Description of the immature stages of the weevil Anthonomus vis Clark (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), inquiline into the gall of Leandra aurea (Melastomataceae)

Description of the immature stages of the weevil Anthonomus vis Clark (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), inquiline into the gall of Leandra aurea (Melastomataceae). The third instar larva and the pupa of Anthonomus vis Clark, 1992 are described and illustrated, based upon specimens collected in the Serra de São José, Tiradentes, in Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The species was previously known from the type series collected in the states of Amapá and Pará. Comparisons with the larva and pupa of A. grandis Boheman, 1843 and A. monostigma Champion, 1903 are included. The larvae of A. vis live as inquilines in the galls induced by a species of momphid moths (Lepidoptera, Momphidae) in the stems of Leandra aurea (Cham.) Cogn. (Melastomataceae).

Morphology, distribution and abundance of antennal sensilla of the oyster mushroom fly, Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen) (Diptera: Scatopsidae)

ABSTRACT We investigated the distribution, morphology and abundance of antennae sensilla of Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen) using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of C. fuscipes consisted of scape, pedicel, and flagellum with eight flagellomeres. Antennal scape and pedicel had only one type of sensillum, i.e., sensilla chaetica. Significant differences were found between the number and distribution of these sensilla. Four types of morphologically distinct sensilla on the flagellum were identified, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichoidea, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla basiconica (three subtypes). Significant differences were found in the abundance and distribution of sensilla among the antennal flagella and diverse flagellomeres in both sexes. Sensilla trichoidea is the most abundant of sensilla discovered on the antennal flagellum. Sensilla chaetica is the largest and longest sensilla among all the types of sensilla found on the antennal surface of C. fuscipes. Sensilla coeloconica is widely distributed all over the flagellum surface except for the first of female. Some significant differences in the abundance and distribution were also observed among sensilla basiconica of flagellum. The probable biological function of each sensillum type was deduced based on the basis of their structure. These results serve as important basis for further studies on the host location mechanism and mating behavior of C. fuscipes.

Effects of alkaline fly ash precipitation on the Sphagnum mosses in Niinsaare bog, NE Estonia

Tiivistelmä: Emäksisen tuhkalaskeuman vaikutus rahkasammaliin Niinsaarensuolla Koillis-Virossa

The effects of alkaline fly ash precipitation on the Sphagnum mosses in Niinsaare bog, NE Estonia

Tiivistelmä: Emäksisen tuhkalaskeuman vaikutus rahkasammaliin Niinsaarensuolla Koillis-Virossa

Structure and function of a "yellow" protein from saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis that confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection.

LJM11, an abundant salivary protein from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, belongs to the insect "yellow" family of proteins. In this study, we immunized mice with 17 plasmids encoding L. longiplapis salivary proteins and demonstrated that LJM11 confers protective immunity against Leishmania major infection. This protection correlates with a strong induction of a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response following exposure to L. longipalpis saliva. Additionally, splenocytes of exposed mice produce IFN-γ upon stimulation with LJM11, demonstrating the systemic induction of Th1 immunity by this protein. In contrast to LJM11, LJM111, another yellow protein from L. longipalpis saliva, does not produce a DTH response in these mice, suggesting that structural or functional features specific to LJM11 are important for the induction of a robust DTH response. To examine these features, we used calorimetric analysis to probe a possible ligand binding function for the salivary yellow proteins. LJM11, LJM111, and LJM17 all acted as high affinity binders of prohemostatic and proinflammatory biogenic amines, particularly serotonin, catecholamines, and histamine. We also determined the crystal structure of LJM11, revealing a six-bladed β-propeller fold with a single ligand binding pocket located in the central part of the propeller structure on one face of the molecule. A hypothetical model of LJM11 suggests a positive electrostatic potential on the face containing entry to the ligand binding pocket, whereas LJM111 is negative to neutral over its entire surface. This may be the reason for differences in antigenicity between the two proteins.

Weed control trials with fibre mulch, glyphosate and terbuthylazine in Scots pine plantations

Summary

You Can Fly, March 24, 2005

People in all walks of life have dreams. Is your dream to fly? Some of the most frequently asked questions about learning to fly are listed below. While they will not answer all your questions, they will send you in the right direction - up.

