Testing the cause of the Sphagnum austinii (Sull. ex Aust.) decline: Multiproxy evidence from a raised bog in Northern Ireland

We use a multiproxy palaeoecological dataset from Dead Island bog in Northern Ireland to examine the cause of the Sphagnum austinii (Sphagnum imbricatum) decline. The disappearance of this species from the peat record occurred just after the ‘AD 860’ tephra layer and is coeval with a rapid increase in bog surface wetness and increased mineral dust and charcoal abundance. Although it is difficult to identify one specific cause of the decline, the evidence for increased soil-derived dust is apparent and is supported by regional tephra-dated pollen diagrams that reveal extensive landscape changes due to agricultural intensification in early Medieval Ireland. As the decline of S. austinii occurred much later (~ AD 1860) in Fallahogy bog (~ 1.2 km away), we suggest that the decline of S. austinii at Dead Island was caused by a combination of fire and the deposition of soil-derived dust. We suggest that future studies should consider the use of multiple cores from each site to examine the within-site variability of the decline of S. austinii.

When opportunity matters: Comparing the risk taking attitudes of prisoners and recently released ex-prisoners

Risk-taking tendencies and environmental opportunities to commit crime are two key features in understanding criminal behavior. Upon release from prison, ex-prisoners have a much greater opportunity to engage in risky activity and to commit criminal acts. We hypothesized that ex-prisoners would exhibit greater risk-taking tendencies compared to prisoners who have fewer opportunities to engage in risky activity and who are monitored constantly by prison authorities. Using cumulative prospect theory to compare the risky choices of prisoners and ex-prisoners our study revealed that ex-prisoners who were within 16 weeks of their prison release made riskier choices than prisoners. Our data indicate that previous studies comparing prisoners behind bars with nonoffenders may have underestimated the risk-taking tendencies of offenders. The present findings emphasize the central role played by risk-taking attitudes in criminal offending and highlight a need to examine offenders after release from prison.

The vascular targeting agent combretastatin-A4 and a novel cis-Restricted {beta}-Lactam Analogue, CA-432, induce apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells and ex vivo patient samples including those displaying multidrug resistance

Combretastatin-A4 (CA-4) is a natural derivative of the African willow tree Combretum caffrum. CA-4 is one of the most potent antimitotic components of natural origin, but it is, however, intrinsically unstable. A novel series of CA-4 analogs incorporating a 3,4-diaryl-2-azetidinone (β-lactam) ring were designed and synthesized with the objective to prevent cis -trans isomerization and improve the intrinsic stability without altering the biological activity of CA-4. Evaluation of selected β-lactam CA-4 analogs demonstrated potent antitubulin, antiproliferative, and antimitotic effects in human leukemia cells. A lead β-lactam analog, CA-432, displayed comparable antiproliferative activities with CA-4. CA-432 induced rapid apoptosis in HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia cells, which was accompanied by depolymerization of the microtubular network, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, caspase-3 activation, and Bcl-2 cleavage. A prolonged G(2)M cell cycle arrest accompanied by a sustained phosphorylation of mitotic spindle checkpoint protein, BubR1, and the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) preceded apoptotic events in K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Molecular docking studies in conjunction with comprehensive cell line data rule out CA-4 and β-lactam derivatives as P-glycoprotein substrates. Furthermore, both CA-4 and CA-432 induced significantly more apoptosis compared with imatinib mesylate in ex vivo samples from patients with CML, including those positive for the T315I mutation displaying resistance to imatinib mesylate and dasatinib. In summary, synthetic intrinsically stable analogs of CA-4 that display significant clinical potential as antileukemic agents have been designed and synthesized.

Ex vivo experimental model for percutaneous vertebroplasty: microCT utility

The aim of this study was to develop an ex vivo experimental animal model for percutaneous vertebroplasty, for further application in vivo to test novel bone injectable cements.

Ex Vivo Model for Percutaneous Vertebroplasty

The testing of novel biomaterials for percutaneous vertebroplasty depends on suitable animal models. The aim of this study was to develop ex vivo a reproducible and feasible model of percutaneous vertebroplasty, for ulterior application in vivo. A large animal model was used (Merino sheep), due to its translational properties. Vertebroplasty was performed under tactile and fluoroscopic control, through a bilateral modified parapedicular access in lumbar vertebrae (n=12). Care was taken in order to avoid disruption of the vertebral foramen. The average defect volume was 1234±240 mm3. This mean volume ensures practical defects to test novel injectable biomaterials. 6 vertebrae were injected with a commercial cement (Cerament®, Bone Support, Sweden). Adequate defect filling was observed in all vertebrae. All vertebrae were assessed by microCT, prior to and post defect creation and after biomaterial injection. All vertebrae were mechanical tested. No mechanical failure was observed under loads higher than the physiological. Ultimately, this model is considered suitable for pre-clinical in vivo studies, mimicking clinical application.

