From fossil molluscs to salmon

On 9 April 1897 Wilfrid Hudleston, an eminent geologist, purchased the West Holme Estate, comprising some 1500 acres on the edge of the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, where he could enjoy his sporting interest in shooting and fishing. In doing so, he established a link between himself, The Malacological Society of London, and the Freshwater Biological Association. Hudleston was a keen field geologist who built up a personal collection of several thousand fossils. In 1893 Hudleston took the chair at a meeting, held at the Natural History Museum, which founded The Malacological Society of London. The site on which the Freshwater Biological Association's River Laboratory now stands was formerly part of the West Holme Estate. It purchased the fishing rights to the East Stoke mill stream prior to building the laboratory, in 1957.

Management of wetland resources in the lower Mekong Basin: issues and future directions

The Lower Mekong Basin has extensive wetlands and these are being threatened by numerous problems. Most of these problems are interdependent and interact with one another. The lack of an appropriate definition of wetlands applicable to the region, pervasive inefficiencies and chronic lack of funds among riparian governments, and the poor appreciation of the true economic importance of wetlands and its resources are among the most prominent. The current definition, based on the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), is too broad when compared to the understanding of wetlands as being swamps, marshes and the like, and was developed specifically for wetlands with international importance as waterfowl habitats. Furthermore, wetlands are composed of different types of resources, which require different modes of management. Often, institutional competition, overlapping mandates and sometimes jealousies occur between government departments when they try to assert their authority on a particular wetland resource and use, and put forward their development plans without considering how these may conflict with other wetlands uses. Finally, effective wetland management requires reliable statistics or information on rate of harvest of natural resources such as fish and others, fishing/harvesting methods over time in order to determine the level of exploitation, and the status of the natural resources. This information is needed to identify opportunities for expansion, to establish historical trends, and to determine when management interventions are necessary to protect the resources from being overused by other developments. In order to address these issues, ICLARM - The World Fish Center has launched a project, the aim of objectives of which are described in this paper.

A Rede Enraizados e o Movimento Hip Hop: ritornelos territoriais e o desenvolvimento da rádio web

O hip hop é um movimento político, social e cultural presente nas periferias do Brasil desde 1980. O hip hop vem se desenvolvendo ao longo dos anos, criando espaço, ganhando visibilidade e ampliando o seu público, principalmente entre os segmentos das juventudes urbanas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar o Movimento Enraizados, uma organização hip hop da Baixada Fluminense, que articula e interage com parceiros em diversos estados e alguns países. Nesse contexto, o estudo selecionou três questões como eixos para a análise. Como foi criada a Rede Enraizados e quais são suas principais características? Como o Movimento Enraizados produz territórios existenciais na Baixada Fluminense? Como o Movimento Enraizados utiliza a linguagem radiofônica para expressar suas ações? Para a análise das questões levantadas, a pesquisa utilizou o referencial teórico de Antonio Negri e Deleuze & Guattari, costurando os conceitos de comum, multidão, rádios livres, ritornelos, territórios. A sede do Movimento Enraizados, em Morro Agudo / Nova Iguaçu, é o centro Rede Enraizados e responsável pela dinamização das informações em seus diversos canais de comunicação. Ao disparar seus projetos e iniciativas na construção de uma rede intercontinental de apoio-mútuo, o Movimento Enraizados desterritorializa sentidos e práticas da Baixada Fluminense. Essa desterritorialização produz uma mensagem potente de militância cultural para jovens e fortalece redes para a construção de novas resistências biopolíticas nesses territórios.

Annual Report of the Game and Fisheries Department for the period Ist July, 1957 to 30th June, 1958

This report follows the now established practice of covering the financial year although, as before, for the sake of continuity and accuracy many of the statistics refer to the calendar year. This year has again been an outstanding one in the field of research on wildlife conservation problems, and culminated in one of the largest short-term biological projects yet carried out in the Protectorate. The latter involved the removal by shooting of nearly 500 hippo from badly over-grazed areas in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, but every carcass was examined by a team of scientists, a variety of scientific data collected, and the meat disposed of for local consumption. Not one animal was wasted.