Sociogenetics of fire ants

RÉSUMÉ GRAND PUBLIC La complexité des sociétés d'insectes (telles que les abeilles, les termites ou les fourmis) a depuis longtemps fasciné l'Homme. Depuis le débfit du XIXème siècle, de nombreux travaux observationnels, comportementaux et théoriques leur on été consacrés afin de mieux les décrire et comprendre. L'avènement de la biologie moléculaire à la fin du XXèrne siècle a offert de nouveaux outils scientifiques pour identifier et étudier les gènes et molécules impliqués dans le développement et le comportement des êtres vivants. Alors que la majorité de ces études s'est focalisée sur des organismes de laboratoire tel que la mouche ou les nématodes, l'utilisation de ces outils est restée marginale jusqu'à présent dans l'étude des sociétés d'insectes. Lors de ma thèse, j'ai développé des outils moléculaires permettant de déterminer le niveau d'activité de zo,ooo gènes chez la fourmi de feu, Solenopsis invicta, ainsi qu'une base de données et un portail en ligne regroupant les informations relatives à l'étude génétique des fourmis: Fourmidable. J'ai ensuite utilisé ces outils dans le cadre d'une étude comportementale chez la fourmis S. invicta. Dans les sociétés d'insectes, une hiérarchie peut déterminer le statut reproducteur des individus. Suite à la mort d'un dominant, les subordonnés entrent en compétition en vue d'améliorer leur statut. Un tel phénomène se produit au sein des colonies de S. invicta contenant une unique reine mère, des milliers d'ouvrières et des centaines de reines vierges ailées. A la mort de la reine mère, un grand nombre de reines vierges tentent de la remplacer en arrachant leurs ailes et en activant leurs organes reproducteurs plutôt que de partir en vol nuptial. Ces tentatives sont le plus souvent arrêtées par les ouvrières qui exécutent la plupart de ces reines sur la base de signaux olfactifs produits lors de l'activation des organes reproducteurs. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués, j'ai étudié l'activité de gènes au sein des reines au début de ce processus. J'ai ainsi déterminé que des gènes impliqués dans communication olfactive, le développement des organes reproducteurs et la métabolisation de l'hormone juvénile sont activês à ce moment là. La vitesse à laquelle les reines perdent leurs ailes ainsi que les niveaux d'expression de gènes sont ensuite liés à leur probabilité de survie. ABSTRACT : Honeybees, termites and ants occupy the "pinnacle of social evolution" with societies of a complexity that rivals our own. Humans have long been fascinated by social insects, but studying them has been mostly limited to observational and behavioral experiments. The advent of molecular biology first made it possible to investigate the molecular-genetic basis of development in model systems such as the fruit fly Drosophila melarcogaster or the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and subsequently their behavior. Molecular and genomic tools are now becoming available for the study of social insects as well. To permit genomic research on the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, we developed a cDNA microarray that can simultaneously determine the expression levels of approximately 1oooo genes. These genes were assembled and bioinformatically annotated using custom pipelines. The obtained data formed the cornerstones for Fourmidable, a web portal centralizing sequence, gene annotation and gene expression data as well as laboratory protocols for research on ants. In many animals living in groups the reproductive status of individuals is determined by their social status. In species with social hierarchies, the death of dominant individuals typically upheaves the social hierarchy and provides an opportunity for subordinate individuals to improve their social status. Such a phenomenon occurs in the monogyne form of S. invicta, where colonies typically contain a single wingless reproductive queen, thousands of workers and hundreds of winged non-reproductive virgin queens. Upon the death of the mother queen, many virgin queens shed their wings and initiate reproductive development instead of departing on a mating flight. Workers progressively execute almost all of them over the following weeks. The workers base their collective decision on pheromonal cues associated with the onset of reproductive development of the virgin queens which occurs after orphaning. We used the aforementioned tools to determine that genes putatively involved in processes including olfactory signaling, reproductive development and Juvenile Hormone metabolism are differentially expressed at the onset of competition. Additionally, we found that queens that initiate reproductive development faster and, to a certain extent, shed their wings faster after orphaning are more likely to become replacement queens. These results provide candidate genes that are putatively linked to competition outcome. To determine the extent to which specific genes affect different aspects of life in ant colonies, functional tests such as gene activation and silencing will still be required. We conclude by discussing some of the challenges and opportunities for molecular-genetic research on ants. RÉSUMÉ Les sociétés d'abeilles, de termites et de fourmis sont d'une complexité proche de celle de la nôtre et ont depuis longtemps fasciné l'Homme. Cependant, leur étude était jusqu'à présent limitée aux observations et expériences comportementales. L'avènement de la biologie moléculaire a d'abord rendu possible l'étude moléculaire et génétique du développement d'organismes modèles tels que la mouche Drosophila melanogaster ou le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans, puis dans un second temps de leur comportement. De telles études deviennent désormais possibles pour les insectes sociaux. Nous avons développé une puce à ADN permettant de déterminer simultanément les niveaux d'expression de 1oooo gènes de la fourmi de feu, Solenopsís invicta. Ces gènes ont été séquencés puis assemblés et annotés à l'aide de pipelines que nous avons développés. En se basant sur les informations obtenues, nous avons créé un portail web, Fourmidable. Ce portail vise à centraliser toutes les informations de séquence, d'annotation et d'expression de gènes, ainsi que les protocoles de laboratoire utilisés pour la recherche sur les fourmis. Par la suite, nous avons utilisé les outils développés pour étudier un aspect particulier de S. invicta. Chez les animaux grégaires, une hiérarchie sociale peut déterminer le statut reproducteur des individus. Suite à la mort d'un individu dominant, les individus subordonnés peuvent entrer en compétition en vue d'améliorer leur statut. Un tel phénomène se produit au sein des colonies monogynes de S. invicta, qui contiennent habituellement une unique reine mère, des milliers d'ouvrières et des centaines de reines vierges ailées. Suite à la mort de la reine mère, dominante, un grand nombre de reines vierges, subordonnées, perdent leurs ailes et activent leurs organes reproducteurs au lieu de partir en vol nuptial. Au cours des semaines suivantes, les ouvrières exécutent la plupart de ces reines sur la base de signaux olfactifs produits lors de l'activation des organes reproducteurs. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués, nous avons étudié l'expression de gènes au début de cette compétition. Nous avons identifié 297 gènes différemment exprimés, dont l'annotation indique qu'ils seraient impliqués dans des processus biologiques dont la communication olfactive, le développement des organes reproducteurs et la métabolisation de l'hormone juvénile. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé que la vitesse à laquelle les reines perdent leurs ailes en début de compétition ainsi que les niveaux d'expression de gènes sont corrélés à la probabilité de survie des reines. Nous concluons en discutant des opportunités offertes par la recherche génétique sur les fourmis ainsi que les défis qu'elle devra surmonter.

