Transmission and progression to disease of Mycobacterium tuberculosis phylogenetic lineages in The Netherlands

The aim of this study was to determine if mycobacterial lineages affect infection risk, clustering, and disease progression among Mycobacterium tuberculosis cases in The Netherlands. Multivariate negative binomial regression models adjusted for patient-related factors and stratified by patient ethnicity were used to determine the association between phylogenetic lineages and infectivity (mean number of positive contacts around each patient) and clustering (as defined by number of secondary cases within 2 years after diagnosis of an index case sharing the same fingerprint) indices. An estimate of progression to disease by each risk factor was calculated as a bootstrapped risk ratio of the clustering index by the infectivity index. Compared to the Euro-American reference, Mycobacterium africanum showed significantly lower infectivity and clustering indices in the foreign-born population, while Mycobacterium bovis showed significantly lower infectivity and clustering indices in the native population. Significantly lower infectivity was also observed for the East African Indian lineage in the foreign-born population. Smear positivity was a significant risk factor for increased infectivity and increased clustering. Estimates of progression to disease were significantly associated with age, sputum-smear status, and behavioral risk factors, such as alcohol and intravenous drug abuse, but not with phylogenetic lineages. In conclusion, we found evidence of a bacteriological factor influencing indicators of a strain's transmissibility, namely, a decreased ability to infect and a lower clustering index in ancient phylogenetic lineages compared to their modern counterparts. Confirmation of these findings via follow-up studies using tuberculin skin test conversion data should have important implications on M. tuberculosis control efforts.

Recent plant diversity changes on Europe's mountain summits.

In mountainous regions, climate warming is expected to shift species' ranges to higher altitudes. Evidence for such shifts is still mostly from revisitations of historical sites. We present recent (2001 to 2008) changes in vascular plant species richness observed in a standardized monitoring network across Europe's major mountain ranges. Species have moved upslope on average. However, these shifts had opposite effects on the summit floras' species richness in boreal-temperate mountain regions (+3.9 species on average) and Mediterranean mountain regions (-1.4 species), probably because recent climatic trends have decreased the availability of water in the European south. Because Mediterranean mountains are particularly rich in endemic species, a continuation of these trends might shrink the European mountain flora, despite an average increase in summit species richness across the region.

Genome-wide association and genetic functional studies identify autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) in the regulation of alcohol consumption.

Alcohol consumption is a moderately heritable trait, but the genetic basis in humans is largely unknown, despite its clinical and societal importance. We report a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of ∼2.5 million directly genotyped or imputed SNPs with alcohol consumption (gram per day per kilogram body weight) among 12 population-based samples of European ancestry, comprising 26,316 individuals, with replication genotyping in an additional 21,185 individuals. SNP rs6943555 in autism susceptibility candidate 2 gene (AUTS2) was associated with alcohol consumption at genome-wide significance (P = 4 × 10(-8) to P = 4 × 10(-9)). We found a genotype-specific expression of AUTS2 in 96 human prefrontal cortex samples (P = 0.026) and significant (P < 0.017) differences in expression of AUTS2 in whole-brain extracts of mice selected for differences in voluntary alcohol consumption. Down-regulation of an AUTS2 homolog caused reduced alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila (P < 0.001). Our finding of a regulator of alcohol consumption adds knowledge to our understanding of genetic mechanisms influencing alcohol drinking behavior.

Cinéma, machine à mondes : essai sur les films à univers multiples

Dans cet ouvrage, l'auteur propose une conceptualisation théorique de la coprésence en un même film de mondes multiples en abordant différents paramètres (hétérogénéité de la facture de l'image, pratiques du montage alterné, typologie des enchâssements, expansion sérielle, etc.) sur la base d'un corpus de films de fiction récents qui appartiennent pour la plupart au genre de la science-fiction (Matrix, Dark City, Avalon, Resident Evil, Avatar,...). Issue de la filmologie, la notion de « diégèse » y est développée à la fois dans le potentiel d'autonomisation dont témoigne la conception mondaine qui semble dominer aujourd'hui à l'ère des jeux vidéo, dans ses liens avec le récit et dans une perspective intermédiale. Les films discutés ont la particularité de mettre en scène des machines permettant aux personnages de passer d'un monde à l'autre : les modes de figuration de ces technologies sont investigués en lien avec les imaginaires du dispositif cinématographique et les potentialité du montage. La comparaison entre les films (Tron et son récent sequel, Totall Recall et son remake) et entre des oeuvres filmiques et littéraires (en particulier les nouvelles de Philip K. Dick et Simlacron 3 de Galouye) constitue un outil d'analyse permettant de saisir la contemporanéité de cette problématique, envisagée sur le plan esthétique dans le contexte de l'imagerie numérique.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype are rarely observed in tuberculosis patients in South America

