Cuckoo: a Language for Implementing Memory- and Thread-safe System Services

This paper is centered around the design of a thread- and memory-safe language, primarily for the compilation of application-specific services for extensible operating systems. We describe various issues that have influenced the design of our language, called Cuckoo, that guarantees safety of programs with potentially asynchronous flows of control. Comparisons are drawn between Cuckoo and related software safety techniques, including Cyclone and software-based fault isolation (SFI), and performance results suggest our prototype compiler is capable of generating safe code that executes with low runtime overheads, even without potential code optimizations. Compared to Cyclone, Cuckoo is able to safely guard accesses to memory when programs are multithreaded. Similarly, Cuckoo is capable of enforcing memory safety in situations that are potentially troublesome for techniques such as SFI.

Mapping NGO Competency to Reduce Human Vulnerability in Post-disaster Communities: Comparing Strategies in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh

Natural hazards trigger disasters, the scale of which is largely determined by vulnerability. Developing countries suffer the most from disasters due to various conditions of vulnerability which exist and there is an opportunity after disasters to take mitigative action. NGOs implementing post-disaster rehabilitation projects must be able to address the issues causing communities to live at risk of disaster and therefore must build dynamic capacity, capabilities and competencies, enabling them to operate in unstable environments. This research is built upon a theoretical framework of dynamic competency established by combining elements of disaster management, strategic management and project management theory. A number of NGOs which have implemented reconstruction and rehabilitation projects both in Sri Lanka following the Asian Tsunami and Bangladesh following Cyclone Sidr are being investigated in great depth using a causal mapping procedure. ‘Event’ specific maps have been developed for each organization in each disaster. This data will be analysed with a view to discovering the strategies which lead to vulnerability reduction in post-disaster communities and the competencies that NGOs must possess in order to achieve favourable outcomes. It is hypothesized that by building organizational capacity, capabilities and competencies to be dynamic in nature, while focusing on a more emergent strategic approach, with emphasis on adaptive capability and innovation, NGOs will be better equipped to contribute to sustainable community development through reconstruction. We believe that through this study it will be possible to glean a new understanding of social processes that emerge within community rehabilitation projects.

Relação homem e atmosfera sob a objectiva de novas tecnologias

Os métodos volumétricos de recolha de amostras de ar constituem os métodos dominantes atualmente para a monitorização de aeroalergenos, sendo a metodologia “Hírst” a dominante para a monitorização do pólen atmosférico. Recentemente têm surgido alguns avanços metodológicos nesta área combinando tecnologias bioquímicas e imunológicas pelo que se empreendeu este estudo a fim de comparar uma tecnologia “Ciclone”, desenvolvida no âmbito de um projeto europeu do programa LIFE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000068), com o referido método padrão quanto à eficiência de captação do pólen atmosférico e à deteção de aeroalergenos polínicos. Métodos: Foram efetuadas amostragens do conteúdo polínico atmosférico dos períodos de polinização dos anos 2006 e 2007 mediante um coletor tipo “Hirst” (Burkard® Seven Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap®) e um coletor tipo “Ciclone” (AeoluS®, Coriolis ® da Bertin Technologies), colocados lado a lado. Foram instalados sobre uma plataforma meteorológica situada no centro da cidade de Évora, 17m acima do nível do solo. As amostras foram analisadas de acordo com os protocolos estabelecidos para cada método. De forma complementar foi realizada uma correlação dos dados obtidos com os registos de inquéritos sintomatológicos efetuados por voluntários das consultas externas de Imunoalergologia do hospital do Espírito Santo em Évora. Todos aqueles que apresentaram queixas respiratórias durante 0 período primaveril efetuaram testes cutâneos em “Prick” modificado aos aeroalergenos mais frequentes na região, a fim de se determinar o respetivo Perl de sensibilidades. Resultados: Esperou-se com este estudo testar a eficácia de uma nova metodologia para deteção e análise de bioaerossóis, comparativamente com a metodologia padrão e com a sua relação sintomatologia atópica respiratória. /ABSTRACT - Nowadays volumetric methods for bioaerosols sampling constitute the main methods to monitor the aeroallergens whereas “Hirst" methodology is the most dominant method to monitor airborne pollen. Recently some methodological advances have been introduced in this area matching biochemical and immunological technologies and so a study was accomplished in order to compare a "Cyclone” technology, developed under the scope of a European project - the LFE program -, with the mentioned standard method in terms of efficiency of airborne pollen sampling and detection of aeroallergens. Methods: Air samples from the outdoor environment were collected during the pollination period, along the year 2006 and 2007 with a "Hirst"-t3pe collector (Burkard® Seven Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap®) and a "Cyclone"-type collector (Aeolus®, Coriolis® Bertin Technologies), placed side by side. They were installed on a meteorological platform situated at the center of Évora, 17m above ground level. Samples were analyzed according to the established protocols by each method. In a complementary way a data correlation was done between the symptomatologic inquiries fiom volunteers of the Immunoallergology external consultations at the Hospital Espírito Santo, in Évora. Everyone declaring breathing complaints during the spring season had done modified skin 'Trick" tests to the most usual aeroallergens of the region Results: It is waited from this study to test the efficiency of a new methodology for detection and analysis of bioaerossols, comparatively with the standard methodology and and its relation with the atopic simptomatologic breathing

