Eddy-current losses in rotor surface mounted permanent magnets

The aim of the work is to study the existing analytical calculation procedures found in literature to calculate the eddy-current losses in surface mounted permanent magnets within PMSM application. The most promising algorithms are implemented with MATLAB software under the dimensional data of LUT prototype machine. In addition finite elements analyze, utilized with help of Flux 2D software from Cedrat Ltd, is applied to calculate the eddy-current losses in permanent magnets. The results obtained from analytical methods are compared with numerical results.

Position sensorless electrically excited synchronous motor drive for industrial use based on direct flux linkage and torque control

Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

Atropoisomerismo: o efeito da quiralidade axial em substâncias bioativas

Atropisomerism is a special kind of stereoisomeric relationship that arises from the freezing of a certain conformation of an organic molecule, associated with a high rotational barrier about a single covalent bond. Atropisomerism has been originally described in orto-functionalyzed biphenyl derivatives, but a lot of other organic functionalities can present this structural phenomenon, characterized by the presence of chiral properties in compounds that don't present classical stereogenic centers. Atropisomeric compounds, intermediates and catalysts have well-know importance in organic synthesis, but the influence of the axial chirality in substances able to modulate biological systems is still not very exploited in drug design and development. In this context, the present account describes the importance of this structural property in the medicinal chemistry of different classes of bioactive compounds or therapeutic agents, emphasizing how atropisomerism could affect the molecular recognition of a ligand or a prototype by the target bioreceptor.

Avaliação de ICP OES com configuração axial ou radial para determinação de iodo em sal de cozinha

The performance of inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometers with axial and radial views for determination of iodine in table salt was evaluated. Interference and memory effects in nitric acid and water-soluble tertiary amines (CFA-C) media were studied. Based on a factorial experiment, one optimum instrument operational condition for axial configuration, and two optima conditions for radial configuration was established. The ICP OES with axial view was 5-fold more sensitive than the radial view. Both matrix matching and standard addition methods were used for iodine quantification and for most samples, both strategies of calibration led to similar results. Recoveries ranged from 104 to 114%.

Numerical modelling of small supersonic axial flow turbines

Supersonic axial turbine stages typically exhibit lower efficiencies than subsonic axial turbine stages. One reason for the lower efficiency is the occurrence of shock waves. With higher pressure ratios the flow inside the turbine becomes relatively easily supersonic if there is only one turbine stage. Supersonic axial turbines can be designed in smaller physical size compared to subsonic axial turbines of same power. This makes them good candidates for turbochargers in large diesel engines, where space can be a limiting factor. Also the production costs are lower for a supersonic axial turbine stage than for two subsonic stages. Since supersonic axial turbines are typically low reaction turbines, they also create lower axial forces to be compensated with bearings compared to high reaction turbines. The effect of changing the stator-rotor axial gap in a small high (rotational) speed supersonic axial flow turbine is studied in design and off-design conditions. Also the effect of using pulsatile mass flow at the supersonic stator inlet is studied. Five axial gaps (axial space between stator and rotor) are modeled using threedimensional computational fluid dynamics at the design and three axial gaps at the off-design conditions. Numerical reliability is studied in three independent studies. An additional measurement is made with the design turbine geometry at intermediate off-design conditions and is used to increase the reliability of the modelling. All numerical modelling is made with the Navier-Stokes solver Finflo employing Chien’s k ¡ ² turbulence model. The modelling of the turbine at the design and off-design conditions shows that the total-to-static efficiency of the turbine decreases when the axial gap is increased in both design and off-design conditions. The efficiency drops almost linearily at the off-design conditions, whereas the efficiency drop accelerates with increasing axial gap at the design conditions. The modelling of the turbine stator with pulsatile inlet flow reveals that the mass flow pulsation amplitude is decreased at the stator throat. The stator efficiency and pressure ratio have sinusoidal shapes as a function of time. A hysteresis-like behaviour is detected for stator efficiency and pressure ratio as a function of inlet mass flow, over one pulse period. This behaviour arises from the pulsatile inlet flow. It is important to have the smallest possible axial gap in the studied turbine type in order to maximize the efficiency. The results for the whole turbine can also be applied to some extent in similar turbines operating for example in space rocket engines. The use of a supersonic stator in a pulsatile inlet flow is shown to be possible.

