312 resultados para diuron hexazinone
Resumo:
This work describes the construction and testing of a simple pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) system. A mixture of acetone:water (80:20), 80 ºC and 103.5 bar, was used to extract two herbicides (Diuron and Bromacil) from a sample of polluted soil, followed by identification and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The system was also used to extract soybean oil (70 ºC and 69 bar) using pentane. The extracted oil was weighed and characterized through the fatty acid methyl ester analysis (myristic (< 0.3%), palmitic (16.3%), stearic (2.8%), oleic (24.5%), linoleic (46.3%), linolenic (9.6%), araquidic (0.3%), gadoleic (< 0.3%), and behenic (0.3%) acids) using high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HRGC-FID). PSE results were compared with those obtained using classical procedures: Soxhlet extraction for the soybean oil and solid-liquid extraction followed by solid-phase extraction (SLE-SPE) for the herbicides. The results showed: 21.25 ± 0.36% (m/m) of oil in the soybeans using the PSE system and 21.55 ± 0.65% (m/m) using the soxhlet extraction system; extraction efficiency (recovery) of herbicides Diuron and Bromacil of 88.7 ± 4.5% and 106.6 ± 8.1%, respectively, using the PSE system, and 96.8 ± 1.0% and 94.2 ± 3.9%, respectively, with the SLP-SPE system; limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for Diuron of 0.012 mg kg-1 and 0.040 mg kg-1, respectively; LOD and LOQ for Bromacil of 0.025 mg kg-1 and 0.083 mg kg-1, respectively. The linearity used ranged from 0.04 to 1.50 mg L-1 for Diuron and from 0.08 to 1.50 mg L-1 for Bromacil. In conclusion, using the PSE system, due to high pressure and temperature, it is possible to make efficient, fast extractions with reduced solvent consumption in an inert atmosphere, which prevents sample and analyte decomposition.
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Some herbicides are suspected of promoting teratogenic, carcinogenic and mutagenic events. Detection of induced mitotic crossing-over has proven to be an indirect way of testing the carcinogenic properties of suspicious substances, because mitotic crossing-over is involved in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. We examined mitotic crossing-over induced by two commercial herbicides (diuron and trifluralin) in diploid strains of Aspergillus nidulans based on the homozygotization index. Low doses (2.5 mu g/mL) of diuron were sufficient to increase the mean homozygotization index in 2.1 and 11.3 times for UT448//UT196 and Dp II-I//UT196, respectively, whereas the same dose of trifluralin increased this mean only 1.2 (UT448//UT196) and 3.5 (Dp II-I//UT196) times, respectively. The lower homozygotization index value found for trifluralin could be due to its interference with mitotic crossing-over in eukaryotic cells. We concluded that the diploid Dp II-I//UT196 of A. nidulans is more sensitive to organic compounds than UT448//UT196; these compounds cause recombinational events at a greater frequency in the latter diploid. This system holds promise as an initial test for carcino-genicity of organic compounds, including herbicides.
Resumo:
A new type of dual-channel PAM chlorophyll fluorometer has been developed, which is specialised in the detection of extremely small differences in photosynthetic activity in algae or thylakoids suspensions. In conjunction with standardised algae cultures or isolated thylakoids, the new device provides an ultrasensitive biotest system for detection of toxic substances in water samples. In this report, major features of the new device are outlined and examples of its performance are presented using suspensions of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatoms) and of freeze-dried thylakoids of Lactuca sativa (salad). Investigated and reference samples are exposed to the same actinic intensity of pulse-modulated measuring light. The quantum yields are assessed by the saturation pulse method. Clock-triggered repetitive measurements of quantum yield typically display a standard deviation of 0.1%, corresponding to the inhibition induced by 0.02 mug diuron l(-1). Hence, for diuron or compounds with similar toxicity, the detection limit is well below the 0.1 mug l(-1) defined as the limit for the presence of a single toxic substance in water by the European Commission drinking water regulation. The amounts of water and biotest material required for analysis are very small, as a single assay involves two 1 ml samples, each containing ca. 0.5 mug chlorophyll. Both with Phaeodactylum and thylakoids the relationship between inhibition and diuron concentration is strictly linear up to 10% inhibition, with very similar slopes. Apparent inhibition depends on the actinic effect of the measuring light, showing optima at 6 and 4 mumol quanta m(-2) s(-1) with Phaeodactylum and thylakoids, respectively.