Recreation at Crystal Beach - Postcards

Board with six postcards of Crystal Beach. First postcard, Steamer "Americana" leaving foot of Main St. Second postcard, Divers at Crystal Beach, Canada. Third postcard, Cyclone Coaster, Crystal Beach, Ontario. Fourth postcard, Scenic Railway, Crystal Beach, Ont. Fifth postcard, Scene in the Park, Crystal Beach, Ont. Sixth postcard, Scene on the Midway, Crystal Beach, Canada.

Résilience des habitations aux inondations en milieu urbain : le cas d’Andohatapenaka, un quartier de la ville d’Antananarivo

Un foisonnement de littérature existe sur la vulnérabilité aux inondations. Cependant deux importants aspects sont mal représentés dans les recherches académiques. D’un côté, les inondations sont en général le résultat d’un passage de cyclone. De l’autre côté, lorsqu’on parle de vulnérabilité aux inondations, la première chose qui nous vient à l’esprit est la vulnérabilité des habitations et des moyens de subsistances. L’objectif de cet article est donc de montrer à travers une enquête auprès des ménages dans les Bas-quartiers d’Antananarivo que l’étude de la vulnérabilité des habitations aux inondations est d’un intérêt académique. Les résultats de l’enquête montrent que la majorité des habitations ne respectent pas les normes de construction qui leur permettraient de résister aux inondations.

La vulnérabilité face au risque cyclonique : le cas du wilayat Bawshar en Oman

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de réaliser une étude descriptive et évaluative de la vulnérabilité du wilayat Bawshar (district du gouvernorat Mascate, capitale du Sultanat d’Oman), face au risque cyclonique et ce, dans le but de promouvoir la prévention et l’adaptation. À partir des diverses méthodes d’analyse de la vulnérabilité, présentées dans le cadre théorique, nous souhaitons développer une méthode basée sur la prémisse que la vulnérabilité est un système composé de plusieurs facteurs. Cette méthode sera ensuite adaptée au contexte du wilayat Bawshar en lien avec le risque cyclonique. Cette approche est réalisée autour de trois dimensions de la vulnérabilité : physique, sociale et institutionnelle. À la suite de l’application à notre cas d'étude des différentes théories et méthodes analytiques, réalisée grâce à une analyse qualitative et quantitative, générée par une recherche documentaire, des entrevues semi-dirigées, des données statistiques et géomatiques, une observation directe du terrain d’étude ainsi qu’un sondage, voici les importants résultats que nous avons obtenus : les cyclones affectant le gouvernorat de Mascate génèrent d’importants dommages tels que les pertes de vies humaines, la destruction des maisons et des principaux réseaux de transport, ainsi que d’autres perturbations, ceci dû principalement aux inondations émanant des cyclones. Cet endommagement s’explique par la combinaison et l’interaction de plusieurs facteurs tels que les changements océanographiques et atmosphériques affectant le pays ainsi que la topographie et l’hydrologie du site. Les facteurs tels que l’étalement urbain, l’urbanisation de zones à risques, l’explosion démographique, la non diversification de l’économie ainsi que les conditions socio-économiques amplifient la vulnérabilité face au risque cyclonique. Toutefois d’autres facteurs et changements réalisés par le Sultanat d’Oman dans les dernières années diminuent la vulnérabilité de sa population et réduisent l’endommagement à la suite de tels aléas. Parmi eux, nous retrouvons le développement que le pays a soutenu depuis 1970 dans plusieurs secteurs tels que la santé, l’éducation, les infrastructures et l’instauration de politiques de développement durable visant à diversifier l’économie. Depuis le passage des cyclones Gonu et Phet au Sultanat d’Oman, la gestion des risques est au centre même des priorités gouvernementales.