Design and analysis of a transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-machine pole-pair

The Switched Reluctance technology is probably best suited for industrial low-speed or zerospeed applications where the power can be small but the torque or the force in linear movement cases might be relatively high. Because of its simple structure the SR-motor is an interesting alternative for low power applications where pneumatic or hydraulic linear drives are to be avoided. This study analyses the basic parts of an LSR-motor which are the two mover poles and one stator pole and which form the “basic pole pair” in linear-movement transversal-flux switchedreluctance motors. The static properties of the basic pole pair are modelled and the basic design rules are derived. The models developed are validated with experiments. A one-sided one-polepair transversal-flux switched-reluctance-linear-motor prototype is demonstrated and its static properties are measured. The modelling of the static properties is performed with FEM-calculations. Two-dimensional models are accurate enough to model the static key features for the basic dimensioning of LSRmotors. Three-dimensional models must be used in order to get the most accurate calculation results of the static traction force production. The developed dimensioning and modelling methods, which could be systematically validated by laboratory measurements, are the most significant contributions of this thesis.

Qualidade física e fisiológica de semente de soja colhida com sistema de trilha axial sob diferentes velocidades de operação e rotações do cilindro trilhador

A colheita mecanizada é ferramenta fundamental no processo produtivo das grandes culturas; se não for realizada adequadamente, poderá resultar em danos mecânicos severos às sementes, acarretando, prejuízos significativos na colheita, particularmente devido à redução da qualidade. Visando a avaliar os danos causados na colheita mecanizada de soja, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito do sistema de trilha axial sobre a percentagem de bandinhas, impurezas e sementes quebradas de soja cv. M-Soy 8001, em função da velocidade de trabalho e rotação do cilindro trilhador. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em parcelas subdivididas, avaliando-se duas rotações do cilindro trilhador (400 e 500 rpm) e três velocidades de operação (3,5; 4,5 e 5,5 km h-1), com três repetições. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as combinações de velocidade de operação e rotações do cilindro de trilha avaliadas não afetam as variáveis vigor, impurezas, bandinha, emergência em areia e índice de velocidade de germinação e que o aumento da rotação de 400 para 500 rpm ocasiona o aumento de sementes quebradas.

Qualidade de sementes de soja em função do horário de colheita e do sistema de trilha de fluxo radial e axial

O trabalho objetivou avaliar dois tipos de colhedoras, de fluxo radial e axial, em relação à qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de duas cultivares de soja, BRS 184 e BRS 133, colhidas em dois horários, às 10 e 18 horas. A colhedora de fluxo radial trabalhou a 5,0 km h-1 , com o cilindro batedor a 750 rotações por minuto (rpm). A colhedora de fluxo axial trabalhou a 8,0 km h-1, e rotor com 650 rpm. Para a avaliação da qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes, foram realizados testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, tetrazólio, dano mecânico (hipoclorito), umidade de campo e laboratório, sementes quebradas (bandinha) e pureza. A colheita realizada às 18 horas, com grau de umidade menor que 12%, ocasionou maiores danos mecânicos nas sementes da cultivar BRS 184. A colhedora de sistema de fluxo axial resultou em sementes de melhor qualidade fisiológica para a cultivar BRS 184, e em menores percentuais de sementes quebradas e maior pureza para ambas as cultivares, comparativamente à colhedora de sistema de trilha com fluxo radial.

Calibration of angles of nozzles and deposition of an axial-flow sprayer on dwarf cashew

The study aimed to determine an optimum angle for the nozzles axial-flow sprayers a deposition for better vertical distribution focused on cashew. In laboratory tests were conducted adjusting the angle of the nozzle axial-flow sprayers. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 2x3 factorial with four replications. The treatment for this test were two settings (with and without the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles ) and tree application volumes 273, 699 and 954 L ha-¹.The study was conducted in an orchard of dwarf cashew, with eight years of age. It was concluded that the volumetric distribution profile showed better vertical distribution uniformity when the angles of the nozzles were regulated for the canopy, the adjustment of the angles of the nozzles for the canopy provided greater deposition of droplets, the increased volume of application resulted in higher depositions in the leaves of the crop.

