Problemas de corte : m��todos exactos y aproximados para formulaciones mono y multi-objetivo

Los problemas de corte y empaquetado son una familia de problemas de optimizaci��n combinatoria que han sido ampliamente estudiados en numerosas ��reas de la industria y la investigaci��n, debido a su relevancia en una enorme variedad de aplicaciones reales. Son problemas que surgen en muchas industrias de producci��n donde se debe realizar la subdivisi��n de un material o espacio disponible en partes m��s peque��as. Existe una gran variedad de m��todos para resolver este tipo de problemas de optimizaci��n. A la hora de proponer un m��todo de resoluci��n para un problema de optimizaci��n, es recomendable tener en cuenta el enfoque y las necesidades que se tienen en relaci��n al problema y su soluci��n. Las aproximaciones exactas encuentran la soluci��n ��ptima, pero s��lo es viable aplicarlas a instancias del problema muy peque��as. Las heur��sticas manejan conocimiento espec��fico del problema para obtener soluciones de alta calidad sin necesitar un excesivo esfuerzo computacional. Por otra parte, las metaheur��sticas van un paso m��s all��, ya que son capaces de resolver una clase muy general de problemas computacionales. Finalmente, las hiperheur��sticas tratan de automatizar, normalmente incorporando t��cnicas de aprendizaje, el proceso de selecci��n, combinaci��n, generaci��n o adaptaci��n de heur��sticas m��s simples para resolver eficientemente problemas de optimizaci��n. Para obtener lo mejor de estos m��todos se requiere conocer, adem��s del tipo de optimizaci��n (mono o multi-objetivo) y el tama��o del problema, los medios computacionales de los que se dispone, puesto que el uso de m��quinas e implementaciones paralelas puede reducir considerablemente los tiempos para obtener una soluci��n. En las aplicaciones reales de los problemas de corte y empaquetado en la industria, la diferencia entre usar una soluci��n obtenida r��pidamente y usar propuestas m��s sofisticadas para encontrar la soluci��n ��ptima puede determinar la supervivencia de la empresa. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de propuestas m��s sofisticadas y efectivas normalmente involucra un gran esfuerzo computacional, que en las aplicaciones reales puede provocar una reducci��n de la velocidad del proceso de producci��n. Por lo tanto, el dise��o de propuestas efectivas y, al mismo tiempo, eficientes es fundamental. Por esta raz��n, el principal objetivo de este trabajo consiste en el dise��o e implementaci��n de m��todos efectivos y eficientes para resolver distintos problemas de corte y empaquetado. Adem��s, si estos m��todos se definen como esquemas lo m��s generales posible, se podr��n aplicar a diferentes problemas de corte y empaquetado sin realizar demasiados cambios para adaptarlos a cada uno. As��, teniendo en cuenta el amplio rango de metodolog��as de resoluci��n de problemas de optimizaci��n y las t��cnicas disponibles para incrementar su eficiencia, se han dise��ado e implementado diversos m��todos para resolver varios problemas de corte y empaquetado, tratando de mejorar las propuestas existentes en la literatura. Los problemas que se han abordado han sido: el Two-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem, el Two-Dimensional Strip Packing Problem, y el Container Loading Problem. Para cada uno de estos problemas se ha realizado una amplia y minuciosa revisi��n bibliogr��fica, y se ha obtenido la soluci��n de las distintas variantes escogidas aplicando diferentes m��todos de resoluci��n: m��todos exactos mono-objetivo y paralelizaciones de los mismos, y m��todos aproximados multi-objetivo y paralelizaciones de los mismos. Los m��todos exactos mono-objetivo aplicados se han basado en t��cnicas de b��squeda en ��rbol. Por otra parte, como m��todos aproximados multi-objetivo se han seleccionado unas metaheur��sticas multi-objetivo, los MOEAs. Adem��s, para la representaci��n de los individuos utilizados por estos m��todos se han empleado codificaciones directas mediante una notaci��n postfija, y codificaciones que usan heur��sticas de colocaci��n e hiperheur��sticas. Algunas de estas metodolog��as se han mejorado utilizando esquemas paralelos haciendo uso de las herramientas de programaci��n OpenMP y MPI.