The frequency of the Beijing genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a cause of tuberculosis (TB) in South America was determined by analyzing genotypes of strains isolated from patients that had been diagnosed with the disease between 1997 and 2003 in seven countries of the subcontinent. In total, 19 of the 1,202 (1.6%) TB cases carried Beijing isolates, including 11 of the 185 patients from Peru (5.9%), five of the 512 patients from Argentina (1.0%), two of the 252 Brazilian cases (0.8%), one of the 166 patients from Paraguay (0.6%) and none of the samples obtained from Chile (35), Colombia (36) and Ecuador (16). Except for two patients that were East Asian immigrants, all cases with Beijing strains were native South Americans. No association was found between carrying a strain with the Beijing genotype and having drug or multi-drug resistant disease. Our data show that presently transmission of M. tuberculosis strains of the Beijing genotype is not frequent in Latin America. In addition, the lack of association of drug resistant TB and infection with M. tuberculosis of the Beijing genotype observed presently demands efforts to define better the contribution of the virulence and lack of response to treatment to the growing spread of Beijing strains observed in other parts of the world.

CREB-2, a cellular CRE-dependent transcription repressor, functions in association with Tax as an activator of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter.

The Tax protein of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been implicated in human T-cell immortalization. The primary function of Tax is to transcriptionally activate the HTLV-1 promoter, but Tax is also known to stimulate expression of cellular genes. It has been reported to associate with several transcription factors, as well as proteins not involved in transcription. To better characterize potential cellular targets of Tax present in infected cells, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid screening was performed with a cDNA library constructed from the HTLV-1-infected MT2 cell line. From this study, we found 158 positive clones representing seven different cDNAs. We focused our attention on the cDNA encoding the transcription factor CREB-2. CREB-2 is an unconventional member of the ATF/CREB family in that it lacks a protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site and has been reported to negatively regulate transcription from the cyclic AMP response element of the human enkephalin promoter. In this study, we demonstrate that CREB-2 cooperates with Tax to enhance viral transcription and that its basic-leucine zipper C-terminal domain is required for both in vitro and in vivo interactions with Tax. Our results confirm that the activation of the HTLV-1 promoter through Tax and factors of the ATF/CREB family is PKA independent.

The value of serum procalcitonin level for differentiation of infectious from noninfectious causes of fever after orthopaedic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of postoperative orthopaedic infections is important in order to rapidly initiate adequate antimicrobial therapy. There are currently no reliable diagnostic markers to differentiate infectious from noninfectious causes of postoperative fever. We investigated the value of the serum procalcitonin level in febrile patients after orthopaedic surgery. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 103 consecutive patients with new onset of fever within ten days after orthopaedic surgery. Fever episodes were classified by two independent investigators who were blinded to procalcitonin results as infectious or noninfectious origin. White blood-cell count, C-reactive protein level, and procalcitonin level were assessed on days 0, 1, and 3 of the postoperative fever. RESULTS: Infection was diagnosed in forty-five (44%) of 103 patients and involved the respiratory tract (eighteen patients), urinary tract (eighteen), joints (four), surgical site (two), bloodstream (two), and soft tissues (one). Unlike C-reactive protein levels and white blood-cell counts, procalcitonin values were significantly higher in patients with infection compared with patients without infection on the day of fever onset (p = 0.04), day 1 (p = 0.07), and day 3 (p = 0.003). Receiver-operating characteristics demonstrated that procalcitonin had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with a value of 0.62, 0.62, and 0.71 on days 0, 1, and 3, respectively. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, procalcitonin was a significant predictor for postoperative infection on days 0, 1, and 3 of fever with an odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.4), 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.2), and 3.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 9.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum procalcitonin is a helpful diagnostic marker supporting clinical and microbiological findings for more reliable differentiation of infectious from noninfectious causes of fever after orthopaedic surgery.