STUDIES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPOSPHERE AND LOWER STRATOSPHERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PASSAGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

In the present thesis, an attempt has been made to study the characteristics of troposphere and lower stratosphere during the passage of tropical cyclones from a tropical station in India using MST radar. MST radar is an excellent tool for studying various features of the atmosphere from ground to mesospheric heights, as it can be operated continuously with good time and altitude resolution. The major objectives are to identify the multiple layers of reflectivity observed in the atmosphere during cyclones, to study the troposphere characteristics during these cyclones and its dependence on cyclone position and intensity, to detect the waves present in the atmosphere, to study the transport of momentum fluxes and to understand stratosphere. The winds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere are greatly affected by the passage of cyclones; the presence of high reflectivity layers below the tropopause suggests the passage of severe weather systems etc. are some of the major findings of the study. The study can be extended further to understand the circulation and dynamics of the atmosphere associated with the passage of tropical cyclones. The gravity wave generation and its characteristics during the passage of storms is another important aspect to be studied in detail.

Studies on ocean surface layer responses to atmospheric forcing in the North Indian Ocean

The present study on upper ocean responses to atmospheric forcing (associated with cyclone passage) in North Indian Ocean revealed significant variability between AS and BoB. The analysis of cyclone frequency during 1947 to 2006 exhibited lesser frequency of cyclones in AS than that of BoB. The analysis also revealed significant reduction in cyclone frequency after the year 1976 with substantial reduction during monsoon season. The long term SST data at selected points in AS and BoB could not reveal any relation with reduction in cyclone frequency. However the SLP at same locations exhibited considerable increase during mid 1970’s, which could have contributed to the observed reduction in cyclone frequency after the year 1976.The response in waves during cyclone passage exhibited significant asymmetry on either side of the track in AS and BoB and the response is observed at 100’s of kilometers away from the track. The significant clockwise rotation in wave direction is observed on the right side of the track starting from near the track to far away locations, which existed for a longer duration. However, the anticlockwise rotation in wave direction is observed over a shorter distance on the left side of the track and dissipated immediately.Inertial oscillation is observed in surface current and in the mixed layer temperature associated with cyclone passage, which revealed the role of relative location(s) on either side of the track. The inertial peak closer to the local inertial period indicates maximum transfer of energy during the cyclone passage in both AS and BoB. The absence of strong inertial oscillation even with clockwise rotation in surface current and wind indicates the dominant role of duration of strong wind in generating inertial oscillation.The oceanic response associated with cyclone passage reveal the variable response(s) which depends on cyclone intensity, the proximity to track and cyclone translation speed. It is observed that resonance with wind generates higher response in surface current, wave and SST on the right side of the track and it lasts for a longer duration. The maximum oceanic response is observed at a few kilometers away on right side of the track. However lesser rightward bias in the location of maximum cooling is observed for cyclones with low cyclone translation speed. The response on the left side of the track is less and is limited over a shorter distance and dissipates immediately. It is observed that the ocean response, in general, increases with intensity of cyclones. However the differential cooling produced by the same intensity cyclones in AS and in BoB indicates the dominant role of low cyclone translation speed in oceanic response.The surface cooling exhibited strikingly differential responses between AS and BoB. The TMI-SST and buoy observations exhibited significant cooling for a longer duration in AS compared to that of BoB. The spatial extent of cooling is also much higher in AS than that of BoB. The wide spread cooling associated with cyclone passage in AS indicates the dominant role of thermal structure in oceanic response in AS than that of BoB.

Environmental Influences on the Frequency and Intensity of North Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones

Tropical cyclones genesis, movement and intensification are highly dependent on its environment both oceanic and atmospheric. This thesis has made a detailed study on the environmental factors related to tropical cyclones of North Indian Ocean basin. This ocean basin has produced only 6% of the global tropical cyclones annually but it has caused maximum loss of human life associated with the strong winds, heavy rain and particularly storm surges that accompany severe cyclones as they strike the heavily populated coastal areas. Atmospheric factors studied in the thesis are the moisture content of the atmosphere, instability of the atmosphere that produces thunderstorms which are the main source of energy for the tropical cyclone, vertical wind shear to which cyclones are highly sensitive and the Sub-Tropical westerly Jetsteram and its Asian high speed center. The oceanic parameters studied are sea surface temperature and heat storage in the top layer of the ocean. A major portion of the thesis has dealt with the three temporal variabilities of tropical cyclone frequency namely intra-seasonal (mainly the influence of Madden Julian Oscillation), inter- annual (the relation with El Nino Southern Oscillation) and decadal variabilities. Regarding decadal variability, a prominent four decade oscillation in the frequency of both tropical cyclones and monsoon depressions unique to the Indian Ocean basin has been brought out. The thesis consists of 9 chapters.