Reclaimed Fly Ash as Select Fill Under PCC Pavement, November 1999

With the support of the Iowa Fly Ash Affiliates, research on reclaimed fly ash for use as a construction material has been ongoing since 1991. The material exhibits engineering properties similar to those of soft limestone or sandstone and a lightweight aggregate. It is unique in that it is rich in calcium, silica, and aluminum and exhibits pozzolanic properties (i.e. gains strength over time) when used untreated or when a calcium activator is added. Reclaimed Class C fly ashes have been successfully used as a base material on a variety of construction projects in southern and western Iowa. A pavement design guide has been developed with the support of the Iowa Fly Ash Affiliates. Soils in Iowa generally rate fair to poor as subgrade soils for paving projects. This is especially true in the southern quarter of the state and for many areas of eastern and western Iowa. Many of the soil types encountered for highway projects are unsuitable soils under the current Iowa DOT specifications. The bulk of the remaining soils are Class 10 soils. Select soils for use directly under the pavement are often difficult to find on a project, and in many instances are economically unavailable. This was the case for a 4.43-mile grading (STP-S- 90(22)-SE-90) and paving project in Wapello County. The project begins at the Alliant Utilities generating station in Chillicothe, Iowa, and runs west to the Monroe-Wapello county line. This road carries a significant amount of truck traffic hauling coal from the generating station to the Cargill corn processing plant in Eddyville, Iowa. The proposed 10-inch Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement was for construction directly on a Class 10 soil subgrade, which is not a desirable condition if other alternatives are available. Wapello County Engineer Wendell Folkerts supported the use of reclaimed fly ash for a portion of the project. Construction of about three miles of the project was accomplished using 10 inches of reclaimed fly ash as a select fill beneath the PCC slab. The remaining mile was constructed according to the original design to be used as a control section for performance monitoring. The project was graded during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Paving was completed in the fall of 1999. This report presents the results of design considerations and laboratory and field testing results during construction. Recommendations for use of reclaimed fly ash as a select fill are also presented.