Do fly parasites of bats and their hosts coevolve?speciation in Trichobius phyllostomae group (Diptera, Streblidae) and their hosts (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) suggests that they do not

We examined whether, like many parasite-host systems of coevolution, a group of obligate parasitic bat flies (Trichobius phyllostomae Kessel and related species) cospeciate with their hosts. We first did a cladistic analysis of the T. phyllostomae group and combined that analysis with a phylogenetic hypothesis from the literature for the Stenodermatinae bats. The cladistic analysis included, as outgroups, one species from each morphological group and complex of Trichobius Gervais, and one species from the following genera: Paratrichobius Miranda-Ribeiro, Megistopoda Macquart, Megistapophysys Dick & Wenzel, Neotrichobius Wenzel & Aitken, Speiseria Kessel and Strebla Wiedemann. The cladogram was rooted with a species of Strebla in the subfamily Streblinae. One cladogram was obtained and which found Trichobius to be polyphyletic. The phylogenetic hypothesis as follows: (Paratrichobius, (Neotrichobius, (Megistopoda, Megistapophysis)))) is the sister-group of the phyllostomae group and the following relationships within the ingroup, (((T. vampyropis Wenzel, Trichobius sp. 2) ((T. hispidus Wenzel, T. petersoni Wenzel) ((Trichobius sp. 1 (T. phyllostomae, T. brennani Wenzel))))). When we compared phylogenies through historical association analyses, cospeciation was uncommon, while host-switching was more common and better explained the association between the phyllostomae group and their bat hosts.

Caracterização de substâncias húmicas extraídas de solos e de lodo orgânico

No presente trabalho, foi estudada a extração de substâncias húmicas (SH) de horizontes A de dois solos do Rio Grande do Sul (Latossolo Roxo (LR), e Brunizém vértico (B)) e de um lodo orgânico (LO), oriundo da fabricação de celulose, empregando-se dois métodos: (1) as SH foram extraídas com solução de NaOH 0,5 mol L-1, após tratamento prévio com HCl 0,5 mol L-1; (2) foi introduzida a extração com solução de pirofosfato de sódio 0,15 mol L-1 (pH 7) antes da etapa alcalina. Em cada etapa, os teores de SH, de ácidos fúlvicos (AF) e de ácidos húmicos (AH) foram determinados por métodos espectroscópicos e gravimétricos e, no método 2, os teores de Fe, Al, Si e Ca foram medidos nos extratos por absorção atômica. A composição elementar de ácidos húmicos foi determinada, e sua estrutura e características químicas foram avaliadas a partir de razões C/N, (atômicas) H/C e O/C e a partir de dados de espectroscopia Ultravioleta/Visível (UV/Vis). No LR, o método 1 extraiu maior quantidade de SH, enquanto, no método 2, a etapa com pirofosfato extraiu apenas AF. Em contrapartida, no solo B, o método 2 foi mais eficiente, verificando-se maior rendimento na etapa com pirofosfato. A partir desses resultados, infere-se que as SH, no LR, interagem principalmente por meio de reação de trocas de ligantes e de pontes de hidrogênio e, no solo B, a interação por meio de pontes de cátions é um mecanismo importante. Os AH extraídos com NaOH apresentaram valores mais elevados para a razão H/C e valores inferiores para a razão O/C do que os extraídos com pirofosfato, indicando que o extrator neutro solubilizou SH de caráter aromático e grau de oxigenação superiores.

Adsorção de ácidos húmicos em latossolo roxo natural e tratado com oxalato de amônio

