Biotechnological potential of plant-associated endophytic fungi:hope versus hype

The potential of endophytes, particularly endophytic fungi, capable of demonstrating desirable functional traits worth exploitation using red biotechnology is well established. However, these discoveries have not yet translated into industrial bioprocesses for commercial production of biopharmaceuticals using fungal endophytes. Here, we define the current challenges in transforming curiosity driven discoveries into industrial scale endophyte biotechnology. The possible practical, feasible, and sustainable strategies that can lead to harnessing fungal endophyte-mediated pharmaceutical products are discussed.

Combining Plant Pathogenic Fungi and the Leaf-Mining Fly, Hydrellia pakistanae, Increases Damage to Hydrilla

Four fungal species, F71PJ Acremonium sp., F531 Cylindrocarpon sp., F542, Botrytis sp., and F964 Fusarium culmorum [Wm. G. Sm.] Sacc. were recovered from hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] shoots or from soil and water surrounding hydrilla growing in ponds and lakes in Florida and shown to be capable of killing hydrilla in a bioassay. The isolates were tested singly and in combination with the leaf-mining fly, Hydrellia pakistanae (Diptera: Ephydridae), for their capability to kill or severely damage hydrilla in a bioassay.

Commercial production of Clarias fry and fingerlings in indoor and outdoor concrete tank systems

Induced breeding technique by hypophysation is being applied at the Kainji Lake Research Institute Fisheries Division Hatchery complex in New Bussa, Nigeria, for the production of Clarias fry and fingerlings in indoor and outdoor concrete tank systems. The hatchlings are fed on livefood (zooplankton) and artificial feed. Source of zooplankton is from cultured stock which is maintained throughout the breeding season by fertilization. Production values show that an average of over 4,000 hatchlings (larvae) can be produced by a female breeder (over-700g wt) and percentage survival after two months ranges between 70 to 75%. With the proposed modification and expansion project, an estimated production of over 0.5 million fingerlings per breeding season is projected

The variation of water quality in the outdoor concrete tank and earthen pond

The paper reports on the study carried out at the Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries and Technology (Nigeria) and the Hatchery Complex in 1997. The physico-chemical parameters of an earthen fish pond and concrete tank were analysed. The abundance and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton were recorded. A total of eight species of phytoplankton were observed. These species can be classified as Chlorophyceae (green algae), Bacillariophyceae (diatom algae) and Cyanophyta (blue-green algae). Eight zooplankton species were observed in the pond and 6 in the tank. Moina was observed and recorded as the most abundant cladoceran species in the tank

Effect of different feeding levels on the production of Heterobranchus bidorsalis in outdoor concrete tanks

Fry of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean weight, 0.03g) were fed at 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50% of their body weight (bw)/day in outdoor concrete tanks in New Bussa, Nigeria. The fry attained the highest average weight of 6.66g in 10 weeks when fed at 40% bw/day. Feed conversion ratio ranged from 2.13 to 9.65, the protein efficiency ratio from 1.33 to 5.93. Results indicated that H. bidorsalis are efficient feed converters. Feed intake was significantly different (p<0.05) between the treatments, specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR), production and average weight gain indicated that 40% of fish biomass was the optimum feeding level

An investigation of the effect of replacing fish meal with soyabean meal, groundnut cake and blood meal at varied proportion on growth and food utilization of the Clarias anguillaris fingerlings fed in outdoor hapas

Fingerlings of Clarias anguillaris obtained from a homogenous source through induce breeding and each with a mean weight of 2.8g were stocked in ten hapas each measuring 1.0x1.0m in outdoor concrete tank and were fed for eight (8) weeks. Results shows that the best growth rate was recorded among fingerlings fed fish meal as the only protein source (TD5) while DT2 containing soya bean, groundnut cake (40%), blood meal as the protein sources came next. The growth rate of fingerlings fed DT2 (40 % groundnut cake, 10% soyabean meal and 10% blood meal) was higher than those fed DT4 containing 10% fish meal but lower than those fed DT5 which has fish meal as its sole source of protein (53.0%). Analysis of various growth parameters like SGR, FCR and PER. shows that DT5 was the overall best diet but there was no significant statistical difference in weight gained by fish fed the five diets (P <0.05)

