A survey of sodium hypochlorite use by general dental practitioners and endodontists in Australia

Background: Sodium hypochlorite is used commonly as an endodontic irrigant, but there are no published reports that provide details of its use. This survey sought to determine the percentage of Australian dentists who practiced endodontics, whether they used sodium hypochlorite for irrigation, and the manner of dilution, storage and dispensing sodium hypochlorite used by both dentists and endodontists. Methods: All Australian endodontists and a stratified random sample of 200 general dentists in Australia were surveyed to address the issues identified above. Results: Almost 98 per cent of dentists surveyed performed endodontic treatment. Among endodontists, nearly 94 per cent used sodium hypochlorite for irrigation compared with just under 75 per cent of general dentists: Sodium hypochlorite use by general dentists was more common in Victoria and South Australia than in other States. An infant sanitizer (Milton or Johnson's Antibacterial Solution) was used by just over 92 per cent of general practitioners and by more than 67 per cent of endodontists. All other respondents used domestic bleach. One hundred and sixty four of the respondents (80 per cent of endodontists and over 90 per cent of general dentists) used a 1 per cent w/v solution. Ten practitioners used a 4 per cent w/v solution, five used a 2 per cent w/v solution and four used a 1.5 per cent w/v solution. Eighty per cent of the practitioners who diluted their sodium hypochlorite before use, used demineralized water for this purpose. The remainder used tap water. Only four practitioners stored sodium hypochlorite in a manner which risked light exposure and loss of available chlorine content. Conclusions: Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as an endodontic irrigant and Australian dentists generally stored the material correctly.

Diagnosis and management of unusual dental abscesses in children

Although the majority of dental abscesses in children originate from dental caries or trauma, a few are associated with unusual conditions which challenge diagnosis and management. Recent research findings have shed light on these unusual entities and greatly improved understanding of their clinical implications. These conditions include developmental abnormalities such as dens invaginatus in which there is an invagination of dental tissues into the pulp chamber and dens evaginatus in which a tubercle containing pulp is found on the external surface of a tooth crown. In addition, inherited conditions which show abnormal dentine such as dentine dysplasia, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and osteogenesis imperfecta predispose the dentition to abscess formation. Furthermore, 'spontaneous' dental abscesses are frequently encountered in familial hypophosphataemia, also known as vitamin D-resistant rickets, in which there is hypomineralization of dentine and enlargement of the pulp. In addition to developmental conditions, there are also acquired conditions which may cause unusual dental abscesses,. These include pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption which was previously known as 'pre-eruptive caries' or the 'fluoride bomb'. In addition, some undiagnosed infections associated with developing teeth are now thought to be the mandibular infected buccal cysts which originate from infection of the developing dental follicles. In the present paper, these relatively unknown entities Which cause unusual abscesses in children are reviewed with the aim of updating the general practitioner in their diagnosis and management.

Endodontic sequelae of dental erosion

Background. The incidence of, pulp involvement in patients with excessive wear has not been extensively documented. Methods: Clinical, records of 448 patients with excessive tooth wear were reviewed and 52 cases (11.6 per cent) with near or frank pulp exposures or root canal treatments were found and their numbers and sites were tabulated. Light microscopy of study models was used to determine aetiology at each site of exposure as. attrition, erosion or abrasion, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on some individual teeth. Results: Forty sites of near exposure and 57 sites of frank exposures or root canal treatments were found, some cases had both types of exposure. The commonest sites exposed by erosion were the palatal surfaces of maxillary, and the incisal surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth. Posterior teeth were not commonly affected. Toothbrush abrasion had exacerbated softie lesions as shown by SEM. Conclusions: Endodontic sequelae were found in 11 per cent of tooth wear patients as late stages of dental erosion. Near and frank exposures of the pulp thus constitute a small but significant, problem for,the Australian dental profession's concern in the of the tooth wear cases.