Resumo:
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em campo, com o objetivo de avaliar a atividade residual de herbicidas recomendados para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, quando aplicados ao solo na época seca. Os tratamentos foram organizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em que, no âmbito das parcelas, foram aplicados seis herbicidas e, no âmbito das subparcelas, foram considerados três perÃodos de permanência dos produtos no solo (130 dias, 70 dias e testemunha, sem aplicação). Os tratamentos herbicidas foram (g ha-1): amicarbazone a 1260; clomazone a 1250; hexazinone a 450; imazapic a 147; isoxaflutole a 187,5; e sulfentrazone a 900. Além da infestação natural de plantas daninhas, para avaliação da atividade residual dos produtos, semeou-se pepino na área, considerado como bioindicador. A mesma molécula herbicida teve avaliação diferenciada em razão da espécie bioindicadora considerada. Os herbicidas amicarbazone, hexazinone, isoxaflutole e sulfentrazone têm propriedades positivas para aplicação ao solo em época seca, tais como elevada solubilidade, baixo Kow e baixa fotodegradação. A aplicação de imazapic em pré-emergência tem eficácia consistente em época seca, controlando adequadamente o pepino e a comunidade natural de plantas daninhas. O herbicida clomazone não controlou adequadamente o pepino e a comunidade natural de plantas daninhas.
Resumo:
RESUMO A buva (Conyza sumatrensis), uma das principais plantas daninhas já identificadas no sul do Brasil, vem apresentando controle insatisfatório, em resposta à aplicação dos herbicidas chlorimuron-ethyl e glyphosate. Por esta razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar herbicidas alternativos, visando ao controle de biótipos de C. sumatrensis, com resistência de nÃvel baixo ao herbicida chlorimuron-ethyl e resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, entre abril e agosto de 2012, no municÃpio de Passo Fundo, RS. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, sendo avaliados 15 tratamentos com herbicidas, além de uma testemunha sem aplicação. As variáveis consideradas foram controle percentual, aos 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT) e a matéria seca da parte aérea, aos 28 DAT. Como resultados, observou-se que os biótipos foram 100% controlados, aos 28 DAT, pelos tratamentos alternativos de paraquat + diuron; ammonium glufosinate; glyphosate + 2,4-D; glyphosate + ammonium glufosinate; 2,4-D; tembotrione e tembotrione + atrazine. O biótipo 17 evidenciou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS e os biótipos 05, 17 e 20 não foram controlados pelo herbicida glyphosate.
Resumo:
This study shows the efficiency of passive sampling to reveal industrial and agricultural pollution trends. Two practical applications for nonpolar and polar contaminants are presented. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) samplers were deployed for one year in the Venoge River (VD) to monitor indicator PCBs (iPCBs, IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180). The results showed that the impact of PCB emissions into the river is higher in summer than in other seasons due to the low flow rate of the river during this period. P,olar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed for 4 months in the Sion-Riddes canal (VS) to investigate herbicides (terbuthylazine, diuron and linuron). Desisopropylatrazine-d5 (DIA-d5) was tested as a performance reference compound (PRC) to estimate aqueous concentration. The results showed an increase of water contamination due to the studied agricultural area. The maximal contamination was observed in April and corresponds to the period of herbicide application on the crops.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se identificar cultivos intercalares e métodos integrados de controle de plantas daninhas em maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) como fatores que viabilizem a sua produção e rentabilidade. O experimento foi instalado em maio de 1999, conduzido em espaldeira vertical com um fio de arame a 2,0m do solo, no espaçamento de 2,5m x 5,0m, em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo T1: milho (Zea mays L. - BR 106) como cultura intercalar; T2: feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L. - cultivar Pérola) como cultura intercalar; T3: feijão-de-porco nas entrelinhas e capina com enxada nas linhas; T4: feijão-de-porco nas entrelinhas e controle quÃmico nas linhas (glifosate a 1,5 kg/ha); T5: planta daninha controlada quimicamente (em toda a parcela com alachlor a 2,8 kg/ha + diuron a 1,2 kg/ha em pré-emergência e glifosate a 1,5 kg/ha em pós-emergência); e T6: testemunha (capina com enxada em área total). Os dados analisados, no perÃodo de produção (maio de 1999 a abril de 2000), mostraram que não houve diferenças estatÃsticas entre os tratamentos para produtividade (indústria), peso médio, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos, sólidos solúveis totais e acidez. Contudo, houve significância para produtividade total e in natura, com destaque para a utilização do feijão como cultura intercalar, com produtividade do maracujazeiro de 12,82 t/ha. Tanto o milho como o feijão podem ser recomendados como culturas intercalares no primeiro ano de cultivo do maracujá-amarelo. Os herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência foram economicamente viáveis e não mostraram efeito tóxico sobre as plantas de maracujá-amarelo.