Doblan las campanas por el Mono N����ez

Fondo Margaritain��s Restrepo

Si se viste de seda ... mono no se queda : juguemos a fabricar personajes

Fondo Margaritain��s Restrepo

Inje����o assistida por ��gua de componentes tubulares mono e multi-ramificados

Atualmente na produ����o de pe��as polim��ricas com geometrias complexas e ocas �� utilizada a tecnologia de inje����o assistida por ��gua, g��s e com ou sem proj��til. O processo consiste na inje����o de ��gua a press��es elevadas, isto ocorre ap��s o fecho do molde e inje����o de pol��mero at�� ao preenchimento total da zona moldante. A inje����o de ��gua a press��es elevadas vai for��ar o pol��mero, do n��cleo da pe��a, a ser expulso para um reservat��rio. Esta expuls��o de material �� poss��vel n��o s�� gra��as ��s elevadas press��es da ��gua, mas tamb��m por causa do pol��mero ainda se encontrar em estado viscoso, facilitando o seu escoamento. A tecnologia de inje����o assistida por fluido pode ser implementada por, inje����o direta de ��gua, g��s ou com auxilio de um proj��til. Dentro destas vertentes existe uma limita����o em comum, a impossibilidade de produzir pe��as vazadas com canais bifurcados. No entanto existe a possibilidade de criar estas ramifica����es, mas com o entrave de n��o poderem ser geometricamente complexas e/ou serem extensas. Nestes casos as ramifica����es s��o criadas com posti��os dentro do molde, significando que estar�� sempre limitado pelo posti��o moldante e n��o controlado pelo jato de ��gua. Para os casos onde �� desejado a adi����o de ramifica����es complexas e/ou extensas t��m de ser submetido a etapas subsequentes de prepara����o e montagem, influenciando o tempo global da produ����o. Com o projeto Multi-Path.H2O pretende-se criar um novo processo de produ����o para pe��as vazadas, mas com canais ramificados de geometrias complexas e extensas, num s�� ciclo de inje����o e assim eliminando os processos subsequentes que atualmente s��o necess��rios. A abordagem primordial consiste na aplica����o de v��rios injetores para jato de ��gua, canalisados para as respetivas ramifica����es por vazar. Esta inova����o ter�� impacto na produ����o em s��rie de pe��as complexas de tipologia tubular, reduzindo o tempo de produ����o com a elimina����o dos processos subsequentes; tamb��m a poupan��a de mat��ria-prima pela desnecessidade de criar moldes adicionais. Nesta disserta����o foi elaborado um detalhado estudo experimental do processo de inje����o assistida por ��gua, para servir de base de conhecimento ao conceito do novo processo, Multi-Path.H2O. De referir que em Portugal o projeto e fabrico de moldes com a implementa����o do sistema inje����o por ��gua, est�� resumido a um n��mero limitado de empresas.

A low fermentable oligo-di-mono saccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet reduced pain and improved daily life in fibromyalgia patients