Evaluation of Fly Ash Concrete Durability Containing Class II Durability Aggregates, July 1986

Fly ash was used in this evaluation study to replace 15% of the cement in Class C-3 concrete paving mixes. One Class "c" ash from Iowa approved sources was examined in each mix. Substitution rate was based on 1 to 1 basis, for each pound of cement removed 1.0 pound of ash was added. The freeze/thaw durability of the concrete studied was not adversely affected by the presence of fly ash. This study reveals that the durability of the concrete test specimens made with Class II durability aggregates was slightly increased in all cases by the substitution of cement with 15% Class "c" fly ash. In all cases durability factors either remained the same or slightly improved except for one case where the durability factor decreased from 36 to 34. The expansion decreased in all cases.

Geographical and altitudinal population genetic structure of two dung fly species with contrasting mobility and temperature preference.

Local adaptation of populations requires some degree of spatio-temporal isolation. Previous studies of the two dung fly species Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea have revealed low levels of geographic and altitudinal genetic differentiation in quantitative life history and morphological traits, but instead high degrees of phenotypic plasticity. These patterns suggest that gene flow is extensive despite considerable geographic barriers and large spatio-temporal variation in selection on body size and related traits. In this study we addressed this hypothesis by investigating genetic differentiation of dung fly populations throughout Switzerland based on the same 10 electrophoretic loci in each species. Overall, we found no significant geographic differentiation of populations for either species. This is inconsistent with the higher rates of gene flow expected due to better flying capacity of the larger S. stercoraria. However, heterozygote deficiencies within populations indicated structuring on a finer scale, seen for several loci in S. cynipsea, and for the locus PGM (Phosphoglucomutase) in S. stercoraria. Additionally, S. cynipsea showed a tendency towards a greater gene diversity at higher altitudes, mediated primarily by the locus MDH (malate dehydrogenase), at which a second allele was only present in populations above 1000 m. This may be caused by increased environmental stress at higher altitudes in this warm-adapted species. MDH might thus be a candidate locus subject to thermal selection in this species, but this remains to be corroborated by direct evidence. In S. stercoraria, no altitudinal variation was found.

Ecological and historical drivers of diversification in the fly genus Chiastocheta Pokorny.

Coevolution is among the main forces shaping the biodiversity on Earth. In Eurasia, one of the best-known plant-insect interactions showing highly coevolved features involves the fly genus Chiastocheta and its host-plant Trollius. Although this system has been widely studied from an ecological point of view, the phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of the flies have remained little investigated. In this integrative study, we aim to test the monophyly of the five Chiastocheta eco-morphological groups, defined by Pellmyr in 1992, by inferring a mitochondrial phylogeny. We further apply a new approach to assess the effect of (i) different molecular substitution rates and (ii) phylogenetic uncertainty on the inference of the spatio-temporal evolution of the group. From a taxonomic point of view, we demonstrate that only two of Pellmyr's groups (rotundiventris and dentifera) are phylogenetically supported, the other species appearing para- or polyphyletic. We also identify the position of C. lophota, which was not included in previous surveys. From a spatio-temporal perspective, we show that the genus arose during the Pliocene in Europe. Our results also indicate that at least four large-scale dispersal events are required to explain the current distribution of Chiastocheta. Moreover, each dispersal to or from Asia is associated with a host-shift and seems to correspond to an increase in speciation rates. Finally, we highlight the correlation between diversification and climatic fluctuations, which indicate that the cycles of global cooling over the last million years had an influence on the radiation of the group.

Weed Shiner Notropis texanus, 2011

Data sheet produced by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources is about different times of animals, insects, snakes, birds, fish, butterflies, etc. that can be found in Iowa.