现代黄河三角洲湿地景观变化及其对水禽生境的影响

本文研究的开展主要源于国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目“渤海典型区域的海洋多过程数据整合研究”课题支撑。在湿地日益退化丧失的全球背景下，本文选择沉积年代较轻、生态环境比较脆弱，且当前人类活动不断加剧的现代黄河三角洲为研究区，采用1999、2001、2004和2008年的Landsat5 TM遥感影像，选择丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥为指示物种，结合野外实地调查和历史数据资料的整理和分析，以及黄河三角洲自然保护区对鸟类的监测记录结果，开展现代黄河三角洲湿地景观变化及其对水禽生境的影响研究。 论文的主要研究结果如下： 1、建立了服务于黄河三角洲湿地水禽生境保护的湿地景观分类体系 在系统分析研究区域湿地水禽生活习性和生态分布特征的基础上，从鸟类生境选择的概念出发，建立了服务于黄河三角洲湿地水禽生境保护的湿地景观分类体系。该分类体系一共分为4级，其中，第三级分类系统下天然湿地的划分是从鸟类选择的“大生境”角度出发，即根据区域地表类型，进一步将海洋/海岸湿地和内陆三角洲湿地划分成浅海水域、潮间淤泥滩、潮沟、河口水域、潮间盐沼、河流湿地和沼泽湿地7类。而第四级分类系统下天然湿地的划分则是从鸟类选择的“小生境”（即对水、食物、隐蔽物、干扰等的需求）角度出发，并按照水文和典型植被类型，进一步将天然湿地的三级类型划分为碱蓬沼泽、芦苇沼泽、柽柳灌丛沼泽等33类。 2、系统研究了现代黄河三角洲湿地景观格局的动态变化和影响因素 根据景观生态学理论，选取用于分析的景观格局指数，并从湿地景观类型的组成特征变化、面积变化、形状特征变化、空间配置特征变化四个方面分析在黄河断流前到其恢复正常行水至今的时间里三角洲湿地景观格局的动态变化，研究结果表明：在1999~2008年的9年间，天然湿地构成了现代黄河三角洲景观的主体，约占研究区域景观总面积的65%~75%，决定了该地区湿地的主要结构和功能。但随着人类对土地资源利用方式的不断改变和强度的提高，天然湿地景观呈萎缩退化趋势，9年内共减少338.44 km2，约占研究区景观总面积的8.90%。与此同时，盐田、养殖池塘等人工湿地和耕地等非湿地面积不断扩张，人工湿地面积增加量约为242.08km2，约占研究区景观总面积的6.37%，非湿地面积增加量约为96.36 km2，约占研究区景观总面积的2.53%。从一些重要的景观指数的计算结果来看，研究区域整体景观斑块数量呈增加趋势，平均斑块大小随之减小，景观边界密度大小、聚集度指数也呈下降趋势，表明从1999到2008年研究区域整体景观被边界分割的程度加深，整体景观中的斑块在空间分布上隔离程度加重，开始由大片连续分布向小块离散分布转变，景观的破碎化程度加重。 湿地景观格局变化的驱动机制分析表明，影响研究区湿地景观变化的主要因素包括三个方面，即：黄河水沙条件的驱动力、湿地自身演替驱动力和人为驱动力。在1999~2008年的9年间，黄河虽然恢复正常行水，不再断流，但入海泥沙量的明显减少使得除现行河口处沙嘴继续向海缓慢延伸外，黄河三角洲总体上处于侵蚀状态。湿地自身的演替主要体现在湿地由裸露淤泥质滩涂向发育典型湿地植物群落的顺向演替，以及发育有典型湿地植物群落的湿地向裸露淤泥质滩涂逆向演替两个方面。在1999~2008年间9年里，湿地顺向发育演替面积约130.64 km2，而逆向发育演替面积约为99.51 km2。人类活动一直以来都是影响黄河三角洲湿地景观变化不可忽视的营造力。大规模的滩涂围垦和养殖、农业用地的不断开垦和扩张，以及密集的油田开发活动不仅缩减了原本生长着芦苇茅草等植物的天然湿地资源，而且加重了三角洲湿地景观的破碎程度。 3、在整个研究区域尺度上深刻分析了丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥潜在生境的适宜性 根据黄河三角洲自然保护区关于鸟类的监测记录资料，在深入分析湿地水禽生活习性和分布特征的基础上，选择丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥为指示物种，从鸟类生境选择自身的特征出发，确定地表类型、水、食物、隐蔽物和干扰为影响两种鸟类类群进行生境选择的因素，并构建生境适宜性评价模型，在整个研究区域尺度上对两种鸟类类群的潜在生境进行适宜性评价和动态变化分析。研究结果表明，在不考虑居民地、油田作业用地和道路等干扰因子对生境产生的破碎化效应影响时，适宜丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥生存的生境类型在1999~2008年间占研究区整体景观总面积的比重均在30%以上，其中天然湿地约占适宜生境类型面积的95%，可利用的人工湿地比重极小，但呈缓慢增加趋势，且由于可利用的天然湿地生境类型的逐年减少使得适宜两种鸟类类群的生境类型总面积总体上呈萎缩趋势。在考虑居民地、油田作业用地和道路等干扰因子对生境产生的破碎化效应影响时，适宜丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥生存的生境类型在1999~2008年间占研究区域整体景观总面积的百分比由之前接近40%下降到20%以下，面积减少量均在600 km2以上。 4、系统分析了研究区湿地景观变化对水禽生境的影响 从研究区湿地景观基质的面积变化、形状和空间邻接关系变化、破碎化等三个方面分析了研究区湿地景观变化对丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥两种鸟类类群生境的影响，结果表明，湿地景观基质中天然湿地的变化与丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥适宜生境的大小和空间分布密切相关。在1999~2008年间，随着天然湿地面积的减少，适宜以上两种鸟类类群的生境面积也随之减少，两者呈正相关关系；在1999~2008年间，研究区天然湿地和人工湿地景观基质整体的形状指数均在1.0附近，表明湿地景观基质整体上的边缘效应较小，但建设用地、农林用地等非湿地景观与丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥适宜生境类型中的主导类型——潮间淤泥滩、潮间盐沼和沼泽湿地等三种景观类型的频繁邻接，对于保护两种鸟类类群十分不利，应积极采取相应的措施加强保护力度；在1999~2008年间，研究区景观整体，以及湿地景观基质结构的破碎化，导致鸟类可利用的天然湿地和人工湿地景观内部斑块之间的连接程度下降，从而使得丹顶鹤、黑嘴