A influência do número de barras na resistência à compressão axial dos fixadores externos monoplanares em modelos de tíbias de poliuretano

OBJETIVO: Analisar a resistência (rigidez) do sistema de fixação externa tubular uniplanar, com hastes de conexão única e dupla, com traços de fraturas estáveis e instáveis. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 48 modelos semelhantes à tíbia. Em todos foi deixado um intervalo de 0,5 cm entre os fragmentos e realizados cortes com angulações de 15º e 45º para simular fraturas estáveis e instáveis, respectivamente. Os modelos foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o traço fraturário (15º e 45º) e o número de barras metálicas na montagem (1 e 2 barras). Os modelos de prova foram adaptados à uma máquina de testes Instron®, pelas suas extremidades, e submetidos à compressão axial até que os fragmentos tiveram contato total. Avaliou-se a força necessária para efetuar o completo contato dos fragmentos do modelo. RESULTADOS: As forças instabilizadoras na montagem do fixador com barra dupla foram bastante superiores às com barra única. Observou-se ainda que o grupo com barra única instável apresentou variabilidade muito menor que os demais grupos, ou seja, apresenta resultados mais homogêneos, além de ter apresentado a menor média. CONCLUSÃO: A montagem do fixador externo com uma haste longitudinal dupla nos modelos estudados é mais estável que as demais quando submetidas à uma força de compressão axial.

The marketing communications industry in flux: Large B2C advertisers’ viewpoint

The recent digitization, fragmentation of the media landscape and consumers’ changing media behavior are all changes that have had drastic effects on creating marketing communications. In order to create effective marketing communications large advertisers are now co-operating with a variety of marketing communications companies. The purpose of the study is to understand how advertisers perceive these different companies and more importantly how do advertisers expect their roles to change in the future as the media landscape continues to evolve. Especially the changing roles of advertising agencies and media agencies are examined as they are at the moment the most relevant partners of the advertisers. However, the research is conducted from a network perspective rather than focusing on single actors of the marketing communications industry network. The research was conducted using a qualitative theme interview method. The empirical data was gathered by interviewing representatives from nine of the 50 largest Finnish advertisers measured by media spending. Thus, the research was conducted solely from large B2C advertisers’ perspective while the views of their other relevant actors of the network were left unexplored. The interviewees were chosen with a focus on variety of points of view. The analytical framework that was used to analyze the gathered data was built the IMP group’s industrial network model that consists of actors, their resources and activities. As technology driven media landscape fragmentation and consumers’ changing media behavior continue to increase the complexity of creating marketing communications, advertisers are going to need to rely on a growing number of partnerships as they see that the current actors of the network will not be able to widen their expertise to answer to these new needs. The advertisers expect to form new partnerships with actors that are more specialized and able to react and produce activities more quickly than at the moment. Thus, new smaller and more agile actors with looser structures are going to appear to fill these new needs. Therefore, the need of co-operation between the actors is going to become more important. These changes pose the biggest threat for traditional advertising agencies as they were seen as being most unable to cope with the ongoing change. Media agencies are in a more favorable position for remaining relevant for the advertisers as they will be able to justify their activities and provided value by leveraging their data handling abilities. In general the advertisers expect to be working with a limited number of close actors and in addition having a network of smaller actors, which are used on a more ad hoc basis.

Heat flux measurement inside internal combustion engine with gradient heat flux sensor.

This master’s thesis is devoted to study different heat flux measurement techniques such as differential temperature sensors, semi-infinite surface temperature methods, calorimetric sensors and gradient heat flux sensors. The possibility to use Gradient Heat Flux Sensors (GHFS) to measure heat flux in the combustion chamber of compression ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines was considered in more detail. A. Mityakov conducted an experiment, where Gradient Heat Flux Sensor was placed in four stroke diesel engine Indenor XL4D to measure heat flux in the combustion chamber. The results which were obtained from the experiment were compared with model’s numerical output. This model (a one – dimensional single zone model) was implemented with help of MathCAD and the result of this implementation is graph of heat flux in combustion chamber in relation to the crank angle. The values of heat flux throughout the cycle obtained with aid of heat flux sensor and theoretically were sufficiently similar, but not identical. Such deviation is rather common for this type of experiment.