A interação de substâncias húmicas com minerais no solo pode influir na dinâmica da decomposição da matéria orgânica e na sua estabilidade. A adsorção de dois ácidos húmicos em Latossolo Roxo natural (LR natural) e tratado com oxalato de amônio (LR tratado) foi efetuada, com vistas em investigar os mecanismos de adsorção e os principais grupos funcionais envolvidos, bem como relacionar a capacidade adsortiva de acordo com as características químicas e moleculares dos adsorbatos. Os ácidos húmicos extraídos com solução de NaOH 0,5 N de uma amostra de carvão (AHc) e de um solo Brunizém (AHs) foram caracterizados por análise elementar e espectroscopia de 13C-RMN. A parametrização dos dados experimentais das isotermas de adsorção foi do tipo y = A tanh Bx, e o modelo de Langmuir também foi aplicado. As amostras adsorvidas foram analisadas por espectroscopia no Infra-Vermelho por Reflectância Difusa com Transformada de Fourier (DRIFT). A adsorção dos ácidos húmicos no LR natural foi de natureza química, sendo evidenciado por DRIFT que a reação de troca de ligantes das carboxilas com a superfície dos minerais foi um mecanismo importante. O AHc, que apresentou caráter aromático mais elevado e maior teor de carboxilas na molécula, foi adsorvido em maior quantidade do que o AHs nos dois adsorventes, o que indica a possível participação de estruturas aromáticas na interação organomineral. No LR tratado, cuja área superficial específica foi superior (ASE = 140,9 m² g-1), a adsorção foi mais elevada do que no LR natural (ASE = 66,1 m² g-1). A maior ASE no LR tratado foi relacionada com o rompimento de microagregados no tratamento com oxalato de amônio que extraiu a porção cimentante dos óxidos de ferro que unia os minerais. A interação neste tipo de adsorvente, estimada segundo a equação y = A tanh Bx, foi mais forte do que na amostra natural, o que pode estar relacionado com a presença de sítios de adsorção hidrofóbica pela presença do oxalato na superfície, com a exposição de sítios mais reativos após tratamento e pH mais ácido. O modelo de Langmuir mostrou-se adequado para explicar a adsorção na amostra natural, enquanto, no LR tratado com oxalato de amônio, o ajuste não foi satisfatório. Em geral, a aplicação da equação y = A tanh Bx forneceu melhor ajuste (R² maior) do que a equação de Langmuir.

Sorção de atrazina em cambissolo húmico do Rio Grande do Sul sob vegetação nativa

A acumulação de herbicidas no ambiente em virtude de sua larga utilização em sistemas agrícolas, associada à alta persistência, é extremamente preocupante, considerando os efeitos maléficos que alguns destes compostos causam à flora e à fauna. A atrazina (2-cloro-4-etilamino-6-isopropilamino-s-triazina) é um dos herbicidas mais utilizados na atualidade e tem sido detectada em teores consideráveis em mananciais e solos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento sortivo da atrazina comercial em Cambissolo Húmico em condições naturais e em ausência de matéria orgânica. Foram determinadas isotermas de sorção de atrazina comercial em amostras do horizonte A na sua forma natural e na forma oxidada. A quantidade máxima de herbicida sorvido variou de 8 % (amostra oxidada) a 49 % (amostra natural) da quantidade adicionada. A aplicação do modelo de Freundlich na forma linear aos dados experimentais forneceu altos coeficientes de correlação para a sorção em amostra natural (r = 0,960, P < 0,01) e na amostra oxidada (r = 0,937, P < 0,01). O coeficiente n f (modelo de Freundlich) obtido na amostra natural (1,40) indica que a afinidade do sorbato pelo sorvente aumentou com o progresso da sorção, enquanto, na amostra oxidada, o comportamento foi inverso (n f = 0,78). O valor do coeficiente Kf foi de 1,10 L kg-1 na amostra natural e de 0,84 L kg-1 na amostra oxidada, enquanto o coeficiente de distribuição da atrazina (Kd) foi de 4,64 e 0,33 L kg-1, respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que a matéria orgânica foi o sorvente determinante na retenção de atrazina no Cambissolo húmico. Adicionalmente, o valor de Koc de 103 L kg-1 obtido classifica a atrazina comercial como de alta mobilidade para o sistema atrazina-solo estudado.