Assessing potential of production in Lake Choghakhor

Phytoplankton productivity is the common and important factor being considered in determining the overall status of a given body of water. This is because they are found at the base of an energy or food chain, being the basic source of primary food in a given aquatic system. Hence, information on their contribution is essential in indicating how much biomass energy will be available to all other living resources in the system. Though the primary productivity of shallow lakes is characterized by mixed populations of phytoplankton and submersed aquatic vegetation in the open water. Lake Choghakhor, is a shallow lake, located in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiyari Province. This lake is the most important ecosystem in the region especially for waterfowl populations, has a recreational value and supports tourism and fisheries. During last decade Choghakhor has been influenced by some man-made impacts such as water level fluctuation, agricultural discharge and fish (Cyprinids) introduction causing a serious problem in its trophic states. So water quality for physical, chemical and biological was monitored in five sampling stations, from April 2003 to March 2004. As biological parameters we studied phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, and zooplankton and macrobenthose community structure. Chlorophyll a content for phytoplankton and epiphytes was measured to estimate production of these groups (biomass over time). Also we determined biomasses of submersed macrophytes and macrobenthose and primary production of phytoplankton (dark and light bottles technique) to estimate fish production. The results of this study showed Lake Choghakhor did not undergo stable thermal and oxygen stratification, and the lake water was mixed throughout the study (the lake mixing regime is polymictic). Now submerged plants especially Myriophyllum spicatum has covered almost the entire lake and dense macrophyte beds (Polygonom amphibium), located on the east southern end of the lake appear to act as a sink for these nutrients. Lake Choghakhor appeared to be in a macrophyte dominated clear water state with low TP (annual mean: 24± 15μg.l-1) and chlorophyll a (annual mean: 3±1.28μg.l-1) concentrations and very high Secchi depth. The grazing pressure of dominant pelagic filtering zooplankton Daphnia longespina did not seem to be significant in determining the low phytoplankton crop expressed as chlorophyll a. We expect that sequestering of nutrients by submerged plants and associated epiphytes are the dominant stabilizing mechanisms suppressing the phytoplankton crop of Lake Choghakhor.

