summary of Dante’s life was presented. The second part of my paper is an introduction to the Divine Comedy, the allegorical epic poem, consisting of three parts: The Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise). The third part is a summary and analysis of Canto 1 of the Inferno, Dante’s most renowned verses. The analysis of Canto highlights the everlasting conflict of man– sinning and giving in to temptation but then trying to repent and search for his soul’s salvation. He reflects on sin, existence, truth, God, love and salvation in his struggle through the dark and gloomy forest which symbolizes conflict and temptations man may succumb to. The influence of Christianity and the Middle ages here shows his commitment to religion and faith. Moreover, his meeting of Virgil, who guides him to the mountain during his journey to salvation, reflects the positive impact of Virgil’s philosophy on Dante. The fourth part presents the Italian version of Canto 1 of the Inferno. The fifth section of my paper is the translation of Canto 1 of the Inferno from Italian to Arabic. Translating an excerpt of Dante’s masterpiece was not an easy task: I had to consult several critique texts besides the Italian source text with explanations, and also some English versions to overcome any translation difficulties. As a student of translation, my goal was to be faithful in relaying to the Arabic audience the authenticity of Dante’s work, his themes, passions and aesthetic style. Finally, I present a conclusion including a comment on the translation and the bibliography of the sources I have consulted.

Where Stories Collide : Montage and the Short Story Cycle

This thesis uses Sergei Eisenstein’s filmic theories of montage to examine the modernist American short story cycle, a genre of independent short stories that work together to create a larger and interrelated whole. Similar to the shot-by-shot editing process of montage, the story cycle builds its intertextual meaning story-by-story from an aggregate of abrupt narrative transitions and juxtapositions. Eisenstein famously felt that montage, the editing together of film fragments, was not a process of linkage, but of collision –each radically different shot in a film should crash into the next shot, until audience members were intellectually provoked into synthesizing these collisions through dialectical processes. I offer montage as an interpretive strategy for negotiating the narrative collisions in story cycles such as Sherwood Anderson’s Winesburg, Ohio, William Faulkner’s Go Down, Moses, and Eudora Welty’s The Golden Apples. For Go Down, Moses, I argue that Eisenstein’s politically rendered “montage of attractions” provides a template for investigating the shock tactics behind Faulkner’s chronologically and racially entangled stories of whites and African Americans. For The Golden Apples, I consider the opposites and doubles in Welty’s fiction with Eisenstein’s similar belief in the “opposing passions” of the world. Not only, then, do I suggest that the modernist story cycle bears a cinematic influence, but I also offer Eisenstein’s theories of montage and collision as a heuristic for formal, thematic, and even political patterns in a genre infamous for its resistance to definition and classification.

Las enfermedades mentales según Tomás de Aquino : sobre el concepto de enfermedad

Este artículo es la primera parte de un estudio sobre las enfermedades mentales según santo Tomás. Aquí se exponen los temas de las fuentes médico-biológicas del Aquinate (fundamentalmente Aristóteles, Galeno, Nemesio y Avicena), la naturaleza de la enfermedad, su relación con las pasiones del alma y algunas consecuencias que se siguen para el tema de la enfermedad mental. En un artículo posterior se entrará en el detalle de las categorías psicopatológicas que aparecen en las obras del Aquinate y su significado a la luz de sus fuentes, así como en los temas de las enfermedades psicosomáticas y lo que santo Tomás llama “aegritudo animalis".

Templanza y continencia en Tomás de Aquino : razones para una concepción no dualista de la virtud moral

El propósito de esta investigación es mostrar las razones que tiene Tomás de Aquino para privilegiar una moral de la templanza por sobre una de mera continencia. Pero más allá de detenerse en los pocos artículos que Santo Tomás dedica a comparar ambas disposiciones, el fin de nuestro trabajo es, a partir de los textos referidos a la naturaleza de la virtud moral, mostrar por qué sólo la templanza puede ser considerada una virtud, mientras la continencia es una “mezcla" de virtud y desorden. En segundo lugar, esta investigación pretende justificar la validez de los argumentos tomasianos, demostrando que si se prescinde de esta distinción entre virtud perfecta y continencia, necesariamente se introduce un dualismo antropológico en el plano de la acción. En esta misma línea, se buscará, a su vez, comparar la postura de Santo Tomás con la postura de Escoto, para quien los afectos y las pasiones son meros “facilitadores" de la elección, pero no elementos constitutivas de ésta.

Las enfermedades mentales según Tomás de Aquino : sobre las enfermedades (mentales) en sentido estricto

Continuando un artículo anterior en el que se definió el concepto de enfermedad, en orden al esclarecimiento del de enfermedad mental, en el presente estudio se desarrolla el tema de aquellas que pueden ser llamadas enfermedades en el estricto sentido del término. En un primer parágrafo, se mencionan los trastornos que son mencionados por Santo Tomás, y se los explica colocándolos en el contexto de la medicina medieval, con particular referencia al Canon de Medicina de Avicena. En un segundo parágrafo, se desarrolla el tema de las enfermedades psicosomáticas, es decir aquellas causadas por una “pasión animal". Se deja para un tercer artículo el esclarecimiento de la naturaleza de lo que el Aquinate llama “aegritudo animalis".

La piedad divina. Desde el paganismo hasta el Cristianismo

El concepto de misericordia divina ha pasado por diversos estadios en su evolución, pero las concepciones de la religión cristiana y de la religión pagana no siempre se oponen. En este artículo se examinan las fuentes filosóficas (Aristóteles, filosofía helenística), literarias (Sófocles, Homero) y epigráficas, hallándose significados variados, a veces superpuestos temporalmente, y también el uso del concepto en las plegarias paganas y en las peticiones oficiales. Si bien el racionalismo estoico considera a la misericordia como incompatible con la sabiduría y la justicia, el cristiano Lactancio recupera el valor de las pasiones utilizadas apropiadamente, marcando un hito en la conversión de una emoción pagana en una virtud y un deber cristianos

La piedad divina. Desde el paganismo hasta el Cristianismo

El concepto de misericordia divina ha pasado por diversos estadios en su evolución, pero las concepciones de la religión cristiana y de la religión pagana no siempre se oponen. En este artículo se examinan las fuentes filosóficas (Aristóteles, filosofía helenística), literarias (Sófocles, Homero) y epigráficas, hallándose significados variados, a veces superpuestos temporalmente, y también el uso del concepto en las plegarias paganas y en las peticiones oficiales. Si bien el racionalismo estoico considera a la misericordia como incompatible con la sabiduría y la justicia, el cristiano Lactancio recupera el valor de las pasiones utilizadas apropiadamente, marcando un hito en la conversión de una emoción pagana en una virtud y un deber cristianos

La piedad divina. Desde el paganismo hasta el Cristianismo

El concepto de misericordia divina ha pasado por diversos estadios en su evolución, pero las concepciones de la religión cristiana y de la religión pagana no siempre se oponen. En este artículo se examinan las fuentes filosóficas (Aristóteles, filosofía helenística), literarias (Sófocles, Homero) y epigráficas, hallándose significados variados, a veces superpuestos temporalmente, y también el uso del concepto en las plegarias paganas y en las peticiones oficiales. Si bien el racionalismo estoico considera a la misericordia como incompatible con la sabiduría y la justicia, el cristiano Lactancio recupera el valor de las pasiones utilizadas apropiadamente, marcando un hito en la conversión de una emoción pagana en una virtud y un deber cristianos