Comparative growth and survival of fry of Clarias gariepinus (B), Clarias anguillaris (L), Heterobranchus bidorsalis (G), Heteroclarias, Clariabranchus and Clarias hybrids under outdoor nursery management system

Hybrids of Clariid catfishes; C. gariepinus (Netherlands), C. anguillaris, H. bidorsalis and their parental species were monitored for 8 weeks in 2 x 2 x 1m outdoor concrete tanks. The fry were fed NIFFR diet (40% crude protein) twice daily, 7 days of the week. Growth and survival records were taken weekly. The male HEB X female CLG hybrid showed an overall highest performance in growth rate while the lowest was recorded in male CLA X female CLG hybrid. The male HEB X female CLG hybrid grew at a faster rate than its reciprocal hybrid. In view or their growth rate, it is possible that the growth and survival rates or H. bidorsalis especially at the fry to fingerling stage could be improved through hybridization. The hybrid have potential as commercial food fish

Growth response, feed conversion rate and cost benefits of hybrid catfish fed maggot meal based diets in outdoor tanks

The growth response, feed conversion ratio and cost benefits of hybrid catfish, Heterobranchus longifilis x Clarias gariepinus fed five maggot meal based diets were evaluated for 56 days in outdoor concrete tanks. Twenty-five fingerlings of the hybrid fish were stocked in ten outdoor concrete tanks of dimension 1.2mx0.13mx0.18m and code MM sub(1)-MM sub(5) in relation to their diet name. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric maggot meal based diets namely MM sub(1)-0% maggot meal, MM sub(2)-25% maggot meal, MM sub(3)-50% maggot meal, MM sub(4-)75% maggot meal and MM sub(5-) 100% maggot meal were used for the experiment. The higher the proportion of maggot in the meal, the higher the ether extract and crude fiber. No significance difference P>0.05 exists between ash content of the experimental diets. Diet MM sub(2) had the best growth performance and highest MGR with a significant difference P<0.05 with other diets fed fish. No significance differences P>0.05 exists between the growth parameters for diets MM sub(1), MM sub(3), and MM sub(4). A positive correlation (r=1.0) exists (P<0.05, 0.25) between the growth parameters for the different experimental diets. Highest correlation r super(2)=0.9981 exists P<0.05 between MGR within the treatments. However, there no significant (P>0.05) difference in expenditure but there is between the profit indices and incidence of cost between the trials. MM sub(2) has the best yield cost and net profit. Without any reservation, inclusion of maggot based meal diet is recommended as feed of hybrid catfish to 75% inclusion for growth and profit incidence

Modelización de la propagación radioeléctrica en entornos indoor y outdoor aplicada a los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles

[ES]En este documento se tratará de recopilar toda la información y documentación que se ha buscado y desarrollado para la elaboración del proyecto que se está llevando a cabo. El objetivo final del mismo consiste en el análisis y estudio de los canales de propagación en entornos indoor y outdoor y su posterior comercialización en el mercado de las telecomunicaciones. Este documento recoge los aspectos necesarios para finalizar el proyecto con éxito, tales como planificación, alcance, beneficios del proyecto,presupuesto...

Outdoor robot mugikor baten eraikuntza eta kontrola Arduino bitartez

Proiektu honetan robot mugikor bat eraiki eta arduino bitartez kontrolatu da. Robota edozein smartphone erabiliz kontrolatu daiteke Bluetooth RC Car aplikazioa erabiliz. Ultrasoinu sentsorea du talkak ekiditeko eta GPSaren bidez uneko posizioaren berri ematen du. Honetaz gain, wifi bidez mezuak ere bidal ditzake proiektuan bertan garatu den echo zerbitzarira.