云南拉市海高原湿地冬季水禽聚集情况变化

拉市海是云南省丽江县境内最大的高原湖泊，常年水面面积仅有９．３３ｋｍ２。但却记录有水禽７目１０科３１种．占全省水禽种数的２５．８％。其中冬候鸟２９种，与１９８４年的调查结果比较，１９９７年水禽的种数增加３倍。平均数量达２５０００多只，成为云南省重要的水禽越冬地之一。

Wetlands and riparian zones as buffers and critical habitats for biotic communities in Lake Victoria

Despite their ecological and socio-economic importance, Lake Victoria's adjoining "swamps" and lake interface are among the least investigated parts of the lake. The "swamps" a term commonly equated to "wastelands" and the difficult working environment they present in comparison to open water, are major factors for the low level of attention accorded to shoreline wetlands. Moreover, definitions of wetlands highlighted for example in the Ramsar Convention as "areas of marsh, fern, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh or brackish, or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which does not exceed six metres" (Ramsar, 1971) were designed to protect birds (water fowl) of international importance. The Ramsar definition, which also includes oceans, has till recently been of limited use for Lake Victoria, because itdoes not fully recognise wetlands in relation to other public concerns such as water quality, biodiversity and the tisheries that are of higher socioeconomic priority than waterfowl. Prior to 1992, fishery research on Lake Victoria included studies of inshore shallow habitats of the lake without specific reference to distance or the type of vegetation at the shore. Results of these studies also conveniently relied heavily on trawl and gill net data from the 5-10 m depth zones as the defining boundary of shallow inshore habitats. In Lake Victoria, such a depth range can be at least one kilometre from the lake interface and by the 10m depth contour, habitats are in the sub-littoral range. Findings from these studies could thus not be used to make direct inferences on the then assumed importance of Lake Victoria wetlands in general.

Phase noise analysis of a mechanical autonomous impact oscillator with a MEMS resonator

In this paper, phase noise analysis of a mechanical autonomous impact oscillator with a MEMS resonator is performed. Since the circuit considered belongs to the class of hybrid systems, methods based on the variational model for the evaluation of either phase noise or steady state solutions cannot be directly applied. As a matter of fact, the monodromy matrix is not defined at impact events in these systems. By introducing saltation matrices, this limit is overcome and the aforementioned methods are extended. In particular, the unified theory developed by Demir is used to analyze the phase noise after evaluating the asymptotically stable periodic solution of the system by resorting to the shooting method. Numerical results are presented to show how noise sources affect the phase noise performances. © 2011 IEEE.

Biodiversity changes in the lakes of the Central Yangtze

The Central Yangtze ecoregion in China includes a number of lakes, but these have been greatly affected by human activities over the past several decades, resulting in severe loss of biodiversity. In this paper, we document the present distribution of the major lakes and the changes in size that have taken place over the past 50 years, using remote sensing data and historical observations of land cover in the region. We also provide an overview of the changes in species richness, community composition, population size and age structure, and individual body size of aquatic plants, fishes, and waterfowl in these lakes. The overall species richness of aquatic plants found in eight major lakes has decreased substantially during the study period. Community composition has also been greatly altered, as have population size and age and individual body size in some species. These changes are largely attributed to the integrated effects of lake degradation, the construction of large hydroelectric dams, the establishment of nature reserves, and lake restoration practices.

Fast and effective analysis methods for fiber Raman amplifiers

A series of new single-step methods and their corresponding algorithms with automatic step size adjustment for model equations of fiber Raman amplifiers are proposed and compared in this paper. On the basis of the Newton-Raphson method, multiple shooting algorithms for the two-point boundary value problems involved in solving Raman amplifier propagation equations are constructed. A verified example shows that, compared with the traditional Runge-Kutta methods, the proposed methods can increase the accuracy by more than two orders of magnitude under the same conditions. The simulations for Raman amplifier propagation equations demonstrate that our methods can increase the computing speed by more than 5 times, extend the step size significantly, and improve the stability in comparison with the Dormand-Prince method. The numerical results show that the combination of the multiple shooting algorithms and the proposed methods has the capacity to rapidly and effectively solve the model equations of multipump Raman amplifiers under various conditions such as co-, counter- and bi-directionally pumped schemes, as well as dual-order pumped schemes.