Anatomo-radiographic description of the axial skeleton of the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)

The aim of this study was to describe the axial skeleton of a wild Brazilian carnivorous, the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous). Five specimens of crab-eating fox were previously unfrozen for radiographic exams and their bones went through dissection and chemical maceration. This animal presents seven cervical vertebrae, and from the third on, they become shorter and wider than the other ones e the spinous process was makeable from the fifth cervical vertebrae on. There are thirteen thoracic vertebrae and the spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae, which are seven, decreases from the fifth on. The sacrum is formed by two vertebrae and there are twenty or twenty one caudal vertebrae. It can be concluded that the crab-eating fox axial skeleton is similar to that of the domestic dog.

Utilização de plasma rico em plaquetas para estimulação da angiogênese em flape de padrão axial toracodorsal em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Resumo: Feridas de grandes extensões, com perda da viabilidade tecidual e retardo na cicatrização por segunda intenção são casos que se faz necessário o emprego de técnicas cirúrgicas reconstrutivas. O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é um produto com maior concentração plaquetária, adjuvante no processo cicatricial de cirurgias reconstrutivas, auxiliando nos processos de hemostasia e estimulação da angiogênese. Dessa forma, delineou-se um estudo a fim de avaliar a eficácia do uso do gel produzido a partir do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) em flapes de avanço de padrão axial toracodorsal em coelhos, para avaliar a possibilidade de favorecer a integração do retalho no leito receptor. Utilizaram-se 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia branco, separados em dois grupos de 15 animais, compreendendo os grupos plasma rico em plaquetas (GPRP), na qual empregou-se o gel antes da síntese da ferida cirúrgica, e controle (GC), na qual utilizou-se apenas solução fisiológica. Para obtenção do PRP, coletou-se sangue dos animais, e determinou-se a contagem plaquetária antes da preparação do gel. No início e término do experimento os animais foram pesados para posterior análise de ganho peso médio. Após o procedimento cirúrgico iniciou-se as avaliações macroscópicas no 3º, 7º e 14º dia, e avaliou-se presença ou ausência de exsudato, integridade da pele, edema, rubor e necrose. Após esta etapa, coletou-se o material da ferida cirúrgica para confecção das lâminas histológicas e posterior avaliação microscópica. Avaliou-se a proliferação vascular, presença de células mononucleares e polimorfonucleares, proliferação fibroblástica, colagenização, reepitelização e hemorragia. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (Teste t Student, t emparalhado, e Kruskall Walis, sendo p<0,05). O ganho de peso médio não foi significativo entre os grupos; a concentração plaquetária da amostra final do PRP foi significativamente maior quando comparada com a inicial; exsudato e necrose foram significativamente maior no grupo controle quando comparado ao grupo PRP; proliferação vascular e reepitelização foram significativamente maior no grupo PRP, enquanto que a presença de mononucleares, polimorfonucleares, proliferação de fibroblastos, colagenização e hemorragia não foram significativas entre os grupos. Obteve-se no terceiro dia, diferença significativamente maior quanto à variável exsudato no grupo controle quando comparado ao grupo PRP, no sétimo dia exsudato e rubor foram significativamente maior no grupo controle, e ao décimo quarto dia exsudato e integridade da pele foram significativamente maior no grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo evidenciaram que a utilização do plasma rico em plaquetas na forma de gel em cirurgia reconstrutiva foi capaz de estimular a angiogênese na ferida favorecendo o processo de cicatrização.

Experimental analysis of pressure drop and flow redistribution in axial flows in rod bundles

Fuel elements of PWR type nuclear reactors consist of rod bundles, arranged in a square array, and held by spacer grids. The coolant flows, mainly, axially along the rods. Although such elements are laterally open, experiments are performed in closed type test sections, originating the appearance of subchannels with different geometries. In the present work, utilizing a test section of two bundles of 4x4 pins each, experiments were performed to determine the friction and the grid drag coefficients for the different subchannels and to observe the effect of the grids in the crossflow, in cases of inlet flow maldistribution.