Modelo animal ex vivo para vertebroplastia percutânea

O teste de novos biomateriais para vertebroplastia percutânea (VP), depende da escolha de um modelo animal adequado. O objectivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento ex vivo de um modelo animal reprodutível e fiável para VP, para posterior aplicação in vivo, tendo em consideração a necessidade de evitar o derrame de cimento para o canal vertebral e estruturas vasculares adjacentes. Foi seleccionado um modelo animal superior (ovino), pelas suas reconhecidas propriedades translacionais para a espécie humana. Foram realizadas VP’s em vértebras lombares sob controlo táctil e fluoroscópico, através de uma abordagem parapedicular bilateral. O volume médio de defeito obtido foi 1234±240 mm3, o que assegura defeitos viáveis para o teste de novos biomateriais injectáveis. Seis vértebras foram injectadas com um cimento comercial (Cerament®, Bone Support, Suécia) tendo-se observado preenchimento adequado dos defeitos em todas as vértebras. Todas as vértebras foram avaliadas por microtomografia axial computorizada (microTAC) antes e após a criação dos defeitos e após injecção dos cimentos. Realizaram-se testes mecânicos de compressão, tendo as vértebras sido sujeitas a cargas superiores às fisiológicas e inspeccionadas macroscopicamente. Em conclusão considera-se este modelo adequado para estudos in vivo pré-clínicos, mimetizando aplicações clínicas.

Modelo animal ex vivo para vertebroplastia percutânea

O teste de novos biomateriais para vertebroplastia percutânea (VP), depende da escolha de um modelo animal adequado. O objectivo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento ex vivo de um modelo animal reprodutível e fiável para VP, para posterior aplicação in vivo, tendo em consideração a necessidade de evitar o derrame de cimento para o canal vertebral e estruturas vasculares adjacentes. Foi seleccionado um modelo animal superior (ovino), pelas suas reconhecidas propriedades translacionais para a espécie humana. Foram realizadas VP’s em vértebras lombares sob controlo táctil e fluoroscópico, através de uma abordagem parapedicular bilateral. O volume médio de defeito obtido foi 1234±240 mm3, o que assegura defeitos viáveis para o teste de novos biomateriais injectáveis. Seis vértebras foram injectadas com um cimento comercial (Cerament®, Bone Support, Suécia) tendo-se observado preenchimento adequado dos defeitos em todas as vértebras. Todas as vértebras foram avaliadas por microtomografia axial computorizada (microTAC) antes e após a criação dos defeitos e após injecção dos cimentos. Realizaram-se testes mecânicos de compressão, tendo as vértebras sido sujeitas a cargas superiores às fisiológicas e inspeccionadas macroscopicamente. Em conclusão considera-se este modelo adequado para estudos in vivo pré-clínicos, mimetizando aplicações clínicas.

Effect of light on ex situ production of symbiotic corals

The increasing interest in coral culture for biotechnological applications, to supply the marine aquarium trade, or for reef restoration programs, has prompted researchers to optimize coral culture protocols, with emphasis to ex situ production. When cultured ex situ, the growth performance of corals can be influenced by several physical, chemical and biological parameters. For corals harbouring zooxanthellae, light is one of such key factors, as it can influence the photosynthetic performance of these endosymbionts, as well as coral physiology, survival and growth. The economic feasibility of ex situ coral aquaculture is strongly dependent on production costs, namely those associated with the energetic needs directly resulting from the use of artificial lighting systems. In the present study we developed a versatile modular culture system for experimental coral production ex situ, assembled solely using materials and equipment readily available from suppliers all over the world; this approach allows researchers from different institutions to perform truly replicated experimental set-ups, with the possibility to directly compare experimental results. Afterwards, we aimed to evaluate the effect of contrasting Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) levels, and light spectra emission on zooxanthellae photochemical performance, through the evaluation of the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) (monitored non-invasively and non-destructively through Pulse Amplitude Modulation fluorometry, PAM), chlorophyll a content (also determined non-destructively by using the spectral reflectance index Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), photosynthetic and accessory pigments, number of zooxanthellae, coral survival and growth. We studied two soft coral species, Sarcophyton cf. glaucum and Sinularia flexibilis, as they are good representatives of two of the most specious genera in family Alcyoniidae, which include several species with interest for biotechnological applications, as well as for the marine aquarium trade; we also studied two commercially important scleractinian corals: Acropora formosa and Stylophora pistillata. We used different light sources: hydrargyrum quartz iodide (HQI) lamps with different light color temperatures, T5 fluorescent lamps, Light Emitting Plasma (LEP) and Light Emitting Diode (LED). The results achieved revealed that keeping S. flexibilis fragments under the same light conditions as their mother colonies seems to be photobiologically acceptable for a short-term husbandry, notwithstanding the fact that they can be successfully stocked at lower PAR intensities. We also proved that low PAR intensities are suitable to support the ex situ culture S. cf. glaucum in captivity at lower production costs, since the survival recorded during the experiment was 100%, the physiological wellness of coral fragments was evidenced, and we did not detect significant differences in coral growth. Finally, we concluded that blue light sources, such as LED lighting, allow a higher growth for A. formosa and S. pistillata, and promote significant differences on microstructure organization and macrostructure morphometry in coral skeletons; these findings may have potential applications as bone graft substitutes for veterinary and/or other medical uses. Thus, LED technology seems to be a promising option for scleractinian corals aquaculture ex situ.

Análise custo-benefício ex-ante dos investimentos em scuts: o caso da scut das Beiras Litoral e Alta

A análise custo-benefício ex-ante do projecto de investimento na SCUT da Beira Litoral e Alta aponta no sentido de este projecto demonstrar um valor financeiro e microeconómico muito positivo. Partindo da comparação de resultados entre cenários com e sem a existência da SCUT mostra-se que a além de ser financeiramente viável para o concessionário, a existência desta SCUT permite ganhos consideráveis em termos de redução dos tempos de viagem, de sinistralidade, e de impactes ambientais comparativamente com as vias alternativas.