Numerical investigations of flow and energy fields near a thermoacoustic couple

The flow field and the energy transport near thermoacoustic couples are simulated using a 2D full Navier-Stokes solver. The thermoacoustic couple plate is maintained at a constant temperature; plate lengths, which are short and long compared with the particle displacement lengths of the acoustic standing waves, are tested. Also investigated are the effects of plate spacing and the amplitude of the standing wave. Results are examined in the form of energy vectors, particle paths, and overall entropy generation rates. These show that a net heat-pumping effect appears only near the edges of thermoacoustic couple plates, within about a particle displacement distance from the ends. A heat-pumping effect can be seen even on the shortest plates tested when the plate spacing exceeds the thermal penetration depth. It is observed that energy dissipation near the plate increases quadratically as the plate spacing is reduced. The results also indicate that there may be a larger scale vortical motion outside the plates which disappears as the plate spacing is reduced. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America.

Population balance modelling of granulation with a physically based coalescence kernel

It was previously published by the authors that granules can either coalesce through Type I (when granules coalesce by viscous dissipation in the surface liquid layer before their surfaces touch) or Type II (when granules are slowed to a halt during rebound, after their surfaces have made contact) (AIChE J. 46 (3) (2000) 529). Based on this coalescence mechanism, a new coalescence kernel for population balance modelling of granule growth is presented. The kernel is constant such that only collisions satisfying the conditions for one of the two coalescence types are successful. One constant rate is assigned to each type of coalescence and zero is for the case of rebound. As the conditions for Types I and II coalescence are dependent on granule and binder properties, the coalescence kernel is thus physically based. Simulation results of a variety of binder and granule materials show good agreement with experimental data. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Polymer product engineering utilising oscillatory baffled reactors

The Oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) can be used to produce particles with controlled size and morphology, in batch or continuous flow. This is due to the effect of the superimposed oscillations that radially mixes fluid but still allows plug-flow (or close to plug flow) behaviour in a continuous system. This mixing, combined with a close to a constant level of turbulence intensity in the reactor, leads to tight droplet and subsequent product particle size distributions. By applying population balance equations together with experimental droplet size distributions, breakage rates of droplets can be determined and this is a useful tool for understanding the product engineering in OBRs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

Explicit/implicit partitioning and a new explicit form of the generalized alpha method

Most finite element packages use the Newmark algorithm for time integration of structural dynamics. Various algorithms have been proposed to better optimize the high frequency dissipation of this algorithm. Hulbert and Chung proposed both implicit and explicit forms of the generalized alpha method. The algorithms optimize high frequency dissipation effectively, and despite recent work on algorithms that possess momentum conserving/energy dissipative properties in a non-linear context, the generalized alpha method remains an efficient way to solve many problems, especially with adaptive timestep control. However, the implicit and explicit algorithms use incompatible parameter sets and cannot be used together in a spatial partition, whereas this can be done for the Newmark algorithm, as Hughes and Liu demonstrated, and for the HHT-alpha algorithm developed from it. The present paper shows that the explicit generalized alpha method can be rewritten so that it becomes compatible with the implicit form. All four algorithmic parameters can be matched between the explicit and implicit forms. An element interface between implicit and explicit partitions can then be used, analogous to that devised by Hughes and Liu to extend the Newmark method. The stability of the explicit/implicit algorithm is examined in a linear context and found to exceed that of the explicit partition. The element partition is significantly less dissipative of intermediate frequencies than one using the HHT-alpha method. The explicit algorithm can also be rewritten so that the discrete equation of motion evaluates forces from displacements and velocities found at the predicted mid-point of a cycle. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