A new perspective on Southern hemisphere storm-tracks.

A detailed view of Southern Hemisphere storm tracks is obtained based on the application of filtered variance and modern feature-tracking techniques to a wide range of 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. It has been checked that the conclusions drawn in this study are valid even if data from only the satellite era are used. The emphasis of the paper is on the winter season, but results for the four seasons are also discussed. Both upper- and lower-tropospheric fields are used. The tracking analysis focuses on systems that last longer than 2 days and are mobile (move more than 1000 km). Many of the results support previous ideas about the storm tracks, but some new insights are also obtained. In the summer there is a rather circular, strong, deep high-latitude storm track. In winter the high-latitude storm track is more asymmetric with a spiral from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in toward Antarctica and a subtropical jet–related lower-latitude storm track over the Pacific, again tending to spiral poleward. At all times of the year, maximum storm activity in the higher-latitude storm track is in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions. In the winter upper troposphere, the relative importance of, and interplay between, the subtropical and subpolar storm tracks is discussed. The genesis, lysis, and growth rate of lower-tropospheric winter cyclones together lead to a vivid picture of their behavior that is summarized as a set of overlapping plates, each composed of cyclone life cycles. Systems in each plate appear to feed the genesis in the next plate through downstream development in the upper-troposphere spiral storm track. In the lee of the Andes in South America, there is cyclogenesis associated with the subtropical jet and also, poleward of this, cyclogenesis largely associated with system decay on the upslope and regeneration on the downslope. The genesis and lysis of cyclones and anticyclones have a definite spatial relationship with each other and with the Andes. At 500 hPa, their relative longitudinal positions are consistent with vortex-stretching ideas for simple flow over a large-scale mountain. Cyclonic systems near Antarctica have generally spiraled in from lower latitudes. However, cyclogenesis associated with mobile cyclones occurs around the Antarctic coast with an interesting genesis maximum over the sea ice near 150°E. The South Pacific storm track emerges clearly from the tracking as a coherent deep feature spiraling from Australia to southern South America. A feature of the summer season is the genesis of eastward-moving cyclonic systems near the tropic of Capricorn off Brazil, in the central Pacific and, to a lesser extent, off Madagascar, followed by movement along the southwest flanks of the subtropical anticyclones and contribution to the “convergence zone” cloud bands seen in these regions.

Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones

The clustering in time (seriality) of extratropical cyclones is responsible for large cumulative insured losses in western Europe, though surprisingly little scientific attention has been given to this important property. This study investigates and quantifies the seriality of extratropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere using a point-process approach. A possible mechanism for serial clustering is the time-varying effect of the large-scale flow on individual cyclone tracks. Another mechanism is the generation by one parent cyclone of one or more offspring through secondary cyclogenesis. A long cyclone-track database was constructed for extended October March winters from 1950 to 2003 using 6-h analyses of 850-mb relative vorticity derived from the NCEP NCAR reanalysis. A dispersion statistic based on the varianceto- mean ratio of monthly cyclone counts was used as a measure of clustering. It reveals extensive regions of statistically significant clustering in the European exit region of the North Atlantic storm track and over the central North Pacific. Monthly cyclone counts were regressed on time-varying teleconnection indices with a log-linear Poisson model. Five independent teleconnection patterns were found to be significant factors over Europe: the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the east Atlantic pattern, the Scandinavian pattern, the east Atlantic western Russian pattern, and the polar Eurasian pattern. The NAO alone is not sufficient for explaining the variability of cyclone counts in the North Atlantic region and western Europe. Rate dependence on time-varying teleconnection indices accounts for the variability in monthly cyclone counts, and a cluster process did not need to be invoked.