Resumo:
In pineapple fields, weed competition is exacerbated by the fact that the crop is small and has a very slow vegetative development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of herbicides on growth, yield and quality of pineapple, cultivar 'Pérola'. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of weeding by hoe and the herbicides diuron; fluazifop-p-butyl and atrazine + S-metolachlor applied in post-emergence. The characteristics evaluated monthly during the vegetative stage were stem diameter, D-leaf length, number of leaves, number of emitted leaves and percentage of natural floral induction. In the reproductive phase, evaluations were made of average fruit weight (g) with and without crown, fruits length and diameter, number of slip, slip-sucker and sucker type seedlings, determination of soluble solids and pH in the pulp. There was no effect of herbicide treatment on the vegetative growth characteristics. Stem diameter increased until 330 days after planting, showing a decrease after this period. The D-leaf grew over time in all treatments, although phytotoxicity symptoms were observed after the first application of herbicides. The traits evaluated on the reproductive phase showed no significant differences in response to treatments. Therefore, the use of diuron fluazifop-p-butyl and atrazine + S-metolachlor did not affect growth, yield and fruit quality of pineapple, cultivar 'Pérola'.
Resumo:
O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos herbicidas diuron, ametryn e sulfentrazone, e da associação micorrÃzica na eficiência quântica do fotossistema II de mudas de abacaxizeiro 'Imperial'. Foi utilizado o esquema de parcela subdividida, tendo na parcela o fatorial 2 x 4, sendo dois tipos de mudas: inoculadas com P. indica e sem inoculação, e quatro doses de herbicidas: 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 6,0 L ha-1 para o ametryn, 0; 1,6; 3,2 e 6,4 L ha-1 para o diuron e 0; 0,4; 0,8 e 1,6 L ha-1 para o sulfentrazone, e na subparcela as épocas de avaliação, distribuÃdos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Os herbicidas foram aplicados ao substrato antes do plantio das mudas. A inoculação com o fungo P. indica foi feita no momento do plantio. A avaliação da eficiência quântica foi feita por meio da razão de fluorescência da clorofila a (Fv/Fm), determinada aos 60; 90 e 120 dias após o plantio das mudas, obtendo-se a fluorescência inicial, máxima, e variável. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão polinomial. O herbicida ametryn não comprometeu a eficiência do fotossistema II das mudas de abacaxizeiro inoculadas com o fungo P. indica. A inoculação com fungo P. indica aumentou a eficiência do fotossistema II das mudas. A aplicação dos herbicidas diuron e sulfentrazone em doses elevadas reduziu a eficiência do fotossistema II de mudas de abacaxizeiro 'Imperial' não inoculadas com o fungo P. indica.
Resumo:
De plus en plus de substances chimiques sont émises et détectées dans l'environnement.Parmi ces substances, on trouve les herbicides qui sont utilisés en agriculture pour luttercontre la présence des mauvaises herbes. Après leur application sur les sols, les herbicidespeuvent être entrainés par les eaux de pluie jusque dans les ruisseaux et les rivières. Lesconcentrations de ces substances varient donc de manière importante dans les systèmesaquatiques en période de pluie ou en période de temps sec. Des pics élevés de concentrationssont suivis de période de concentrations très faibles ou nulles. Les herbicides présents dans lescours d'eau peuvent engendrer des effets toxiques sur les algues et les plantes aquatiques. Orles tests classiques d'écotoxicologie effectués en laboratoire sont réalisés en exposant lesespèces vivantes à des polluants de manière continue. Ils ne permettent donc pas d'évaluer leseffets des concentrations fluctuantes comme celles des herbicides. Le but de cette thèse estd'étudier et de modéliser les effets des concentrations fluctuantes d'herbicide sur les espècesde microalgues vertes Scenedesmus vacuolatus et Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Desexpériences en laboratoire ont également été effectuées dans le but de valider le modèle.Quatre herbicides ont été testés. Il s'agit de l'atrazine (utilisé jusqu'à récemment pour lemaïs), du diuron (utilisé dans la vigne), de l'isoproturon (utilisé pour les céréales) et du Smétolachlore(utilisé pour le maïs). Les résultats de ce travail de thèse indiquent que les effetsdes concentrations fluctuantes d'herbicide peuvent être modélisés sur des algues d'eau douce.Le modèle est relativement simple pour les inhibiteurs de la photosynthèse tels que l'atrazine,le diuron ou l'isoproturon. Il nécessite la connaissance de deux paramètres, le taux decroissance de l'algue sans polluant et la courbe dose-réponse pour chaque substance.Cependant, des expériences supplémentaires doivent être réalisées si la substance étudiéeinduit un délai de l'effet et du rétablissement ou si une algue est cultivée avec une autre alguedans le même milieu de croissance. Le modèle pourrait également être adapté pour tenircompte des mélanges de substances. Appliqué pour prédire les effets sur les algues descénarios réels, le modèle montre que les longs pics de concentrations jouent le rôle le plusimportant. Il est donc crucial de les mesurer lors du monitoring des cours d'eau. D'autre part,une évaluation du risque effectuée avec ce modèle montre que l'impact des pics deconcentrations sur les espèces les plus sensibles est total. Cela met en évidence, une fois deplus, l'importance de tenir compte de ces concentrations fluctuantes dans l'évaluation durisque environnemental des herbicides, mais également des autres polluants.