鞑靼荞麦（Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.）离体再生与遗传转化研究

鞑靼荞麦是我国特有的农业产品，具有抗寒耐旱特性和较高的营养保健功能。荞麦的开花习性及遗传特点导致其人工杂交授粉难以成功，这成为荞麦杂交育种难以获得突破的重要原因。因此利用转基因技术导入有益基因有可能成为荞麦遗传改良的新途径，而再生及转化体系的建立是开展转基因研究的基础。 本文研究了苗龄、外植体、几种激素配比对鞑靼荞麦（Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.）离体培养的影响，初步建立了鞑靼荞麦离体再生体系。结果表明，鞑靼荞麦离体再生的最佳取材时间为苗龄6-8d；诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为MS＋2.0 mg/L 2,4-D＋1.5 mg/L 6-BA，子叶诱愈率达75％左右，下胚轴的可高达86.62％；愈伤组织分化的最适培养基为MS 0.1mg/L IAA＋2.0mg/L 6-BA＋1.0 mg/L KT＋0.5mg/L TDZ，下胚轴的分化率可达9.52%。下胚轴的诱愈率与分化率均高于子叶，更适于离体再生培养。培养基中加入AgNO3后，能有效降低褐化率。生根最适培养基为含有0.5mg/L NAA的1/2MS培养基，生根率在50％左右。TDZ在诱导鞑靼荞麦的愈伤组织分化出芽的过程中起到明显的促进作用，可提高分化率约20%。 在上述研究基础上，本文还对鞑靼荞麦的遗传转化体系进行了探索性研究。分别利用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法和微粒轰击法（基因枪法）对黑水苦荞下胚轴进行遗传转化。 在农杆菌介导的方法中，携带有质粒pCAMBIA2301的农杆菌菌株EHA105用于转化。载体质粒pCAMBIA2301包含有gus和npt-II 基因, 并受35s启动子驱动。研究结果表明，在侵染方式选择上，浸泡方式比吸打方式更有效，根癌农杆菌侵染的较适浓度为OD600＝0.5，共培养3天，恢复培养7天，能检测到gus基因的表达。 基因枪法使用质粒pBI121，同样包含有gus和npt-II基因, 并受CaMV35s 启动子驱动。轰击距离为9cm较合适，甘露醇前处理在本研究中未表现出明显优势。 两种转化方法比较，基因枪法比农杆菌介导法更快速有效。 本研究为进一步的遗传操作研究打下基础。 Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.), the traditional and unique agricultural product of China, is a kind of crop with strong drought and cold tolerance, abundant nutrition and high medical value. Artificial hybridization is hard in buckwheat because of its flowering habits and genetic characteristics, which leads to no breakthrough in tartary buckwheat breeding. However, biotechnological approaches, especially genetic transformation for the direct introduction of good genes into tartary buckwheat for quality improvement, hold great promise. In this study, we established tartary buckwheat regeneration system in vitro. It is the foundation for genetic manipulation of this crop. The effects of seedling age, hypocotyl and cotyledon as explants, and proportions of several growth regulators were tested in tissue culture of tartary buckwheat for establishing its in vitro regeneration system. The results showed that the best seedling age for callus induction was 6 to 8 days. On the MS medium containing 2.0mg/L 2, 4-D and 1.5mg/L 6-BA, the induction rate of callus from hypocotyls was up to 86.62%, while from cotyledons was about 75％. The suitable shooting medium was the MS medium+0.1mg/L IAA+2.0mg/L 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5mg/L TDZ, and the shooting rate from hypocotyls was 9.52%. The callus induction and shooting rates were higher from hypocotyls than from cotyledons. Browning reduced when the medium mixed with AgNO3. Half strength MS supplemented with 0.5mg/L NAA was the best for rooting, the rate was around 50% after 30 days culture. TDZ can accelerate the shoot differentiation distinctively, and it could improve the shooting rate nearly 20%. On the base of above, the explorative research of the genetic transformation in tartary buckwheat was done. In the study, hypocotyls from Heishui tartary buckwheat were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated method and microprojectile bombardment method (gene-gun), comparatively. In Agrobacterium-mediated method, a disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring plasmid pCAMBIA2301 was used. The vector pCAMBIA2301 contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by CaMV35s promoter. The results showed that the appropriate concentration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for infecting was OD600＝0.5, and co-culture time was 3d. Seven days later after coculture, GUS expression could be tested. In particle bombardment transformation, plasmid pBI121 was used. pBI121 also contains gus and npt-II genes, driven by 35s promoter. Hypocotyls pretreated with mannitol, no effect was observed, and the suitable distance of bombardment is 9cm. Comparing with Agrobacterium-mediated method, gene-gun method is more convenient and effective. All above results could be a basic work for further study in tartary buckwheat transformation.