West African storm tracks and their relationship to Atlantic tropical cyclones

The automatic tracking technique used by Thorncroft and Hodges (2001) has been used to identify coherent vorticity structures at 850hPa over West Africa and the tropical Atlantic in the ECMWF 40-year reanalysis. The presence of two dominant source regions, north and south of 15ºN over West Africa, for storm tracks over the Atlantic was confirmed. Results show that the southern storm track provides most of the storms that reach the main development region where most tropical cyclones develop. There exists marked seasonal variability in location and intensity of the storms leaving the West African coast, which may influence the likelihood of downstream intensification and longevity. There exists considerable year-to-year variability in the number of West African storm tracks, both in numbers over the land and continuing out over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. While the low-frequency variability is well correlated with Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, West African rainfall and SSTs, the interannual variability is found to be uncorrelated with these. In contrast, variance of the 2-6-day-filtered meridional wind, which provides a synoptic-scale measure of African Easterly Wave activity, shows a significant, positive correlation with tropical cyclone activity at interannual timescales.

The prediction of extratropical storm tracks by the ECMWF and NCEP ensemble prediction systems

The prediction of extratropical cyclones by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Ensemble Prediction Systems (EPS) has been investigated using an objective feature tracking methodology to identify and track the cyclones along the forecast trajectories. Overall the results show that the ECMWF EPS has a slightly higher level of skill than the NCEP EPS in the northern hemisphere (NH). However in the southern hemisphere (SH), NCEP has higher predictive skill than ECMWF for the intensity of the cyclones. The results from both EPS indicate a higher level of predictive skill for the position of extratropical cyclones than their intensity and show that there is a larger spread in intensity than position. Further analysis shows that the predicted propagation speed of cyclones is generally too slow for the ECMWF EPS and show a slight bias for the intensity of the cyclones to be overpredicted. This is also true for the NCEP EPS in the SH. For the NCEP EPS in the NH the intensity of the cyclones is underpredicted. There is small bias in both the EPS for the cyclones to be displaced towards the poles. For each ensemble forecast of each cyclone, the predictive skill of the ensemble member that best predicts the cyclones position and intensity was computed. The results are very encouraging showing that the predictive skill of the best ensemble member is significantly higher than that of the control forecast in terms of both the position and intensity of the cyclones. The prediction of cyclones before they are identified as 850 hPa vorticity centers in the analysis cycle was also considered. It is shown that an indication of extratropical cyclones can be given by at least 1 ensemble member 7 days before they are identified in the analysis. Further analysis of the ECMWF EPS shows that the ensemble mean has a higher level of skill than the control forecast, particularly for the intensity of the cyclones, 2 from day 3 of the forecast. There is a higher level of skill in the NH than the SH and the spread in the SH is correspondingly larger. The difference between the ensemble mean and spread is very small for the position of the cyclones, but the spread of the ensemble is smaller than the ensemble mean error for the intensity of the cyclones in both hemispheres. Results also show that the ECMWF control forecast has ½ to 1 day more skill than the perturbed members, for both the position and intensity of the cyclones, throughout the forecast.

A Tropospheric Assessment of the ERA-40, NCEP, and JRA-25 Global Reanalyses in the Polar Regions

The reliability of the global reanalyses in the polar regions is investigated. The overview stems from an April 2006 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) workshop on the performance of global reanalyses in high latitudes held at the British Antarctic Survey. Overall, the skill is much higher in the Arctic than the Antarctic, where the reanalyses are only reliable in the summer months prior to the modern satellite era. In the Antarctic, large circulation differences between the reanalyses are found primarily before 1979, when vast quantities of satellite sounding data started to be assimilated. Specifically for ERA-40, this data discontinuity creates a marked jump in Antarctic snow accumulation, especially at high elevations. In the Arctic, the largest differences are related to the reanalyses depiction of clouds and their associated radiation impacts; ERA-40 captures the cloud variability much better than NCEP1 and JRA-25, but the ERA-40 and JRA-25 clouds are too optically thin for shortwave radiation. To further contrast the reanalyses skill, cyclone tracking results are presented. In the Southern Hemisphere, cyclonic activity is markedly different between the reanalyses, where there are few matched cyclones prior to 1979. In comparison, only some of the weaker cyclones are not matched in the Northern Hemisphere from 1958-2001, again indicating the superior skill in this hemisphere. Although this manuscript focuses on deficiencies in the reanalyses, it is important to note that they are a powerful tool for climate studies in both polar regions when used with a recognition of their limitations.

A note on boundary layer friction in baroclinic cyclones

The interaction between extratropical cyclones and the underlying boundary layer has been a topic of recent discussion in papers by Adamson et al (2006) and Beare (2007). Their results emphasise different mechanisms through which the boundary layer dynamics may modify the growth of a baroclinic cyclone. By using different sea-surface temperature distributions and comparing the low-level winds, the differences are exposed and both of the proposed mechanisms appear to be acting within a single simulation.