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic, rheumatic disease characterized by widespread myofascial pain, of unknown aetiology, having a major impact on quality of life (QOL). Available pharmacotherapy for FM is marginally effective. FM is associated with co-morbidities of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). There is growing evidence that diets low in FODMAPs, ���fermentable oligo-, di- or mono-saccharides and polyols��� [Low FODMAP Diet (LFD)], are effective in treating IBS. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the effects of LFDs on symptoms of FM, especially with regard to pain, QOL and GI disorders. Methods A longitudinal study using LFD intervention was performed on 38, 51��������10 year-old, female patients diagnosed with FM for an average of 10 years, based on ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 2010 criteria. The study was conducted from January through May, 2015, using a four-week, repeated-assessment model, as follows: Moment 0 ��� introduction of the protocol to participants; Moment 1 ��� first assessment and delivery of individual LFD dietary plans; Moment 2 ��� second assessment and reintroduction of FODMAPs; Moment 3 ��� last assessment and final nutritional counselling. Assessment tools used were the following: RFIQ (Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), FSQ (Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire), IBS-SSS (Severity Score System), EQ-5D (Euro-QOL quality of life instrument), and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). Daily consumption of FODMAPs was quantified based on published food content analyses. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, non-parametric Friedman, t-student and Chi-square tests, using SPSS 22 software. Results The mean scores of the 38 participants at the beginning of the study were: FSQ (severity of FM, 0���31) ��� 22��������4.4; RFIQ (0���100) ��� 65��������17; IBS-SSS (0���500) ��� 275��������101; and EQ-5D (0���100) ��� 48��������19. Mean adherence to dietary regimens was 86%, confirmed by significant difference in FODMAP intakes (25���g/day vs. 2.5���g/day; p���<���0.01). Comparisons between the three moments of assessment showed significant (p���<���0.01) declines in scores in VAS, FSQ, and RFIQ scores, in all domains measured. An important improvement was observed with a reduction in the severity of GI symptoms, with 50% reduction in IBS scores to 138��������117, following LFD therapy. A significant correlation (r���=���0.36; p���<���0.05) was found between improvements in FM impact (declined scores) and gastrointestinal scores. There was also a significant correlation (r���=���0.65; p���<���0.01) between ���satisfaction with improvement��� after introduction of LFDs and ���diet adherence���, with satisfaction of the diet achieving 77% among participants. A significant difference was observed between patients who improved as compared to those that did not improve (Chi-square ��2���=���6.16; p���<���.05), showing that the probability of improvement, depends on the severity of the RFIQ score. Conclusions Implementation of diet therapy involving FODMAP restrictions, in this cohort of FM patients, resulted in a significant reduction in GI disorders and FM symptoms, including pain scores. These results need to be extended in future larger studies on dietary therapy for treatment of FM. Implications According to current scientific knowledge, these are the first relevant results found in an intervention with LFD therapy in FM and must be reproduced looking for a future dietetic approach in FM.

Action Of Essential Oils From Brazilian Native And Exotic Medicinal Species On Oral Biofilms.

Essential oils (EO) obtained from twenty medicinal and aromatic plants were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. The antimicrobial activity of the EO was evaluates by microdilution method determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. Chemical analysis of the oils compounds was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). The most active EO were also investigated as to their actions on the biolfilm formation. The most of the essential oils (EO) presented moderate to strong antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogens (MIC--Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations values between 0.007 and 1.00 mg/mL). The essential oil from Coriandrum sativum inhibited all oral species with MIC values from 0.007 to 0.250 mg/mL, and MBC/MFC (Minimal Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations) from 0.015 to 0.500 mg/mL. On the other hand the essential oil of C. articulatus inhibited 63.96% of S. sanguis biofilm formation. Through Scanning Eletronic Microscopy (SEM) images no changes were observed in cell morphology, despite a decrease in biofilm formation and changes on biofilm structure. Chemical analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the C. sativum essential oil revealed major compounds derivatives from alcohols and aldehydes, while Cyperus articulatus and Aloysia gratissima (EOs) presented mono and sesquiterpenes. In conclusion, the crude oil from C. articulatus exhibited the best results of antimicrobial activity e ability to control biofilm formation. The chemical analysis showed the presence of terpenes and monoterpenes such as a-pinene, a-bulnesene and copaene. The reduction of biofilms formation was confirmed from SEM images. The results of this research shows a great potential from the plants studied as new antimicrobial sources.

Behavior Of Listeria Monocytogenes In A Multi-species Biofilm With Enterococcus Faecalis And Enterococcus Faecium And Control Through Sanitation Procedures.