Fatores relacionados à cronologia de erupção da dentição decídua

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a cronologia e sequência de erupção da dentição decídua e seus fatores relacionados em amostra de crianças de duas regiões do município de Vitória, ES. Os dados utilizados no estudo são provenientes de um estudo longitudinal realizado entre 2003 e 2006 com 86 recém-nascidos que foram acompanhados até a idade de 36 meses de vida, cuja coleta de dados foi obtida por meio da aplicação de um formulário as mães e da realização de um exame clínico nas crianças. Um total de 67 crianças permaneceram até o final do estudo. Calculou-se a idade média de erupção dos dentes decíduos de cada criança e foram aplicados o teste de kappa, McNemar e kappa ajustado pela prevalência. Em seguida realizou-se a Análise de Sobrevivência. Os resultados mostraram que a média de erupção dos dentes decíduos variou de oito a 29 meses de vida no arco inferior, e de 11 a 30 meses no arco superior e que os maiores níveis de concordância foram para os tempos de erupção dos incisivos e caninos decíduos (71/81, kappa = 0,82; IC95% = 0,72-0,93; 53/63, kappa = 0,76; IC95% = 0,62-0,88) do que para os molares decíduos. Dos fatores relacionados a cronologia de erupção da dentição decídua, foi identificado na Regressão de Cox que os hábitos alimentares infantis podem influenciar, acelerando e retardando esse processo eruptivo. Recomenda-se o conhecimento do perfil de erupção decídua de cada população para que tais evidências sirvam de base para a implementação de medidas de prevenção e controle da saúde dessa população e auxilie na elaboração de estratégias, com ações de proteção e promoção da saúde. As ações tem como finalidade a prevenção de possíveis alterações bucais e gerais durante o crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil e melhoria da qualidade de vida dessa população.

Osteossarcoma de mandíbula inicialmente mimetizando lesão do periápice dental: relato de caso

O osteossarcoma é um tumor mesenquimal maligno, no qual as células cancerosas produzem matriz óssea. É o tumor maligno primário mais comum do osso, responsável por aproximadamente 20% dos sarcomas, sendo que 5% destes ocorrem nos maxilares. Possuem variados aspectos não só clínicos e histopatológicos como também no curso e prognóstico. Este artigo apresenta um relato de caso de paciente do sexo feminino, com 20 anos de idade, que nos foi encaminhada apresentando aumento de volume na região de pré-molar inferior esquerdo. Após diagnóstico clínico de lesão do periápice dental, a paciente foi submetida previamente a tratamento endodôntico do dente envolvido, a partir do qual, em um período de 11 dias, pode-se observar um considerável aumento da lesão provocando visível assimetria facial. A radiografia oclusal mostrava imagem compatível com área de destruição óssea e formação de osso anormal na região, com cortical externa exibindo evidente radiopacidade semelhante a raios de sol, sugerindo o diagnóstico de osteossarcoma. A lesão foi biopsiada e obteve-se o diagnóstico histopatológico de osteossarcoma. A paciente foi então submetida à mandibulectomia parcial e uma reconstrução da área, usando osso de costela e enxerto de pele da nádega, para o revestimento da mucosa oral envolvida. Aos 8 meses após a cirurgia houve recorrência local da lesão e a paciente foi a óbito aproximadamente 1 ano depois da recidiva.

An Electromagnetic Tracker System for the design of a dental superstructure

Nowadays, different techniques are available for manufacturing full-arch implant-supported prosthesis, many of them based on an impression procedure. Nevertheless, the long-term success of the prosthesis is highly influenced by the accuracy during such process, being affected by factors such as the impression material, implant position, angulation and depth. This paper investigates the feasibility of a 3D electromagnetic motion tracking system as an acquisition method for modeling such prosthesis. To this extent, we propose an implant acquisition method at the patient mouth, using a specific prototyped tool coupled with a tracker sensor, and a set of calibration procedures (for distortion correction and tool calibration), that ultimately obtains combined measurements of the implant’s position and angulation, and eliminating the use of any impression material. However, in the particular case of the evaluated tracking system, the order of magnitude of the obtained errors invalidates its use for this specific application.

Electromagnetic tracker feasibility in the design of a dental superstructure for edentulous patients

The success of the osseointegration concept and the Brånemark protocol is highly associated to the accuracy in the production of an implant-supported prosthesis. One of most critical steps for long-term success of these prosthesis is the accuracy obtained during the impression procedure, which is affected by factors such as the impression material, implant position, angulation and depth. This paper investigates the feasibility of 3D electromagnetic motion tracking systems as an acquisition method for modeling full-arch implant-supported prosthesis. To this extent, we propose an implant acquisition method at the patient mouth and a calibration procedure, based on a 3D electromagnetic tracker that obtains combined measurements of implant’s position and angulation, eliminating the use of any impression material. Three calibration algorithms (namely linear interpolation, higher-order polynomial and Hardy multiquadric) were tested to compensate for the electromagnetic tracker distortions introduced by the presence of nearby metals. Moreover, implants from different suppliers were also tested to study its impact on tracking accuracy. The calibration methodology and the algorithms employed proved to implement a suitable strategy for the evaluation of novel dental impression techniques. However, in the particular case of the evaluated electromagnetic tracking system, the order of magnitude of the obtained errors invalidates its use for the full-arch modeling of implant-supported prosthesis.