Chemical characterization and infrared spectroscopy of soil organic matter from two southern brazilian soils

Soil organic matter from the surface horizon of two Brazilian soils (a Latosol and a Chernosol), in bulk samples (in situ SOM) and in HF-treated samples (SOM), was characterized by elemental analyses, diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) and transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (T-FTIR). Humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin (HU) isolated from the SOM were characterized additionally by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). After sample oxidation and alkaline treatment, the DRIFT technique proved to be more informative for the detection of "in situ SOM" and of residual organic matter than T-FTIR. The higher hydrophobicity index (HI) and H/C ratio obtained in the Chernosol samples indicate a stronger aliphatic character of the organic matter in this soil than the Latosol. In the latter, a pronounced HI decrease was observed after the removal of humic substances (HS). The weaker aliphatic character, the higher O/C ratio, and the T-FTIR spectrum obtained for the HU fraction in the Latosol suggest the occurrence of surface coordination of carboxylate ions. The Chernosol HU fraction was also oxygenated to a relatively high extent, but presented a stronger hydrophobic character in comparison with the Latosol HU. These differences in the chemical and functional group composition suggest a higher organic matter protection in the Latosol. After the HF treatment, decreases in the FA proportion and the A350/A550 ratio were observed. A possible loss of FA and condensation of organic molecules due to the highly acid medium should not be neglected.

Treatment strategies in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a 17-center European collaborative study.

IMPORTANCE: The best treatment option for primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) without signs of central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) involvement determined on magnetic resonance imaging or in cerebrospinal fluid is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcomes of treatment regimens used for PVRL in the prevention of subsequent CNSL. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at 17 referral ophthalmologic centers in Europe. We reviewed clinical, laboratory, and imaging data on 78 patients with PVRL who did not have CNSL on presentation between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 2012, with a focus on the incidence of CNS manifestations during the follow-up period. INTERVENTIONS: The term extensive treatment was used for various combinations of systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, whole-brain radiotherapy, and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Therapy to prevent CNSL included ocular radiotherapy and/or ocular chemotherapy (group A, 31 patients), extensive systemic treatment (group B, 21 patients), and a combination of ocular and extensive treatment (group C, 23 patients); 3 patients did not receive treatment. A total of 40 patients received systemic chemotherapy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Development of CNSL following the diagnosis of PVRL relative to the use or nonuse of systemic chemotherapy and other treatment regimens. RESULTS: Overall, CNSL developed in 28 of 78 patients (36%) at a median follow-up of 49 months. Specifically, CNSL developed in 10 of 31 (32%) in group A, 9 of 21 (43%) in group B, and 9 of 23 (39%) in group C. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was lower in patients with CNSL (35% [95% CI, 50% to 86%]) than in patients without CNSL (68% [95% CI, 19% to 51%]; P = .003) and was similar among all treatment groups (P = .10). Adverse systemic effects occurred in 9 of 40 (23%) patients receiving systemic chemotherapy; the most common of these effects was acute renal failure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the present series of patients with isolated PVRL, the use of systemic chemotherapy was not proven to prevent CNSL and was associated with more severe adverse effects compared with local treatment.

Sorção do herbicida acetochlor em amostras de solo, ácidos húmicos e huminas de argissolo submetido à semeadura direta e ao preparo convencional

A sorção de herbicidas no solo é um dos processos determinantes na sua dinâmica no ambiente. Para compostos fracamente polares, como é caso do acetochlor, a matéria orgânica do solo constitui o principal sorvente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sorção de acetochlor em amostras de solo, de ácidos húmicos e de huminas de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico (PVd) submetido à semeadura direta e ao preparo convencional. Isotermas de sorção foram obtidas em temperatura ambiente e a concentração do herbicida foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. As amostras de solo foram caracterizadas pelos teores de C orgânico e de substâncias húmicas; os ácidos húmicos e huminas foram caracterizados por análise elementar. A capacidade de sorção de acetochlor foi superior no solo de semeadura direta (Kd = 1,22 ± 0,11 L kg-1, K OC = 116 ± 10 L kg-1 C) em relação ao preparo convencional (Kd = 0,76 ± 0,08 L kg-1, K OC = 86 ± 8 L kg-1 C). Este comportamento foi relacionado, em parte, com o maior teor de C no solo tratado com semeadura direta. Nos ácidos húmicos de preparo convencional, a sorção (Kd = 178 ± 18,9 L kg-1, K OC = 352 ± 37 L kg-1C) foi similar à verificada nos ácidos húmicos de semeadura direta (Kd = 158 ± 14,6 L kg-1, K OC = 321 ± 30 L kg-1 C); situação semelhante foi observada com as huminas. Dentre as frações húmicas avaliadas, as huminas apresentaram maior capacidade de sorção (Kd = 1.028 e 1.183 L kg-1, K OC = 2.691 e 2.892 L kg-1 C).