The formation of mono-species biofilm (Listeria monocytogenes) and multi-species biofilms (Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and L. monocytogenes) was evaluated. In addition, the effectiveness of sanitation procedures for the control of the multi-species biofilm also was evaluated. The biofilms were grown on stainless steel coupons at various incubation temperatures (7, 25 and 39��C) and contact times (0, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8days). In all tests, at 7��C, the microbial counts were below 0.4 log CFU/cm(2) and not characteristic of biofilms. In mono-species biofilm, the counts of L. monocytogenes after 8days of contact were 4.1 and 2.8 log CFU/cm(2) at 25 and 39��C, respectively. In the multi-species biofilms, Enterococcus spp. were present at counts of 8 log CFU/cm(2) at 25 and 39��C after 8days of contact. However, the L. monocytogenes in multi-species biofilms was significantly affected by the presence of Enterococcus spp. and by temperature. At 25��C, the growth of L. monocytogenes biofilms was favored in multi-species cultures, with counts above 6 log CFU/cm(2) after 8days of contact. In contrast, at 39��C, a negative effect was observed for L. monocytogenes biofilm growth in mixed cultures, with a significant reduction in counts over time and values below 0.4 log CFU/cm(2) starting at day 4. Anionic tensioactive cleaning complemented with another procedure (acid cleaning, disinfection or acid cleaning+disinfection) eliminated the multi-species biofilms under all conditions tested (counts of all micro-organisms<0.4 log CFU/cm(2)). Peracetic acid was the most effective disinfectant, eliminating the multi-species biofilms under all tested conditions (counts of the all microorganisms <0.4 log CFU/cm(2)). In contrast, biguanide was the least effective disinfectant, failing to eliminate biofilms under all the test conditions.

Composi����o flor��stica da floresta semidec��dua de altitude do Parque Municipal da Grota Funda (Atibaia - Estado de S��o Paulo)

A floristic survey was carried out in the Grota Funda Municipal Park, Atibaia Municipality, Sao Paulo State (45��45 - 46�� 45'W and 23��10 - 23��15'S), a mountainous region from 900 to 1400 meters above sea level. The climate is characterized by two seasons a hot, moist period from October to March and a dry, cold period from April to August, with frequent frosts. The sandy soil is low in fertility and highly acid at the surface. The study was done from April 1987 to November 1988. A total of 415 species were collected and identified: 362 dicotyledons belonging to 84 families and 224 genera, and 53 monocotyledons beloging to 15 families and 43 genera. Species richness in Atibaia can be attributed to environmental diversity, edaphic variation, and slight disturbance of the vegetation. A comparison with other floristic surveys in mountain forests was made and a list of the most common species of this kind of forest is presented.

Variabilidade do regime de mon����es sobre o Brasil: o clima presente e proje����es para um cen��rio com 2xCO2 usando o modelo MIROC

Este trabalho investiga a variabilidade do Sistema de Mon����es da Am��rica do Sul (SMAS) sobre o Brasil com particular interesse na regi��o do cerrado brasileiro. O in��cio, final e total de precipita����o durante as mon����es de ver��o s��o examinados utilizando estimativas de precipita����o por sat��lite (p��ntadas) do Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) entre 1979-2004. Analogamente, as caracter��sticas do regime de mon����o simuladas pelo modelo clim��tico global acoplado MIROC (Model for interdisciplinary Research on Climate) do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change) s��o examinadas em dois cen��rios distintos: o clima do s��culo XX (1981-2000) e o clima em uma condi����o com o dobro da concentra����o atual de CO2 (2xCO2) na atmosfera (2061-2080). Mostra-se que a variabilidade espacial do in��cio da mon����o de ver��o sobre o cerrado na simula����o do clima do s��culo XX pelo MIROC corresponde bem ��s observa����es. Al��m disso, h�� indica����o de uma mudan��a das caudas da distribui����o sazonal da precipita����o no Cerrado para um cen��rio com 2xCO2, comparativamente com o clima presente. Este resultado sugere uma mudan��a na probabilidade de ocorr��ncia de eventos extremos (secos ou ��midos) em um cen��rio com 2xCO2 sobre o cerrado, o que de acordo com o MIROC, indica uma maior exposi����o da regi��o ��s conseq����ncias de poss��veis mudan��as clim��ticas resultantes do aumento de gases de efeito estufa.