Voxel-based registration of simulated and real patient CBCT data for accurate dental implant pose estimation

The success of dental implant-supported prosthesis is directly linked to the accuracy obtained during implant’s pose estimation (position and orientation). Although traditional impression techniques and recent digital acquisition methods are acceptably accurate, a simultaneously fast, accurate and operator-independent methodology is still lacking. Hereto, an image-based framework is proposed to estimate the patient-specific implant’s pose using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and prior knowledge of implanted model. The pose estimation is accomplished in a threestep approach: (1) a region-of-interest is extracted from the CBCT data using 2 operator-defined points at the implant’s main axis; (2) a simulated CBCT volume of the known implanted model is generated through Feldkamp-Davis-Kress reconstruction and coarsely aligned to the defined axis; and (3) a voxel-based rigid registration is performed to optimally align both patient and simulated CBCT data, extracting the implant’s pose from the optimal transformation. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the framework: (1) an in silico study using 48 implants distributed through 12 tridimensional synthetic mandibular models; (2) an in vitro study using an artificial mandible with 2 dental implants acquired with an i-CAT system; and (3) two clinical case studies. The results shown positional errors of 67±34μm and 108μm, and angular misfits of 0.15±0.08º and 1.4º, for experiment 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, in experiment 3, visual assessment of clinical data results shown a coherent alignment of the reference implant. Overall, a novel image-based framework for implants’ pose estimation from CBCT data was proposed, showing accurate results in agreement with dental prosthesis modelling requirements.

Computer-aided recognition of dental implants in X-ray images

Dental implant recognition in patients without available records is a time-consuming and not straightforward task. The traditional method is a complete user-dependent process, where the expert compares a 2D X-ray image of the dental implant with a generic database. Due to the high number of implants available and the similarity between them, automatic/semi-automatic frameworks to aide implant model detection are essential. In this study, a novel computer-aided framework for dental implant recognition is suggested. The proposed method relies on image processing concepts, namely: (i) a segmentation strategy for semi-automatic implant delineation; and (ii) a machine learning approach for implant model recognition. Although the segmentation technique is the main focus of the current study, preliminary details of the machine learning approach are also reported. Two different scenarios are used to validate the framework: (1) comparison of the semi-automatic contours against implant’s manual contours of 125 X-ray images; and (2) classification of 11 known implants using a large reference database of 601 implants. Regarding experiment 1, 0.97±0.01, 2.24±0.85 pixels and 11.12±6 pixels of dice metric, mean absolute distance and Hausdorff distance were obtained, respectively. In experiment 2, 91% of the implants were successfully recognized while reducing the reference database to 5% of its original size. Overall, the segmentation technique achieved accurate implant contours. Although the preliminary classification results prove the concept of the current work, more features and an extended database should be used in a future work.

Prevalência da cárie dental em brancos e não brancos

Foram examinadas 378 crianças de um grupo escolar da Capital do Estado de São Paulo, com a finalidade de verificar se a prevalência de cárie dental em crianças de côr branca é maior do que em crianças de côr não branca. Após a análise estatística dos dados, utilizando o teste U, de Mann-Whitney, não paramétrico, concluiu-se que os brancos apresentam uma prevalência de cárie estatìsticamente maior, nas idades de 8, 10 e 12 anos, a um nível de significância de 5%.

Fluosilicato de zinco na prevenção de cárie dental em ratos

O propósito desta pesquisa foi verificar uma possível ação sinérgica entre flúor e zinco na incidência da cárie dental. O estudo compreendeu três grupos de ratos que receberam soluções de: a) fluoreto de sódio (1 ppm) ; b) fluosilicato de zinco; c) e água, respectivamente. Todos os grupos, com ratos machos e fêmeas, eram divididos em subgrupos de acôrdo com a dieta - cariogênica e não cariogênica. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, concluíndo-se o seguinte: I) O grupo que recebeu fluosilicato de zinco apresentou menor número de cáries do que o do fluoreto de sódio, mas a diferença não foi estatìsticamente significante, sendo, porém, significante entre êstes dois grupos e o da água. II) Os ratos que receberam o fluosilicato de zinco ou o fluoreto de sódio, mostraram nível mais elevado de flúor nas cinzas dos ossos, mas a diferença entre os dois grupos não foi estatìsticamente significante, III) Notou-se também que apresentavam similar desmineralização óssea.