Community Turnover of Wood-Inhabiting Fungi across Hierarchical Spatial Scales

For efficient use of conservation resources it is important to determine how species diversity changes across spatial scales. In many poorly known species groups little is known about at which spatial scales the conservation efforts should be focused. Here we examined how the community turnover of wood-inhabiting fungi is realised at three hierarchical levels, and how much of community variation is explained by variation in resource composition and spatial proximity. The hierarchical study design consisted of management type (fixed factor), forest site (random factor, nested within management type) and study plots (randomly placed plots within each study site). To examine how species richness varied across the three hierarchical scales, randomized species accumulation curves and additive partitioning of species richness were applied. To analyse variation in wood-inhabiting species and dead wood composition at each scale, linear and Permanova modelling approaches were used. Wood-inhabiting fungal communities were dominated by rare and infrequent species. The similarity of fungal communities was higher within sites and within management categories than among sites or between the two management categories, and it decreased with increasing distance among the sampling plots and with decreasing similarity of dead wood resources. However, only a small part of community variation could be explained by these factors. The species present in managed forests were in a large extent a subset of those species present in natural forests. Our results suggest that in particular the protection of rare species requires a large total area. As managed forests have only little additional value complementing the diversity of natural forests, the conservation of natural forests is the key to ecologically effective conservation. As the dissimilarity of fungal communities increases with distance, the conserved natural forest sites should be broadly distributed in space, yet the individual conserved areas should be large enough to ensure local persistence.

Propuesta de actividades outdoor en los polideportivos del Gran Bilbao gestionados integralmente por la empresa Emtesport S.L.

Hoy en día se ha demostrado estudiando los hábitos deportivos de la gente que las personas prefieren practicar un deporte no reglado o federativo volcándose los practicantes hacia un deporte más libre, menos competitivo y con una flexibilidad mayor. Pero se ha podido ver como por lo general en los polideportivos no se ofrecen actividades que cumplan con estas características. Por eso este trabajo va enfocado a crear una propuesta innovadora relacionada con las actividades outdoor o actividades en el medio natural en los polideportivos de la comarca vizcaína del Gran Bilbao. Estas actividades se llevaran a cabo en los polideportivos que la empresa Emtesport S.L. tenga competencias administrativas y gestoras integrales. De esta manera se podrá fomentar una vía alternativa de practicar deporte y realizar ejercicio físico en diferentes municipios de la comarca. Estas actividades se llevaran a cabo mediante la empresa Emtesport S.L. porque siendo esta una empresa referente que ofrece diferentes servicios y gestiona muchas de las instalaciones de los municipios de Vizcaya será más fácil llegar con un mismo proyecto a un mayor número de usuarios que busquen una práctica esporádica. Es decir, creando un único proyecto con un cuadrante de horarios y de grupos adecuado servirá para aplicarlo en todos los polideportivos que gestiona Emtesport S.L. Además el hecho de aplicarlo en más de un polideportivo a la vez podrá ayudar a crear grupos con un número de gente suficiente. Fenómeno que no se conseguiría en muchos casos aplicando este proyecto en un único polideportivo o municipio. En un principio se optará por externalizar este servicio creando convenios entre empresas que se dedican en estos momentos a ofertar este tipo de actividades, pero viendo la viabilidad y éxito de estas actividades se intentara estudiar la posibilidad de crear una línea de servicios propia dentro de la empresa Emtesport S.L llevada a cabo por los recursos humanos especializados de esta. Las actividades con las que se emprenderá este proyecto serán en un principio actividades desarrolladas en el medio acuático, puesto que el hecho de que sea necesario el uso de material específico para la práctica de las mismas y que normalmente el público al que se quiere llegar no dispone de este material, creara una situación favorable para que esta idea tenga un éxito social y económico en el futuro. Por último cabe mencionar que entre las actividades que se llevaran a cabo en este proyecto se encuentran las siguientes: cursillos de surf y paddlesurf, buceo, cursillos de vela, wáter slackline y rutas en piragua.