Changes in parents' and self-reports of behavioral problems in Brazilian adolescents after behavioral treatment with urine alarm for nocturnal enuresis

PURPOSE: Compare parents' reports of youth problems (PRYP) with adolescent problems self-reports (APSR) pre/post behavioral treatment of nocturnal enuresis (NE) based on the use of a urine alarm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adolescents (N = 19) with mono-symptomatic (primary or secondary) nocturnal enuresis group treatment for 40 weeks. Discharge criterion was established as 8 weeks with consecutive dry nights. PRYP and APSR were scored by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR). RESULTS: Pre-treatment data: 1) Higher number of clinical cases based on parent report than on self-report for Internalizing Problems (IP) (13/19 vs. 4/19), Externalizing Problems (EP) (7/19 vs. 5/19) and Total Problem (TP) (11/19 vs. 5/19); 2) Mean PRYP scores for IP (60.8) and TP (61) were within the deviant range (T score &#8805; 60); while mean PRYP scores for EP (57.4) and mean APSR scores (IP = 52.4, EP = 49.5, TP = 52.4) were within the normal range. Difference between PRYP' and APSR' scores was significant. Post treatment data: 1) Discharge for majority of the participants (16/19); 2) Reduction in the number of clinical cases on parental evaluation: 9/19 adolescents remained within clinical range for IP, 2/19 for EP, and 7/19 for TP. 3) All post-treatment mean scores were within the normal range; the difference between pre and post evaluation scores was significant for PRYP. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral treatment based on the use of urine alarm is effective for adolescents with mono-symptomatic (primary and secondary) nocturnal enuresis. The study favors the hypothesis that enuresis is a cause, not a consequence, of other behavioral problems.

Sensitization Prevalence, Antibody Cross-Reactivity and Immunogenic Peptide Profile of Api g 2, the Non-Specific Lipid Transfer Protein 1 of Celery

Background: Celery (Apium graveolens) represents a relevant allergen source that can elicit severe reactions in the adult population. To investigate the sensitization prevalence and cross-reactivity of Api g 2 from celery stalks in a Mediterranean population and in a mouse model. Methodology: 786 non-randomized subjects from Italy were screened for IgE reactivity to rApi g 2, rArt v 3 (mugwort pollen LTP) and nPru p 3 (peach LTP) using an allergen microarray. Clinical data of 32 selected patients with reactivity to LTP under investigation were evaluated. Specific IgE titers and cross-inhibitions were performed in ELISA and allergen microarray. Balb/c mice were immunized with purified LTPs; IgG titers were determined in ELISA and mediator release was examined using RBL-2H3 cells. Simulated endolysosomal digestion was performed using microsomes obtained from human DCs. Results: IgE testing showed a sensitization prevalence of 25.6% to Api g 2, 18.6% to Art v 3, and 28.6% to Pru p 3 and frequent co-sensitization and correlating IgE-reactivity was observed. 10/32 patients suffering from LTP-related allergy reported symptoms upon consumption of celery stalks which mainly presented as OAS. Considerable IgE cross-reactivity was observed between Api g 2, Art v 3, and Pru p 3 with varying inhibition degrees of individual patients' sera. Simulating LTP mono-sensitization in a mouse model showed development of more congruent antibody specificities between Api g 2 and Art v 3. Notably, biologically relevant murine IgE cross-reactivity was restricted to the latter and diverse from Pru p 3 epitopes. Endolysosomal processing of LTP showed generation of similar clusters, which presumably represent T-cell peptides. Conclusions: Api g 2 represents a relevant celery stalk allergen in the LTP-sensitized population. The molecule displays common B cell epitopes and endolysosomal peptides that encompass T cell epitopes with pollen and plant-food derived LTP.