Resumo:
Pesticide residues are determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using the Hill reaction as a detection method. Tomatoes samples without pesticide were fortified with atrazine, diuron, chloroxuron and metribuzin, and were applyed in silica gel plates with the help of a microsyringe. The pesticides were elued with ethyl acetate. There was no need of cleaning up because no interference was noticed. After the revelation of the plates, the diameters of the spots were measure by using a rule. The range of the determined concentration for all the pesticides was from 0.1 to1.0 ng/muL. The results obtained through TLC can be used for semi-quantitative analysis.The results obtained were compared to gas and liquid chromatography, showing good agreement between both techniques.
Resumo:
In this work the application of the photo-Fenton process for the treatment of washing water of herbicide containers using solar energy was studied. The influence of the H2O2 concentration and the iron source on the degradation of tebuthiuron and diuron was investigated. The degradation efficiency was strongly affected by the iron source. Using ferrioxalate, total mineralization of diuron and tebuthiuron was obtained either for the individual compounds or for a mixture containing both herbicides, while when using Fe(NO3)3, the maximum mineralization reached for both herbicides was only 50%.
Resumo:
Residues of herbicides from sugarcane were monitored in waters and sediments of Corumbataà River and tributaries. Ametryne, atrazine, simazine, hexazinone, glyphosate, and clomazone were detected in water samples, with negligible levels of ametryne and glyphosate in sediment samples. The area of recharge of the Guarani aquifer presented the highest triazine and clomazone levels. The triazines were detected at higher levels, with atrazine above Brazil's potability and quality standards. Total herbicide levels at some sampling points were 13 times higher than the European Community potability limit. There is no Brazilian standard for ametryne, although the risk is larger due to ametryne's higher toxicity for the aquatic biota.
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The clay minerals montmorillonite (MT) and vermiculite (VT), previously treated with Ca2+, K+ and Na+, were employed in a sorption study with herbicides. The herbicides 2,4-D, diuron, alachlor and metolachlor showed no interaction with MT and VT. On the other hand, the triazines presented a good sorption process, close to 100% for ametrine removal and near to 56 and 69% for atrazine and simazine, respectively, by MT. These results suggest that the MT specie may be a good material for triazines removal from aqueous medium and an alternative phase to preconcentration process, besides to exhibit a good selectivity.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de avaliar uma possÃvel influência da aplicação conjunta de nematicidas sistêmicos e herbicidas sobre a eficácia dos nematicidas, no controle de Meloidogyne spp. e Pratylenchus zeae em cana-de-açúcar (hÃbrido de Saccharum spp.) no Nordeste, instalaram-se dois experimentos, um irrigado e outro não irrigado, ambos em canaviais nordestinos, há muito cultivados e comprovadamente infestados por fitonematóides. A variedade utilizada foi SP79-1011, os nematicidas aldicarb e terbufós e os herbicidas diuron, ametrina, oxyfluorfen e pendimetalin, aplicados no plantio, nas doses recomendadas comercialmente. As avaliações fundamentaram-se nos nÃveis populacionais dos nematóides observados em três diferentes momentos, e nos fatores de reprodução. Avaliaram-se também o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produtividade agrÃcola e dois parâmetros tecnológicos. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve efeito dos herbicidas na eficácia dos nematicidas, nem foram significativas as diferenças em relação à produtividade, exceto na área irrigada, para perfilhamento nos tratamentos com herbicidas, e número de colmos e perfilhos, nos tratamentos com nematicidas em relação à testemunha. Os nematicidas e herbicidas não afetaram os nÃveis de Pol e PCC do caldo, não interferindo, portanto, na produtividade industrial. Houve interação estatÃstica entre nematicida e herbicida para P. zeae na rizosfera, na área irrigada, com a menor população do parasito encontrada na combinação aldicarb + pendimetalin.