A partial velocity approach to subcycling structural dynamics

Subcycling, or the use of different timesteps at different nodes, can be an effective way of improving the computational efficiency of explicit transient dynamic structural solutions. The method that has been most widely adopted uses a nodal partition. extending the central difference method, in which small timestep updates are performed interpolating on the displacement at neighbouring large timestep nodes. This approach leads to narrow bands of unstable timesteps or statistical stability. It also can be in error due to lack of momentum conservation on the timestep interface. The author has previously proposed energy conserving algorithms that avoid the first problem of statistical stability. However, these sacrifice accuracy to achieve stability. An approach to conserve momentum on an element interface by adding partial velocities is considered here. Applied to extend the central difference method. this approach is simple. and has accuracy advantages. The method can be programmed by summing impulses of internal forces, evaluated using local element timesteps, in order to predict a velocity change at a node. However, it is still only statistically stable, so an adaptive timestep size is needed to monitor accuracy and to be adjusted if necessary. By replacing the central difference method with the explicit generalized alpha method. it is possible to gain stability by dissipating the high frequency response that leads to stability problems. However. coding the algorithm is less elegant, as the response depends on previous partial accelerations. Extension to implicit integration, is shown to be impractical due to the neglect of remote effects of internal forces acting across a timestep interface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Microstructural evolution of the Serido Belt, NE-Brazil: the effect of two tectonic events on development of c-axis preferred orientation in quartz

The polyphase evolution of the Serido Belt (NE-Brazil) includes D, crust formation at 2.3-2.1 Ga, D-2 thrust tectonics at 1.9 Ga and crustal reworking by D-3 strike-slip shear zones at 600 Ma. Microstructural investigations within mylonites associated with D-2 and D-3 events were used to constrain the tectono-thermal evolution of the belt. D-2 shear zones commenced at deeper crustal levels and high amphibolite facies conditions (600-650 degreesC) through grain boundary migration, subgrain rotation and operation of quartz Q-prism slip. Continued shearing and exhumation of the terrain forced the re-equilibration of high-T fabrics and the switching of slip systems from (c)-prism to positive and negative (a)-rhombs. During D-3, enhancement of ductility by dissipation of heat that came from syn-D-3 granites developed wide belts of amphibolite facies mylonites. Continued shearing, uplift and cooling of the region induced D-3 shear zones to act in ductile-brittle regimes, marked by fracturing and development of thinner belts of greenschist facies mylonites. During this event, switching from (a)-prism to a basal slip indicates a thermal path from 600 to 350 degreesC. Therefore, microstructures and quartz c-axis fabrics in polydeformed rocks from the Serido Belt preserve the record of two major events, which includes contrasting deformation mechanisms and thermal paths. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New fluorescence parameters for monitoring photosynthesis in plants - 1. The effect of illumination on the fluorescence parameters of the JIP-test

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have a wide range of applications from basic understanding of photosynthesis functioning to plant environmental stress responses and direct assessments of plant health. The measured signal is the fluorescence intensity (expressed in relative units) and the most meaningful data are derived from the time dependent increase in fluorescence intensity achieved upon application of continuous bright light to a previously dark adapted sample. The fluorescence response changes over time and is termed the Kautsky curve or chlorophyll fluorescence transient. Recently, Strasser and Strasser (1995) formulated a group of fluorescence parameters, called the JIP-test, that quantify the stepwise flow of energy through Photosystem II, using input data from the fluorescence transient. The purpose of this study was to establish relationships between the biochemical reactions occurring in PS II and specific JIP-test parameters. This was approached using isolated systems that facilitated the addition of modifying agents, a PS II electron transport inhibitor, an electron acceptor and an uncoupler, whose effects on PS II activity are well documented in the literature. The alteration to PS II activity caused by each of these compounds could then be monitored through the JIP-test parameters and compared and contrasted with the literature. The known alteration in PS II activity of Chenopodium album atrazine resistant and sensitive biotypes was also used to gauge the effectiveness and sensitivity of the JIP-test. The information gained from the in vitro study was successfully applied to an in situ study. This is the first in a series of four papers. It shows that the trapping parameters of the JIP-test were most affected by illumination and that the reduction in trapping had a run-on effect to inhibit electron transport. When irradiance exposure proceeded to photoinhibition, the electron transport probability parameter was greatly reduced and dissipation significantly increased. These results illustrate the advantage of monitoring a number of fluorescence parameters over the use of just one, which is often the case when the F-V/F-M ratio is used.