Aqueous Extract of Brazilian Green Propolis: Primary Components, Evaluation of Inflammation and Wound Healing by Using Subcutaneous Implanted Sponges

Propolis is a chemically complex resinous bee product which has gained worldwide popularity as a means to improve health condition and prevent diseases. The main constituents of an aqueous extract of a sample of green propolis from Southeast Brazil were shown by high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy to be mono- and di-O-caffeoylquinic acids; phenylpropanoids known as important constituents of alcohol extracts of green propolis, such as artepillin C and drupanin were also detected in low amounts in the aqueous extract. The anti-inflammatory activity of this extract was evaluated by determination of wound healing parameters. Female Swiss mice were implanted subcutaneously with polyesther-polyurethane sponge discs to induce wound healing responses, and administered orally with green propolis (500mg kg(-1)). At 4, 7 and 14 days post-implantation, the fibrovascular stroma and deposition of extracellular matrix were evaluated by histopathologic and morphometric analyses. In the propolis-treated group at Days 4 and 7 the inflammatory process in the sponge was reduced in comparison with control. A progressive increase in cell influx and collagen deposition was observed in control and propolis-treated groups during the whole period. However, these effects were attenuated in the propolis-treated group at Days 4 and 7, indicating that key factors of the wound healing process are modulated by propolis constituents.

Xylitol production from DEO hydrolysate of corn stover by Pichia stipitis YS-30

Corn stover that had been treated with vapor-phase diethyl oxalate released a mixture of mono- and oligosaccharides consisting mainly of xylose and glucose. Following overliming and neutralization, a d-xylulokinase mutant of Pichia stipitis, FPL-YS30 (xyl3-a dagger 1), converted the stover hydrolysate into xylitol. This research examined the effects of phosphoric or gluconic acids used for neutralization and urea or ammonium sulfate used as nitrogen sources. Phosphoric acid improved color and removal of phenolic compounds. d-Gluconic acid enhanced cell growth. Ammonium sulfate increased cell yield and maximum specific cell growth rate independently of the acid used for neutralization. The highest xylitol yield (0.61 g(xylitol)/g(xylose)) and volumetric productivity (0.18 g(xylitol)/g(xylose) l) were obtained in hydrolysate neutralized with phosphoric acid. However, when urea was the nitrogen source the cell yield was less than half of that obtained with ammonium sulfate.

Effect of pH and oxalic acid on the reduction of Fe(3+) by a biomimetic chelator and on Fe(3+) desorption/adsorption onto wood: Implications for brown-rot decay

Fenton reaction is thought to play an important role in wood degradation by brown-rot fungi. In this context, the effect of oxalic acid and pH on iron reduction by a biomimetic fungal chelator and on the adsorption/desorption of iron to/from wood was investigated. The results presented in this work indicate that at pH 2.0 and 4.5 and in the presence of oxalic acid, the phenolate chelator 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) is capable of reducing ferric iron only when the iron is complexed with oxalate to form Fe mono-oxalate (Fe(C(2)O(4))(+)). Within the pH range tested in this work, this complex formation occurs when the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio is less than 20 (pH 2.0) or less than 10 (pH 4.5). When aqueous ferric iron was passed through a column packed with milled red spruce (Picea rubens) wood equilibrated at pH 2.0 and 4.5. it was observed that ferric iron binds to wood at pH 4.5 but not at pH 2.0, and the bound iron could then be released by application of oxalic acid at pH 4.5. The release of bound iron was dependent on the amount of oxalic acid applied in the column. When the amount of oxalate was at least 20-fold greater than the amount of iron bound to the wood, all bound iron was released. When Fe-oxalate complexes were applied to the milled wood column equilibrated in the pH range of 2-4.5, iron from Fe-oxalate complexes was bound to the wood only when the pH was 3.6 or higher and the oxalate:Fe(3+) molar ratio was less than 10. When 2,3-DHBA was evaluated for its ability to release iron bound to the milled wood, it was found that 2,3-DHBA possessed a greater affinity for ferric iron than the wood as 2,3-DHBA was capable of releasing the ferric iron bound to the wood in the pH range 3.6-5.5. These results further the understanding of the mechanisms employed by brown-rot fungi in wood biodegradation processes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.