土壤水分与氮肥对玉米根系生长的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下N肥对根系生长(根长、根重和根冠比)的影响。结果表明,玉米拔节期和开花期无论水分条件如何,施N肥可增加其总根长、表层根长和根重并使根冠比下降;灌浆期施N肥可增加总根长和表层根长,但正常水分条件下N肥使根重和根冠比下降,而干旱条件下N肥对根重和根冠比则无影响。不同处理根冠比大小与N吸收和分配有很大关系。

基于人脸检测的自动摄像跟踪系统开发研究

自动摄像跟踪系统，是一种通过传感器检测或者数字图像处理的方法，控制摄像机自动的对运动中的人物或特定物体实施跟踪拍摄的系统，融合了计算机网络通信、计算机视觉、传感器网络等多个领域的技术，包含一系列软件和硬件设备，可以广泛运用在安全保卫视频监控，会议摄像，课堂和讲座摄像，表演摄像等场景，是近年来需求增长较大的领域。 人脸检测是数字图像处理和计算机视觉的一个分支问题，指的是在输入的图像中判断是否有人脸存在，并确定出所有人脸的位置、大小甚至姿势朝向的过程，作为进一步控制和处理的依据。这是计算机视觉方向最热门的技术专题之一，拥有非常广阔的应用空间。 目前还没有成熟的自动跟踪摄像系统应用于安全保卫或一般民用摄像领域，已有的一些类似系统也不能完全达到自动跟踪人物摄像的要求，性能距离全自动化无人干涉的跟踪摄像还有相当差距。 本文旨在运用计算机网络作为图像数据和控制信息媒体，运用数字图像处理领域计算机视觉中人脸检测和人脸跟踪的技术作为自动人物识别的依据，设计人物检测、人物跟踪、摄像机自动跟踪拍摄、人物位置运动估算、简单运动估计等算法策略，研究和开发一套完整的自动摄像跟踪系统软件，支持网络远程访问和控制，在无需人为操作和调整的情况下，实现对人物脸部自动跟踪拍摄的功能。这个系统适用于一般需求的安保视频监控和课堂自动摄像的应用。 本系统相对于已有的性能较好的类似系统——红外视频监控系统有许多明显优势，在达到很好的智能化、实时性、响应速度和准确性的同时，实现了设备的简化，大大降低了成本；同时在现场部署时不需要重新配置，后期维护简便；并且能够实现连续位置跟踪；系统稳定性优良等等。

H5N1 avian influenza re-emergence of Lake Communication Qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has swept west across the globe and caused serious debates on the roles of migratory birds in virus circulation since the first large-scale outbreak in migratory birds of Lake Qinghai, 2005. In May 2006, another outbreak struck Lake Qinghai and six novel strains were isolated. To elucidate these QH06 viruses, the six isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses show that QH06 viruses are derived from the lineages of Lake Qinghai, 2005. Five of the six novel isolates are adjacent to the strain A/Cygnus olor/Croatia/1/05, and the last one is related to the strain A/duck/Novosibirsk/ 02/05, an isolate of the flyway. Antigenic analyses suggest that QH06 and QH05 viruses are similar to each other. These findings implicate that QH06 viruses of Lake Qinghai may travel back via migratory birds, though not ruling out the possibility of local circulation of viruses of Lake Qinghai.