Influência da luminosidade na fisiologia e morfoanatomia de jequitibá branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze) e jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze)

Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze e C. legalis (Mart.) Kuntze são arbóreas nativas do Brasil que, além de possuírem alto poder econômico, são objeto de interesse em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas e em plantios comerciais. A escassez de informações relacionadas ao desempenho ecofisiológico dessas espécies em condições ambientais estressantes dificultam o manejo e conservação das mesmas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ecofisiologia das espécies em um gradiente de irradiância, por meio de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, plantas de C. estrellensis com 12 meses de idade foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos: 40%, 50%, 70% e 100% de irradiância, durante 104 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises de crescimento, do conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos, de trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a, do conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis, das características anatômicas foliares e caulinares e da plasticidade fenotípica da espécie. No experimento 2, plantas de C. estrellensis e C. legalis com 14 meses de idade foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: 30% e 100% de irradiância (sombra e sol, respectivamente), durante 30 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises do estresse oxidativo das espécies, por meio da quantificação da atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase do ascorbato e por meio da quantificação do conteúdo foliar de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No experimento 1, em 70% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram melhor crescimento em altura e diâmetro, maior massa seca de folhas (MSF), de caule (MSC) e de raiz (MSR). Em 70% e 100% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram folhas menores (AFU) e mais espessas (AFE e MFE) resultando em menor área foliar total (AFT). Nesses tratamentos as plantas também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b), porém, maior razão Chl a/b e maior conteúdo de carotenóides, o que implicou em menor razão Chl a/Carot. Taxas fotossintéticas maiores foram encontradas nas plantas em 70% e inibidas em 40% e 50%, em função da baixa irradiância solar, e em 100%, possivelmente pela ocorrência de fotoinibição, como mostraram os parâmetros do fluxo de energia do fotossistema II. De acordo com a análise da fluorescência da clorofila a, em pleno sol, as plantas apresentaram menor densidade de centros de reação ativos (RC/ABS) e maior dissipação de energia (DI0/ABS), culminando com menor desempenho do fotossistema II (PIabs) e desempenho total (PITotal). O conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis foi maior nas plantas em 70%, seguido das plantas em 100% de irradiância, com exceção da glicose, que não variou entre os tratamentos. A maior espessura encontrada nas folhas sob 100% de irradiância foi em função da maior espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial e dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso. E o maior diâmetro do caule em 70% de irradiância se deu pela maior espessura do xilema e floema secundários. No experimento 2, as plantas em pleno sol de ambas as espécies também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b) e maior razão Chl a/b. No entanto, o conteúdo de carotenóides foi maior, o que implicou em menores razões Chl a/Carot. A atividade da catalase (CAT) variou em função do tempo e da espécie, apresentando uma queda em C. estrellensis aos 16 dias, possivelmente em função de fotoinativação, e um aumento em C. legalis aos 30 dias. Já a atividade da peroxidase do ascorbato (APX) não variou em função do tempo, da espécie ou dos tratamentos. O estudo da plasticidade fenotípica mostrou que C. estrellensis é uma espécie plástica, principalmente em função das variáveis de fotossíntese e trocas gasosas, sendo capaz de sobreviver no gradiente de irradiância testado, o que viabiliza o seu uso em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. E, uma vez que as análises ecofisiológicas mostraram que C. estrellensis e C. legalis apresentaram melhor desempenho em luminosidade moderada, sugere-se que ambas comportaram-se como espécies intermediárias no processo de sucessão florestal. No entanto, uma vez que a concentração de pigmentos foliares e a produção de enzimas antioxidantes inferiram maior susceptibilidade de C. estrellensis à fotoinibição em alta irradiância, sugere-se maior viabilidade do uso de C. legalis em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradas.

Surge damping analysis in pipe systems: modelling and experiments

The current study focuses on the analysis of pressure surge damping in single pipeline systems generated by a fast change of flow, conditions. A dimensionless form of pressurised transient flow equations was developed. presenting the main advantage of being independent of the system characteristics. In lack of flow velocity profiles. the unsteady friction in turbulent regimes is analysed based on two new empirical corrective-coefficients associated with local and convective acceleration terms. A new, surge damping approach is also presented taking into account the pressure peak time variation. The observed attenuation effect in the pressure wave for high deformable pipe materials can be described by a combination of the non-elastic behaviour of the pipe-wall with steady and unsteady friction effects. Several simulations and experimental tests have been carried out. in order to analyse the dynamic response of single pipelines with different characteristics, such as pipe materials. diameters. thickness. lengths and transient conditions.

A data-mining-based methodology for transmission expansion planning

In recent decades, all over the world, competition in the electric power sector has deeply changed the way this sector’s agents play their roles. In most countries, electric process deregulation was conducted in stages, beginning with the clients of higher voltage levels and with larger electricity consumption, and later extended to all electrical consumers. The sector liberalization and the operation of competitive electricity markets were expected to lower prices and improve quality of service, leading to greater consumer satisfaction. Transmission and distribution remain noncompetitive business areas, due to the large infrastructure investments required. However, the industry has yet to clearly establish the best business model for transmission in a competitive environment. After generation, the electricity needs to be delivered to the electrical system nodes where demand requires it, taking into consideration transmission constraints and electrical losses. If the amount of power flowing through a certain line is close to or surpasses the safety limits, then cheap but distant generation might have to be replaced by more expensive closer generation to reduce the exceeded power flows. In a congested area, the optimal price of electricity rises to the marginal cost of the local generation or to the level needed to ration demand to the amount of available electricity. Even without congestion, some power will be lost in the transmission system through heat dissipation, so prices reflect that it is more expensive to supply electricity at the far end of a heavily loaded line than close to an electric power generation. Locational marginal pricing (LMP), resulting from bidding competition, represents electrical and economical values at nodes or in areas that may provide economical indicator signals to the market agents. This article proposes a data-mining-based methodology that helps characterize zonal prices in real power transmission networks. To test our methodology, we used an LMP database from the California Independent System Operator for 2009 to identify economical zones. (CAISO is a nonprofit public benefit corporation charged with operating the majority of California’s high-voltage wholesale power grid.) To group the buses into typical classes that represent a set of buses with the approximate LMP value, we used two-step and k-means clustering algorithms. By analyzing the various LMP components, our goal was to extract knowledge to support the ISO in investment and network-expansion planning.

Estudo hidráulico em modelo reduzido de descarregadores de cheias: utilização de conchas de rolo na dissipação de energia do escoamento

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Hidráulica

Estudo de uma solução alternativa para o prolongamento do Molhe - Cais do Porto das Velas, Açores

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Especialização em Hidráulica

Dimensionamento de obras de dissipação de energia em drenagem de vias de comunicação

Dissertação de Natureza Científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Hidráulica

Device power management for real-time embedded systems

A large part of power dissipation in a system is generated by I/O devices. Increasingly these devices provide power saving mechanisms to inter alia enhance battery life. While I/O device scheduling has been studied in the past for realtime systems, the use of energy resources by these scheduling algorithms may be improved. These approaches are crafted considering a huge overhead of device transition. The technology enhancement has allowed the hardware vendors to reduce the device transition overhead and energy consumption. We propose an intra-task device scheduling algorithm for real time systems that allows to shut-down devices while ensuring the system schedulability. Our results show an energy gain of up to 90% in the best case when compared to the state-of-the-art.

Online intra-task device scheduling for hard real-time systems

A large part of power dissipation in a system is generated by I/O devices. Increasingly these devices provide power saving mechanisms, inter alia to enhance battery life. While I/O device scheduling has been studied in the past for realtime systems, the use of energy resources by these scheduling algorithms may be improved. These approaches are crafted considering a very large overhead of device transitions. Technology enhancements have allowed the hardware vendors to reduce the device transition overhead and energy consumption. We propose an intra-task device scheduling algorithm for real time systems that allows to shut-down devices while ensuring system schedulability. Our results show an energy gain of up to 90% when compared to the techniques proposed in the state-of-the-art.